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Outlook Physics
Trial HSC Exam
Paper Two
Time Allowed: Three Hours + 5 minutes reading
Section I
75 marks
Part A – 15 marks
Attempt Questions 1 – 15
Allow about 30 minutes for this part
-1-
1
2
3
In which of the following situations would you expect the escape velocity to be the
smallest?
(A)
Launching from a 10km high mountain on Earth.
(B)
Launching from a planet with half the radius of Earth, but with the same mass.
(C)
Launching from a planet with twice the radius of Earth, but with the same mass.
(D)
Launching from the bottom of a deep vertical mine shaft.
The gravitational force between two objects is F. When the mass of one of the two
objects is halved, which of the changes offered below would restore the gravitational
force to its original value?
(A)
the other mass doubles and moves twice as far away.
(B)
the other mass halves and moves to half the distance away.
(C)
the other mass increases to four times its original and the distance doubles.
(D)
the other mass doubles and moves to half the distance away.
Which of the following could be considered an inertial frame of reference?
(A)
A satellite orbiting Earth.
(B)
An aircraft accelerating in a straight line.
(C)
A spaceship drifting between stars.
(D)
A boat bobbing up and down in waves.
-2-
4
5
In the diagram of part of a DC motor, the function of the brush is to:
(A)
ensure the power supply connects to the commutator ring, even when it is turning.
(B)
reverse the direction of the current through the coil.
(C)
provide a braking force on the commutator.
(D)
ensure that the power supply does not get short-circuited.
Any type of AC generator does NOT have:
(A)
an armature.
(B)
a rotor.
(C)
slip rings.
(D)
a split-ring commutator.
-3-
6
7
In comparing step-up to step-down transformers, it is true to say that:
np
(A)
the ratio
(B)
the ratio
(C)
step-up transformers are more efficient than step-down transformers.
(D)
step-up transformers are always larger than step-down transformers.
ns
transformers.
np
ns
transformers.
for step down transformers is always less than in step-up
for step-up transformers is always less than in step-down
A bar magnet placed at one end of a solenoid “X” was spun on an axle drilled through its
mid-point, as shown. An identical bar magnet was also moved backwards and forwards
close to the end of an identical solenoid, “Y”. The second bar magnet completed one
back and forth motion to every one rotation of the other magnet.
N
S
N
X
S
Y
When the EMF in the coils of the solenoids was displayed on a CRO, it was found that:
(A)
the graphs of the EMFs had the same general shapes.
(B)
the graph of solenoid X had twice the frequency of the graph for solenoid Y.
(C)
the graph for solenoid X was much smoother than the graph for solenoid Y.
(D)
the graphs were a sine wave shape for solenoid X and a square wave shape for
solenoid Y.
-4-
8
Electrical energy is transformed into many different types of useful energy in the home.
Of the transformations listed, which would be most unlikely to found in the home?
9
(A)
electrical  sound
(B)
electrical  chemical
(C)
electrical  electromagnetic
(D)
electrical  nuclear
A circular loop of wire is held horizontally. It is then rotated about a north-south oriented
horizontal axis.
The EMF generated would be greatest in which of the following scenarios:
10
(A)
at the equator.
(B)
at the south pole.
(C)
at the equator, but with an east-west orientation for the axis.
(D)
at the equator, but rotated about a vertical axis.
One advantage of AC induction motors over other motors such as the universal motor is
that AC induction motors:
(A)
can produce more torque.
(B)
can be made much smaller.
(C)
do not have brushes that wear out.
(D)
can rotate faster.
-5-
11
12
13
The results of Thomson’s charge to mass ratio experiments for cathode ray particles
showed that they had:
(A)
very little mass but moved very quickly.
(B)
a charge of one electron.
(C)
a small charge to mass ratio.
(D)
a large charge to mass ratio.
The energy E of photons is graphed against their frequency, f. The gradient of the graph
produced:
(A)
gives the mass of the photons.
(B)
is known as Planck’s constant.
(C)
varies so cannot be measured.
(D)
gives the speed of the photons.
A material’s electron energy bands are depicted in the following diagram.
conduction band
valence band
The material is most likely to possess the properties of:
(A)
a conductor.
(B)
an insulator.
(C)
a semiconductor.
(D)
something that cannot be determined from this diagram.
-6-
14
Consider the following graph of resistivity versus temperature for a material:
resistivity
Temperature (K)
X
At the temperature marked “X” :
15
(A)
all lattice vibrations in the material cease.
(B)
all electron motion in the material ceases.
(C)
the material stops being a conductor.
(D)
pairs of electrons travel unimpeded through the material.
An experiment was repeated several times in an attempt to measure Earth’s gravitational
acceleration. The results are shown in the table below:
Trial number
1
2
3
4
5
Result
(ms-2)
8.80
8.82
8.79
8.81
8.78
It would be true to say that this experiment was:
(A)
accurate and reliable.
(B)
accurate but not reliable.
(C)
not accurate but reliable.
(D)
not accurate and not reliable.
-7-
Part B – 60 marks
Attempt Questions 16-30
Allow about 1 hour and 45 minutes for this part.
Answer the questions in the spaces provided.
Show all relevant working in questions involving calculations.
Marks
16
Explain why launch facilities for putting satellites into Earth orbit are usually
located close to the equator.
3
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17
A 200kg satellite is orbiting Earth with an altitude of 800km.
a. Calculate the gravitational force between the satellite and Earth.
2
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b. Find the orbital speed of this satellite.
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-8-
2
Marks
18
Old standards for length used a metal rod kept safely so that it could be
compared. Since 1983, however, the definition of the metre has been:
“The metre is the length of the path travelled by light in vacuum during a time
interval of 1/299 792 458 of a second.”.
With reference to the principle of relativity, discuss the need for this change to
the definition of length.
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4
Marks
19
The Michelson-Morley experiments failed to prove the existence of the
aether, despite many further attempts with modified designs by other
scientists.
a.
Outline the reason why Michelson and Morley believed that if the aether
existed, it could be detected using their apparatus.
2
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b.
Discuss the impact of the results of the Michelson-Morley experiments
on the competing theories concerning the existence of the aether.
3
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20
a.
Quantitatively compare the mass of an electron at rest with an electron
moving with a velocity of 0.98c.
2
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b.
What significance does this result have for particle accelerators, which
can accelerate particles to speeds approaching 0.9999c?
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- 10 -
2
Marks
21
In an experiment to indirectly measure the current through a conductor, the
following apparatus was constructed.
long current-carrying wire, 5.0A
1.0cm
0.50m long parallel wire
scales
The conductors are parallel for 0.500m. They are separated by 1.0cm. A
current of 5.0A is flowing through the top conductor. When a current flows
through the conductor which is resting on the scales, the scales measurement
increases by 3.50 x 10-4N.
Calculate the magnitude and direction of the current flowing through the
conductor resting on the scales.
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3
Marks
22
Describe how the motor effect is used in the production of sound in
loudspeakers.
3
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23
Eddy currents are used in a number of applications including induction
cooktops and electromagnetic braking. With reference to Lenz’s Law,
explain how eddy currents produced in a conducting disk can cause a braking
effect.
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3
Marks
24
Westinghouse and Edison competed to supply electricity to the residents of
New York in the late 1800s. The system promoted by Westinghouse finally
won as it had several advantages over Edison’s system.
Describe the advantages of Westinghouse’s system for electricity distribution
over Edison’s.
4
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25
An ideal transformer (assume it is 100% efficient), is designed with a primary
voltage of 2.0 x 105 V. Its input power is 20.0MW.
A diagram of this ideal transformer is shown below.
np=800
ns=200
Find the secondary current in this ideal transformer.
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- 13 -
3
Marks
26
The transformation of electrical energy into other forms of useful energy
occurs in homes and in industry.
a.
Discuss the need for transformers in some domestic electrical appliances
which are connected to the mains power supply.
3
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b.
Identify two specific examples where electricity is converted into some
other useful energy form either in homes or in industry.
1
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27
Describe the mechanism by which electric current can flow through a p-type
semiconductor.
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- 14 -
2
Marks
28
Cathode rays are directed into a region containing a uniform electric field, E,
as shown below. They are moving with a speed of 6.5 x 102ms-1.
+
v
2.0cm
200V
6.5 x 102ms-1
-
a.
Calculate the magnitude of the electric field E between the two charged
plates.
1
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b. Hence find the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field that must
be produced between the two charged plates so that the cathode ray particles
will pass through undeflected.
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3
Marks
29
“All my attempts to adapt the theoretical foundation of physics to this new
type of knowledge (Quantum Theory) failed completely.” Albert Einstein,
1949.
Einstein’s explanation for the way in which energy is emitted from black
bodies did not fit into the thinking of classical physics.
Consider the graph of intensity versus frequency of emitted radiation for a
black body.
intensity
predicted graph using classical physics
graph of actual observations
frequency of emitted radiation
4
Describe how Einstein’s contribution to quantum theory assisted physicists to
overcome the shortcomings in the classical theory in relation to the above
graph.
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Marks
30
“It was not so very long ago that people thought that semiconductors were
part-time orchestra leaders and microchips were very, very small snack
foods.”
Geraldine Ferraro
Assess the impact on our society of the invention of the transistor and their
use in microchips and microprocessors.
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6
Marks
31
Discuss some of the possible future applications of superconductors.
4
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Section II
25 marks
Attempt ONE question from Questions 32-36
Allow about 45 minutes for this section
Answer the question in a writing booklet.
Show all relevant working in questions involving calculations.
Pages
Question 32
Geophysics………………………………… 20-21
Question 33
Medical Physics…………………………… 22-23
Question 34
Astrophysics……………………………….. 24-25
Question 35
From Quanta to Quarks……………………. 26-27
Question 36
The Age of Silicon………………………… 28-29
- 19 -
Marks
Question 32 Geophysics
(a)
(i)
(ii)
(b)
(25 marks)
The remote sensing of radiation has many benefits to the minerals
exploration industry. Identify two ways in which remote sensing of
radiation is used in mineral exploration.
2
Identify another field of scientific research which uses the technique of
remote sensing.
1
The path of a satellite in orbit around Earth was observed to always deviate
slightly downwards as it passed over a particular region of Australia, as shown
below.
satellite path
Earth
Describe what information may be provided to scientists studying this
satellite’s path.
3
(c)
(i)
Describe Earth’s present magnetic field.
2
(ii)
During the course of your studies, an investigation to demonstrate how
the inclination of the Earth’s magnetic field varies with latitude.
Describe how this investigation was performed and what conclusions
were drawn from it.
4
Question 32 continues on the next page
- 20 -
Question 32, continued
(d)
(e)
(f)
Marks
Summarise the geophysical evidence that supports the theory of plate
tectonics.
7
Much is known about Earth’s internal structure due to geophysical techniques.
Outline the evidence which leads geophysicists to believe that the Earth has a
liquid outer core.
2
Several different geophysical methods are utilised to monitor nuclear test ban
treaties. Outline these methods to illustrate the role of geophysicists in the
monitoring of nuclear test ban treaties.
4
End of Question 32
- 21 -
Marks
Question 33 Medical Physics (25 marks)
(a)
(i)
The image below is that of a heel bone scan taken using ultrasound.
source: www.cnrs.fr
(ii)
(iii)
Describe how this image could be used to determine bone density.
2
What property of bone makes it possible to obtain an ultrasound image
while still surrounded by other tissue?
1
Study the diagram showing ultrasound images taken through a human
eye.
Describe the differences between A scans and B scans and the particular
situation that each would be used
Question 33 continues on the next page
- 22 -
3
Question 33, continued
(b)
(i)
(ii)
(c)
(d)
Marks
Explain the role of total internal reflection in the functioning of an
endoscope.
2
Endoscopes are used for a number of different purposes. One purpose
involves the use of coherent bundles of fibres while another purpose uses
incoherent bundles.
Discuss the use of these types of bundles of fibres in relation to their
particular use in endoscopes.
4
Explain how the magnetic field produced by nuclear particles can be used as a
diagnostic tool in medical applications.
7
(i)
(ii)
Radioactive isotopes are used to obtain scans of organs. Outline the
properties of such radioactive isotopes that make them suitable for their
intended purpose.
2
Compare images produced by bone scan and by X-ray.
4
End of question 33
- 23 -
Marks
Question 34 Astrophysics (25 marks)
(a)
(i)
(ii)
(b)
Compare the sensitivity and the resolution of a telescope having an
objective lens with a diameter of 2.0m with an otherwise identical
telescope located close by that has an objective lens with a diameter of
1.0m
2
Which factor, resolution or sensitivity, is most improved by placing a
telescope in space when compared with a similar ground-based
telescope? Give your reasoning.
1
The trigonometric parallax of a star is measured as 0.02 arc seconds. The
telescope being used to make this measurement has a resolution of 0.02 arc
seconds.
Discuss the problem that arises with trigonometric parallax when the observed
parallax angle approaches the resolution of the instrument being used. Refer to
the above case in your answer.
(c)
3
Two stars, called Romeo and Juliet have their intensity/wavelength graphs
plotted and the same axes, as shown.
intensity
Romeo
Juliet
wavelength
Compare the colour and surface temperature of the stars Romeo and Juliet.
Question 34 continues on the next page
- 24 -
2
Question 34, continued
(d)
(e)
(f)
Marks
During the course of your studies, an investigation to demonstrate the use of
filters in photometric measurements was performed.
Outline how this demonstration was performed and relate the investigation to
how astronomers obtain the colour index of a star.
4
Explain the importance of the period-luminosity relationship for determining the
distance to Cepheid variable stars, and hence assess why such stars are important
to astronomers.
7
(i)
(ii)
Before young stars begin the process of nuclear fusion in their cores, the
energy that is produced can still be sufficient to cause the star to emit
light.
Outline the processes involved that make this possible.
2
Once nuclear fusion commences in the core of a young star, new
elements begin to be synthesised. Compare and contrast the synthesis of
new elements in the cores of Main-Sequence and post Main-Sequence
stars.
4
End of Question 34
- 25 -
Marks
Question 35 From Quanta to Quarks (25 marks)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
 1
1 
 R  2  2  , identify what the terms nf
n


 f ni
and ni represent in Bohr’s model of the atom.
2
(ii)
Identify one limitation of Bohr’s model of the atom.
1
(iii)
Describe the shortcomings in Rutherford’s model of the atom and how
observations of the hydrogen spectrum led to the development of Bohr’s
atomic model.
3
Using an illustration to support your answer, show how de Broglie’s hypothesis
explained the stability of electron orbits in Bohr’s atomic model.
2
On December 2, 1942, Fermi and around forty other scientists observed the
world’s first self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction.
Describe Fermi’s
observations.
4
(i)
In the Rydberg equation,
1
The Manhattan Project was shrouded in secrecy throughout World War II,
however, it was to lead to the end of the war. After the end of the war, the work
carried out by the physicists involved in the project was to have a continuing
effect.
Assess the significance of the Manhattan Project to society giving particular
attention to the post World War II era.
Question 35 continues on the next page
- 26 -
7
Question 35, continued
(e)
(i)
(ii)
Marks
“The sum of the masses of the individual particles in an atomic nucleus is
greater than the mass of the combined nucleus.”
Account for the above statement in terms of mass defect and binding
energy.
2
Several forces act within atomic nuclei. It is well known that the vast
majority of atomic nuclei are stable, despite the existence of repelling
forces trying to force nucleons apart. Name and describe the properties
of the force responsible for the fact that the vast majority of nuclei are
stable.
4
End of question 35
- 27 -
Question 36 The Age of Silicon (25 marks)
(a)
(i)
(ii)
(b)
(i)
(ii)
(c)
Marks
Identify one similarity and one difference between transistors and
integrated circuits.
2
How did the first computers differ from modern computers in terms of
how they processed data.
1
In relation to their ability to respond to continuous or discrete
information, describe the differences between analogue and digital
systems.
3
Give an example of one digital and one analogue system, clearly stating
why they are considered digital or analogue.
2
The graphs of two thermistors, A and B are shown on the axes below.
resistance
A
B
temperature
Explain which thermistor would be most suitable for use in a fire alarm circuit,
and give an example of an application for the other thermistor. State reasons for
your choices.
Question 36 continues on the next page
- 28 -
4
Question 36, continued
(d)
Marks
Computer power has increased dramatically while computer size has decreased
in a similarly dramatic manner over the past several decades.
Explain what future barriers may place limitations on the continued decrease in
the size of computer circuits, and what possible solutions may be used to
overcome these barriers.
(e)
(i)
(ii)
Describe how the logic gates AND and OR could be constructed using
only switches in a simple circuit.
7
2
Three logic gates were connected using the arrangement shown, where
rectangles are used to represent each logic gate. Only gates AND, OR
and NOR have been used, once each.
1
2
3
4
inputs
and
or
A
B
nor
C
output
The truth table for this arrangement is:
Input 1
1
1
1
1
1
0
Input 2
1
1
1
0
0
0
Input 3
1
1
1
1
0
0
Input 4
1
0
0
1
1
0
Output
0
0
0
0
0
1
Identify the logic gates labelled A, B and C, giving reasons for your answer.
End of Paper
- 29 -
4
DATA SHEET
Charge on electron, qe
-1.602 x 10-19C
Mass of electron, me
9.109 x 10-31kg
Mass of neutron, mn
1.675 x 10-27kg
Mass of proton, mp
1.673 x 10-27kg
Speed of sound in air
340ms-1
Earth’s gravitational acceleration, g
9.8ms-2
Speed of light, c
3.00 x 108ms-1
 

Magnetic force constant,  k  0 
2 

2.0 x 10-7NA-2
Universal gravitational constant, G
6.67 x 10-11Nm2kg-2
Mass of Earth
6.0 x 1024kg
Planck constant, h
6.626 x 10-34Js
Rydberg constant, R (hydrogen)
1.097 x 107m-1
Atomic mass unit, u
1.661 x 10-27kg
931.5 MeV/c2
1 eV
1.602 x 10-19J
Density of water, 
1.00 x 103kgm-3
Specific heat capacity of water
4.18 x 103Jkg-1K-1
- 30 -
FORMULAE SHEET
v = f
Ep = - G
m1m2
r
1
d2
F = mg
v1 sin i

v2 sin r
vx2 = ux2
I
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
v = u + at
E=
F
q
vy2 = uy2 + 2ayy
R=
V
I
x = uxt
y = uyt + ½ ayt2
P = VI
Energy = VIt
r 3 GM

T 2 4 2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
vav =
r
vu
therefore aav =
t
t
F
Gm1m2
d2
F = ma
E = mc2
mv 2
F
r
v2
lv  lo 1  2
c
Ek = ½ mv2
tv 
to
1
v2
c2
W = Fs
mv 
p = mv
Impulse = Ft
- 31 -
mo
v2
1 2
c
FORMULAE SHEET
II
F
k 1 2
l
d
d
F = BIlsin
d 
M  m  5log  
 10 
1
p
 = Fd
IA
m m
 100 B A  / 5
IB
 = nBIAcos
m1  m2 
Vp

4 2 r 3
GT 2
np
Vs ns
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 1
1 
 R 2  2 
n


 f ni
1
F = qvBsin
E
V
d
h
mv
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

E = hf
c = f
Ao 
Vout
Vin
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
R
Vout
 f
Vin
Ri
Z = v
I r  Z 2  Z1 

I o  Z 2  Z1 2
2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 32 -
Periodic Table of the Elements
1
H
1.008
Element symbol
Hydrogen
26
Fe
55.85
Atomic number
2
He
4.003
Atomic weight
Iron
Element name
3
Li
6.94
4
Be
9.012
Lithium
11
Na
22.99
Sodium
Magnesium
19
K
39.10
20
Ca
40.08
21
Sc
44.96
22
Ti
47.87
23
V
50.94
Potassium
Calcium
Scandium
Titanium
Vanadium
37
Rb
85.47
38
Sr
87.62
39
Y
88.91
40
Zr
91.22
41
Nb
92.91
Rubidium
Strontium
Yttrium
Zirconium
Niobium
55
Cs
132.9
56
Ba
137.3
57-71
72
Hf
178.5
73
Ta
180.9
74
W
183.8
75
Re
186.2
76
Os
190.2
Caesium
Barium
Lanthanoids
Hafnium
Tantalum
Tungsten
Rhenium
87
Fr
[223.0]
88
Ra
[226.0]
89-103
104
Rf
[261.1]
105
Db
[262.1]
106
Sg
[263.1]
107
Bh
[264.1]
Francium
Radium
Actinoids
Rutherfordium
Dubnium
Seaborgium
Bohrium
Helium
5
B
10.81
6
C
12.01
7
N
14.01
8
O
16.00
9
F
19.00
10
Ne
20.18
Beryllium
Boron
Carbon
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Fluorine
Neon
12
Mg
24.31
13
Al
26.98
14
Si
28.09
15
P
30.97
16
S
32.07
17
Cl
35.45
18
Ar
39.95
Key
24
Cr
52.00
25
Mn
54.94
Aluminium
Silicon
Phosphorous
Sulfur
Chlorine
Argon
26
Fe
55.85
27
Co
58.93
28
Ni
58.69
29
Cu
63.55
30
Zn
65.39
31
Ga
69.72
32
Ge
72.61
33
As
74.92
34
Se
78.96
35
Br
79.90
36
Kr
83.8
Iron
Cobalt
Nickel
Copper
Zinc
Gallium
Germanium
Arsenic
Selenium
Bromine
Krypton
44
Ru
101.1
45
Rh
102.9
46
Pd
106.4
47
Ag
107.9
48
Cd
112.4
49
In
114.8
50
Sn
118.7
51
Sb
121.8
52
Te
127.6
53
I
126.9
54
Xe
131.3
Rhodium
Palladium
Silver
Cadmium
Indium
Tn
Antimony
Tellerium
Iodine
Xenon
77
Ir
192.2
78
Pt
195.1
79
Au
197.0
80
Hg
200.6
81
Tl
204.4
82
Pb
207.2
83
Bi
209.0
84
Po
[210.0]
85
At
[210.0]
86
Rn
[222.0]
Osmium
Iridium
Platinum
Gold
Mercury
Thallium
Lead
Bismuth
Polonium
Astatine
Radon
108
Hs
[265.1]
109
Mt
[268]
110
Ds
111
Rg
112
Uub
113
Uut
114
Uuq
115
Uup
116
Uuh
117
Uus
118
Uuo
Hassium
Meitnerium
Chromium Manganese
42
Mo
95.94
43
Te
98.91
Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium
Darmstadtium Roentgenium
Ununbium Ununtrium
Ununquadium Ununpentium Ununhexium Ununseptium Ununoctium
Lanthanoids
57
La
138.9
58
Ce
140.1
Lanthanam
Cerium
59
Pr
140.9
60
Nd
144.2
61
Pm
[146.9]
Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium
62
Sm
150.4
Samarium
63
Eu
152.0
64
Gd
157.3
65
Tb
158.9
66
Dy
162.5
67
Ho
164.9
68
Er
167.3
69
Tm
168.9
70
Yb
173.0
71
Lu
175.0
Europium Gadolinium
Terbium
Dysprosium
Holmium
Erbium
Thulium
Ytterbium
Lutetium
95
Am
[241.1]
96
Cm
[244.1]
97
Bk
[249.1]
98
Cf
[252.1]
99
Es
[252.1]
100
Fm
[257.1]
101
Md
[258.1]
102
No
[259.1]
103
Lr
[262.1]
Americium
Curium
Fermium
Mendelevium
Nobelium
Lawrencium
Actinoids
89
Ac
[227.0]
90
Th
232.0
91
Pa
231.0
92
U
238.0
Actinium
Thorium
Protactinium
Uranium
93
Np
[237.0]
94
Pu
[239.1]
Neptunium Plutonium
Bracketed atomic weights are those of the most common radioactive isotope.
- 33 -
Berkelium Californium Einsteinium