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The Era Paleozoic __________________ the ancient geographic setting of an area o _____________ ___________ edge of a continent along which there is no tectonic activity Sea Level __________ in the Rock Record o Shoreline deposition sand ____________ clay __________ calcium carbonate (CaCO3) ______________ _________________ when sea level ____ & causes the shoreline to move __________; results in __________-H2O deposits on top of _____________-H2O deposits _________________ when sea level _____ & causes the shoreline to move ____________; results in _____________-H2O deposits on top of ___________-H2O deposits o Evaporites rocks that have crystallized out of H2O that is _________________ w/dissolved minerals are deposited in the ____________ behind reefs ______________ ____________ halite for road salt; gypsum for plaster & drywall __________________ oil deposits o Glaciation transgressive & regressive cycles glaciers ____________ sea level Mountain Building - _______________ Period Taconic Orogeny (mountains in New York) o _______________ (core of modern-day North America) deformed ____________ Orogeny collided w/Gondwana (present-day Africa & South America) _________________ Orogeny formation of the _________________ Mountains @ the end ___________ Paleozoic Life - _________________ organisms w/hard parts o ____________ explosion sudden appearance of a diverse collection of organisms in the Cambrian fossil record o Ordovician extinction more than _____ the marine groups that appeared became extinct why? _____________ o Devonian extinction new marine groups: _______, other vertebrates, _____________ on land another extinction ~ _______ of marine groups why? global ____________/glaciers o Terrestrial plants survived extinctions (________) coal ___________ plants lived in swamps, died, sediment added = ________ large __________ o Permian Δs _________-___________ ________________ _________ @ end, ____________ mass extinction ever; extinction of ~ ______ of marine life-forms affected marine & _______________ life > _______ of amphibians almost _______ of all insects why? a combo of: o ↓ in ______ level o extreme _______________ o low atmospheric ___________ levels o ________________ impact The Era Mesozoic __________________ o Breakup of __________ middle of ____________ Period heat caused ______________ cracks climate was _________ no glaciers o Seaways ocean flooded the _______ valleys ____________ Ocean & Mid-Atlantic Ridge formed Red Sea & Gulf of Aden ________ seaways in East Africa o Δing sea _________ ________ in sea level @ beginning sea level ________ @ end of Triassic sea level __________ again during Jurassic & continued into Cretaceous Mountain Building - along Laurentia’s ________ coast (not much on east coast) o _____________ Spanish for “mountain range” phases: st 1 phase late ___________ & early Cretaceous _________, ________ subduction volcanism occurs near __________ formed ___________ ____________ nd 2 phase during _____________ ____________, __________ subduction massive thrust ________ __________ tectonic activity started forming _________ ______________ rd 3 phase – ________ Cretaceous & into Cenozoic very _______, very ____________ subduction lack of _____________ tectonic activity moves inland w/large vertical __________ Mesozoic Life - new __________ organisms large predatory ___________ - ___________________ microscopic organisms that are the basis of marine food chains; abundant during the Cretaceous & the remains of their shell-like hard parts are found in _________ deposits worldwide o Plant life tall ________ trees seed plants w/out true ____________ ginkgos, _______ trees, & other conifers ______________ plants in Cretaceous o Terrestrial animals ____________ appeared in late Triassic ____________ were dominant ____________ _______ egg w/a shell, providing a complete environment for a developing embryo + Dinosaurs o most reptiles have a ______________ posture o ________________ many dinosaurs had an __________ posture o Mass extinction terrestrial dinosaurs, most marine ___________, plants, & many other organisms why? combo of: massive ____________ (stressed climate) large ______________ impact @ end of Cretaceous (@ least 10km in diameter) o maybe in Mexico’s ____________ Peninsula o _____________ metal that is rare in rocks @ Earth’s surface but is relatively common in asteroids The Era Cenozoic _________________ ~ _______ of Earth’s total history (~ the last _____ million years) o Cooling trend occurred when ______________ split apart from _____________ during the Eocene caused by a Δ in ocean ___________ o Miocene warming Antarctic ice cap __________ was ____________ in the mid/late Miocene Arctic Ocean began to freeze set the stage for the ice ages o Ice ages ___________ in late Pliocene & continued throughout the Pleistocene @ peak, glaciers up to 3km thick covered ~ ______ of Earth’s land surfaces glaciers: carved out lakes & __________ dropped huge ___________ left behind ____________ of clay, sand, & gravel Cenozoic Mountain Building - erosion wore down the __________, but uplift continued o Subduction in the West Farallon Plate began a steep subduction beneath the Pacific Northwest for the ___________ _______________ (active volcanoes today) North American Plate + Pacific Plate = ______ ___________ __________ transform boundary little _____________ o Basin & Range Province in SW _______ & northern ___________ consists of 100s of nearly _____________ mountains formed when stresses in Earth’s crust pulled it ________ still continues today o Continental collisions Paleocene __________ collided w/___________ created the _______ Paleogene _________ crashed into ________ formed the _______________ o Tectonic forces continue are ________ now may become __________ in future some think that we may have another supercontinent in ______ million years Cenozoic Life - clams, sea urchins, & sharks _____________ the mass extinction @ the end of the Cretaceous - ____________ dominated the landscape - climate cooled in the late Eocene ___________ appeared - late Oligocene grasslands & _____________ - Age of Mammals o Ice age mammals late Pleistocene _________ ____________ & _________-__________ _______ ________ ____________ species to which modern humans belong o Humans - ___________ walking upright on 2 legs - 1st bipedal humanlike primates appeared ~ _____ MYA during the late Miocene - fossil remains of earliest modern humans (Africa) are ~ ____________ years old Migrations influenced by the ______ ________ of the late Pleistocene North America’s 1st inhabitants maybe walked across the __________ __________