Download الدراسات والأبحاث حول القات TI: Khat and blood glucose levels in man

‫الدراسات واألبحاث حول القات‬
TI:
Khat and blood glucose levels in man.
AU: Elmi,-A-S
SO: J-Ethnopharmacol. 1983 Sep; 8(3): 331-4
IS:
0378-8741
LA: English
AN: 6645581
TI:
The chewing of khat in Somalia.
AU: Elmi,-A-S
SO: J-Ethnopharmacol. 1983 Aug; 8(2): 163-76
IS:
0378-8741
LA: English
AB: Khat (Catha edulis Forsk.), known in Somalia as "qaad" or "jaad", is a plant
whose leaves and stem tips are chewed for their stimulating effect. From the Harar area,
khat has been introduced at different times into the present day territories of Somalia,
Djibouti, South and North Yemen, Kenya, Madagascar, Tanzania and down to south
eastern Africa. The plant, which belongs to the Celestraceae family, grows wild at
altitudes of 1500-2000 m above sea level. Among the various compounds present in the
plant (more than forty alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, terpenoids, etc.), two
phenylalkylamines, namely cathine [+)-norpseudoephedrine) and cathinone [-)S-oaminopropiophenone) seem to account mostly for the effect. The consumers get a feeling
of well-being, mental alertness and excitement. The after effects are usually insomnia,
numbness and lack of concentration. The excessive use of khat may create considerable
problems of social, health and economic nature. These problems have been summarily
reviewed. Khat chewing started at different times in different parts of Somalia. Since
World War II, the prevalence of the practice has continuously increased and no social
group is excluded. An epidemiological research to compare Northern and Southern
regions of Somalia and to obtain a rough estimate of prevalence, definition of social
characteristics of the groups of consumers, specification of the motivations, patterns of
use and effects during and after consumption has been conducted. Consumers and nonconsumers (7485 people) were randomly interviewed in the two regions. Khat
consumption in relation to sex, age, occupation and grade of education is presented.
AN: 6139513
TI:
A comparison of the catecholamine releasing effect of the khat alkaloids (-)cathinone and (+)-norpseudoephedrine.
AU: Kalix,-P
SO: Drug-Alcohol-Depend. 1983 Jun; 11(3-4): 395-401
IS:
0376-8716
LA: English
AB: Consumption of khat leaves produces symptoms that are similar to those caused
by amphetamine. The experiments reported in the following describe the effect of the two
khat alkaloids (-)-cathinone and (+)-norpseudoephedrine at the cellular level. Both were
shown to induce release from physiological catecholamine storage sites. Peripheral
noradrenaline sites (rabbit heart) were observed to be more sensitive than CNS dopamine
sites (rat nucleus accumbens). In the latter organ, which is believed to be involved in
amphetamine hypermotility, (-)-cathinone was considerably more potent than (+)norpseudoephedrine.
AN: 6617477
TI:
Effect of (-)-cathinone, a khat leaf constituent, on dopaminergic firing and
dopamine metabolism in the rat brain.
AU: Mereu,-G-P; Pacitti,-C; Argiolas,-A
SO: Life-Sci. 1983 Mar 21; 32(12): 1383-9
IS:
0024-3205
LA: English
AB: The effect of (-)-cathinone (CAT), an alkaloid from khat leaves, on brain
dopamine (DA) metabolism and on the firing rate of nigral DA neurons was studied in
rats, in comparison with that of d-amphetamine. Like d-amphetamine, CAT (8-40 mg/kg
i.p.) decreased DOPAC levels in the caudate nucleus, nucleus accumbens and frontal
cortex, without modifying DA concentrations. CAT showed approximately one fifth of
the potency of d-amphetamine in this effect. CAT, injected i.v. to unanesthetized,
paralyzed rats, inhibited the firing rate of DA neurons in the substantia nigra, pars
compacta, showing a similar potency to that of d-amphetamine in this respect. CATinduced inhibition of dopaminergic firing was reversed by haloperidol.
AN: 6834994
TI:
Use and abuse of khat (Catha edulis): a review of the distribution, pharmacology,
side effects and a description of psychosis attributed to khat chewing.
AU: Pantelis,-C; Hindler,-C-G; Taylor,-J-C
AD: Department of Psychiatry, Royal Free Hospital, London.
SO: Psychol-Med. 1989 Aug; 19(3): 657-68
IS:
0033-2917
PY: 1989
LA: English
CP: ENGLAND
AB: There have been relatively few reported cases of psychosis due to khat usage
despite its heavy consumption in certain East African and Arabian countries. Four cases
have been reported in the UK. We report here on three further cases of psychotic
reactions to this substance in Somalian males, and emphasize the need to be aware of
khat as a potential substance of abuse, with both medical and psychiatric complications.
The features of khat psychoses are described and the relationship to amphetamine and
ephedrine psychoses is discussed. The forensic aspects of two of the cases which
involved homicide and combined homicide and suicide are highlighted, as is the possible
role of social dislocation from the culture of origin.
MESH:
*Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants-adverse-effects; *Plant-Extractsadverse-effects; *Psychoses,-Substance-Induced-etiology; *Substance-RelatedDisorders-etiology
MESH:
Adult-; Catha-; Chemistry-; Psychoses,-Substance-Induced-psychology;
Recurrence-; Substance-Related-Disorders-psychology; Suicide,-Attempted-psychology;
Violence-
TG: Case-Report; Human; Male
PT:
Journal-Article; Review; Review,-Tutorial
SH: adverse-effects; etiology; psychology
RN: 0; 0
NM: Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants; Plant-Extracts
SB:
Index-Medicus
UD: 20021101
AN: 2572026
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
Khat, toxic reactions to this substance, its similarities to amphetamine, and the
implications of treatment for such patients.
AU: Pantelis,-C; Hindler,-C-G; Taylor,-J-C
SO: J-Subst-Abuse-Treat. 1989; 6(3): 205-6
IS:
0740-5472
PY: 1989
LA: English
CP: UNITED-STATES
CM: Comment On: J Subst Abuse Treat. 1988;5(3):163-9
MESH:
*Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants-adverse-effects; *Plant-Extractsadverse-effects; *Psychoses,-Substance-Induced-etiology
MESH:
CathaTG: Human
PT:
Comment; Letter
SH: adverse-effects; etiology
RN: 0; 0
NM: Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants; Plant-Extracts
SB:
Index-Medicus
UD: 20021101
AN: 2571736
TI:
Khat chewing spread to the Somali community in Rome.
AU: Nencini,-P; Grassi,-M-C; Botan,-A-A; Asseyr,-A-F; Paroli,-E
AD: Institute of Medical Pharmacology, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy.
SO: Drug-Alcohol-Depend. 1989 Jun; 23(3): 255-8
IS:
0376-8716
PY: 1989
LA: English
CP: SWITZERLAND
AB: The habit of chewing Khat (Catha edulis) to experience its euphorizing and
psychostimulant effects has prevailed for centuries among the inhabitants of the Horn of
Africa and the Arabian peninsula. In recent years, air transport has removed the major
obstacle to the diffusion of Khat, its perishableness. Khat is now air-freighted to Europe
and we were able to buy some in Rome. We report the results of interviews with 20
members of the Somali community in Rome, who had continued their habit of chewing
Khat whilst abroad. They asserted that they gathered together whenever possible, but
preferably at weekends, to chew moderate quantities of Khat (one bundle, about 400 g).
The customary habit of drinking tea or other soft drinks containing methylxantines during
Khat sessions was maintained and very few subjects admitted drinking alcohol. In this
small study sample, Khat chewing still seems to be a social event, as it is in Somalia.
MESH:
*Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants; *Ethnic-Groups; *Plant-Extracts;
*Substance-Related-Disorders-epidemiology
MESH:
Catha-; Cross-Sectional-Studies; Rome-; Social-Environment; SocialFacilitation; Somalia-ethnology; Substance-Related-Disorders-psychology
TG: Human
PT:
Journal-Article
SH: ethnology; epidemiology; psychology
RN: 0; 0
NM: Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants; Plant-Extracts
SB:
Index-Medicus
UD: 20021101
AN: 2568922
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
Khat consumption: a pharmacological review.
AU: Nencini,-P; Ahmed,-A-M
AD: Institute of Medical Pharmacology, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy.
SO: Drug-Alcohol-Depend. 1989 Jan; 23(1): 19-29
IS:
0376-8716
PY: 1989
LA: English
CP: SWITZERLAND
AB: The present review deals with the considerable body of evidence gathered in the
last ten years on the clinical and experimental pharmacology of Khat. Khat effects are
generally agreed to be of amphetamine-like type. In particular, Khat ingestion, like
amphetamine ingestion, produces sympathetic activation, anorexia, euphoria, increased
intellectual efficiency and alertness. These effects are mainly mediated by
phenylalkylamines, such as cathinone and cathine, because the pharmacological actions
of these agents and those produced by amphetamine almost overlap. In infra-human
species cathinone is an effective positive reinforcer (i.e., it maintains self-administration).
However, it would be inappropriate to infer from cathinone and cathine effects assessed
in animals a high potential of abuse for Khat in humans; apart from other reasons the bulk
volume of Khat leaves, limits the ingestion of high quantities of the active principles.
Accordingly, in habitual consumers Khat dependence is probably mild, because craving
and tolerance to the sympathomimetic and neuroendocrine effects of Khat are present,
but there is no definite abstinence syndrome. Therefore, in our opinion, policies
restricting the use of Khat should be adopted with caution, lest they simply change the
pattern of drug abuse and increase the spread of more dangerous drugs.
MESH:
*Plant-Extracts-pharmacokinetics; *Substance-Related-Disorders-etiology
MESH:
Catha-; Nervous-System-drug-effects; Synaptic-Transmission-drug-effects
TG: Animal; Human; Support,-Non-U.S.-Gov't
PT:
Journal-Article; Review; Review,-Tutorial
SH: drug-effects; pharmacokinetics; etiology
RN: 0
NM: Plant-Extracts
SB:
Index-Medicus
UD: 20021101
AN: 2537717
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
Effect of khat on the metabolism of erythrocytes.
AU: Farag,-R-M; Gunaid,-A-A; Qirbi,-A-A
AD: Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sana,a University, Yemeni Arab
Republic.
SO: Biochem-Pharmacol. 1989 Feb 15; 38(4): 563-6
IS:
0006-2952
PY: 1989
LA: English
CP: ENGLAND
AB: The plant khat "Catha Edulis Forsk" is widely distributed among most East
African countries, Yemen and many other areas of the world. Administration of khat
extract by the intragastric route in rabbits affected the metabolism of erythrocytes. There
is a significant decrease in pyruvate kinase and the level of reduced glutathione (P less
than 0.001), and a highly significant increase in both glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
and glutathione reductase activities (P less than 0.001) in khat-fed rabbits as compared to
controls. On the other hand the activity of uridyl transferase as well as the concentration
of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate were not significantly changed in experimental khat-fed
rabbits (P greater than 0.5).
MESH:
*Erythrocytes-drug-effects; *Plant-Extracts-pharmacology
MESH:
Catha-; Diphosphoglyceric-Acids-blood; Erythrocytes-enzymology;
Glucosephosphate-Dehydrogenase-blood; Glutathione-blood; Glutathione-Reductaseblood; Pyruvate-Kinase-blood; Rabbits-; UDPglucose-Hexose-1-PhosphateUridylyltransferase-blood
TG: Animal
PT:
Journal-Article
SH: blood; drug-effects; enzymology; pharmacology
RN: 0; 0; 70-18-8; EC 1.1.1.49; EC 1.6.4.2; EC 2.7.1.40; EC 2.7.7.12
NM: Diphosphoglyceric-Acids; Plant-Extracts; Glutathione; GlucosephosphateDehydrogenase; Glutathione-Reductase; Pyruvate-Kinase; UDPglucose-Hexose-1Phosphate-Uridylyltransferase
SB:
Index-Medicus
UD: 20021101
AN: 2917013
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
Malo znama rostlina "kat".
[A little known plant "Khat"]
AU: Maresova,-Z
SO: Vnitr-Lek. 1967 Jul; 13(7): 753-9
IS:
0042-773X
PY: 1967
LA: Czech; Non-English
CP: CZECHOSLOVAKIA
MESH:
*Alkaloids-pharmacology; *Gastric-Juice-secretion
MESH:
Arabia-; Hypnotics-and-Sedatives-pharmacology; Plants,-Medicinal
TG: Human
PT:
Journal-Article
SH: pharmacology; secretion
RN: 0; 0
NM: Alkaloids; Hypnotics-and-Sedatives
SB:
Index-Medicus
UD: 19680404
AN: 6080402
TI:
Toxicite et antagonistes du khat.
[Toxicity and antagonists of kat]
AU: Lemordant,-D
SO: Med-Trop-(Mars). 1966 Mar-Apr; 26(2): 124-9
IS:
0025-682X
PY: 1966
LA: French; Non-English
CP: FRANCE
MESH:
*Alkaloids-poisoning; *Chlorpromazine-therapeutic-use; *NarcoticAntagonists-therapeutic-use; *Promethazine-therapeutic-use
MESH:
Arabia-; Ethiopia-; Mice-; SomaliaTG: Animal; Human
PT:
Journal-Article
SH: poisoning; therapeutic-use
RN: 0; 0; 50-53-3; 60-87-7
NM: Alkaloids; Narcotic-Antagonists; Chlorpromazine; Promethazine
SB:
Index-Medicus
UD: 19660723
AN: 5931998
TI:
Chiral resolution of cationic drugs of forensic interest by capillary electrophoresis
with mixtures of neutral and anionic cyclodextrins.
AU: Lurie,-I-S; Klein,-R-F; Dal-Cason,-T-A; LeBelle,-M-J; Brenneisen,-R;
Weinberger,-R-E
AD: Drug Enforcement Administration, Special Testing and Research Laboratory,
McLean, Virginia 22102-3494.
SO: Anal-Chem. 1994 Nov 15; 66(22): 4019-26
IS:
0003-2700
PY: 1994
LA: English
CP: UNITED-STATES
AB: Chiral resolution of a number of cationic drugs of forensic interest (amphetamine,
methamphetamine, cathinone, methcathinone, cathine, cocaine, propoxyphene, and
various alpha-hydroxyphenethylamines) is achieved via capillary electrophoresis (CE)
with added cyclodextrins (CDs), including novel mixtures of neutral and anionic CDs. In
the latter studies, resolution and migration speed are readily adjusted by varying the ratio
of the two added CDs, as the anionic CD acts as a counter-migrating complexing reagent.
The neutral CD, heptakis(2,6-di-O-methyl)-beta-CD, was found suitable for the analysis
of illicit cocaine and khat leaves (Catha edulis Forsk), which contain (-)-alphaaminopropiophenone ((-)-cathinone), (+)-norpseudoephedrine (cathine), (-)-norephedrine,
and trace levels of the phenylpentenylamines (+)-merucathinone, (+)-merucathine, and
possibly (-)-pseudomerucathine. The use of mixtures of the neutral and the anionic CD
(beta-CD sulfobutyl ether IV) was found suitable for the analysis of illicit amphetamine,
methamphetamine, methcathinone, and propoxyphene. A model is presented for the
impact of mixtures of neutral and anionic CDs on migration behavior and chiral
resolution in CE.
MESH:
*Cyclodextrins-chemistry; *Street-Drugs-isolation-and-purification
MESH:
Electrophoresis-; Forensic-Medicine-methods; Plant-Leaves-chemistry;
Reference-Standards; Solvents-; Stereoisomerism-; Street-Drugs-analysis
PT:
Journal-Article
SH: chemistry; methods; analysis; isolation-and-purification
RN: 0; 0; 0
NM: Cyclodextrins; Solvents; Street-Drugs
SB:
Index-Medicus
UD: 20001218
AN: 7810901
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
Natural history of Khat psychosis.
AU: Jager,-A-D; Sireling,-L
AD: Heatherton Hospital, Victoria.
SO: Aust-N-Z-J-Psychiatry. 1994 Jun; 28(2): 331-2
IS:
0004-8674
PY: 1994
LA: English
CP: AUSTRALIA
AB: A paranoid psychosis, resembling amphetamine psychosis, caused by chewing
Khat (stems and leaves from the plant Catha edulis) has been well described. Our case
demonstrates the natural history of Khat psychosis which, in previous case reports, has
been vigorously treated with major tranquillisers.
MESH:
*Plants-; *Psychoses,-Substance-Induced
MESH:
Africa-; Great-Britain-ethnology; Mastication-; RefugeesTG: Human
PT:
Journal-Article
SH: ethnology
SB:
Index-Medicus
UD: 20001218
AN: 7993291
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
Khat chewing among Agaro secondary school students, Agaro, southwestern
Ethiopia.
AU: Adugna,-F; Jira,-C; Molla,-T
AD: Jima Institute of Health Sciences.
SO: Ethiop-Med-J. 1994 Jul; 32(3): 161-6
IS:
0014-1755
PY: 1994
LA: English
CP: ETHIOPIA
AB: A cross-sectional study using a self-administered questionnaire was carried out to
determine the prevalence of khat chewing among secondary school students in Agaro,
southwestern Ethiopia in 1991. Two-hundred-forty-eight students randomly selected
from grade 9 to 12 were included in the study with current prevalence of 64.9%. Khat
chewing was found to be associated with being Muslim and male. The most frequent
users were also in the age group of 15 to 22 years. The association between khat chewing
and grade attended was statistically significant. The health and socioeconomic problems
associated with the use of khat are discussed and possible interventions suggested.
MESH:
*Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants; *Plant-Extracts; *SubstanceRelated-Disorders-epidemiology
MESH:
Adolescent-; Adult-; Catha-; Cross-Sectional-Studies; Educational-Status;
Ethiopia-epidemiology; Prevalence-; Socioeconomic-Factors; Substance-RelatedDisorders-etiology; Substance-Related-Disorders-prevention-and-control
TG: Female; Human; Male
PT:
Journal-Article
SH: epidemiology; etiology; prevention-and-control
RN: 0; 0
NM: Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants; Plant-Extracts
SB:
Index-Medicus
UD: 20021101
AN: 7957128
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
Le khat: de l'usage traditionnel au risque toxicomaniaque.
[Khat: from traditional usage to risk of drug addiction]
AU: Adam,-F; Hasselot,-N
AD: Laboratoire de Biochimie, Hopital d'Instruction des Armees Laveran, Marseille,
France.
SO: Med-Trop-(Mars). 1994; 54(2): 141-4
IS:
0025-682X
PY: 1994
LA: French; Non-English
CP: FRANCE
AB: In much of East Africa and the Arabian Peninsula, the leaves of the qat tree
(Catha edulis Forsk) are highly prized for their euphoric effects. Use is deeply anchored
in regional customs and traditions. Once controversial, the chemical properties of qat are
now well-documented; the active agent responsible for the physical and mental effects
observed when the leaves are chewed is cathinone or alpha-aminopropiophenone.
According to the definition of the World Health Organization, qat is not classified as an
inevitably addictive drug. However recent reports of psychosis related to qat abuse in
Great Britain and the United States have raised new alarm in the Narcotics Commission
of the United Nations. Should qat be prohibited? International law on this issue is
currently highly ambiguous. Importation of qat is illegal in France as in Switzerland, but
legal in the United States and Great Britain as in most African countries.
MESH:
*Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants-therapeutic-use; *Medicine,African-Traditional; *Plant-Extracts-therapeutic-use; *Substance-Related-Disordersetiology; *TreesMESH:
Africa,-Eastern-epidemiology; Catha-; Central-Nervous-SystemStimulants-chemistry; Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants-classification; CentralNervous-System-Stimulants-pharmacology; Cultural-Characteristics; Drug-and-NarcoticControl; Plant-Extracts-chemistry; Plant-Extracts-classification; Plant-Extractspharmacology; Psychoses,-Substance-Induced-epidemiology; Psychoses,-SubstanceInduced-etiology; Psychoses,-Substance-Induced-prevention-and-control; Risk-Factors;
Saudi-Arabia-epidemiology; Substance-Related-Disorders-epidemiology; SubstanceRelated-Disorders-prevention-and-control; World-Health-Organization
TG: English-Abstract; Human
PT:
Journal-Article; Review; Review,-Tutorial
SH: epidemiology; chemistry; classification; pharmacology; therapeutic-use; etiology;
prevention-and-control
RN: 0; 0
NM: Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants; Plant-Extracts
SB:
Index-Medicus
UD: 20021101
AN: 7934780
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
[Khat--the stimulant drug of Yemen, Ethiopia and other eastern countries]
AU: Weiss,-S
SO: Harefuah. 1994 Apr 15; 126(8): 482-3
IS:
0017-7768
PY: 1994
LA: Hebrew; Non-English
CP: ISRAEL
MESH:
*Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants-adverse-effects; *Plant-Extractsadverse-effects
MESH:
Catha-; Ethiopia-; Substance-Related-Disorders; YemenTG: Animal; Human
PT:
Journal-Article
SH: adverse-effects
RN: 0; 0
NM: Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants; Plant-Extracts
SB:
Index-Medicus
UD: 20021101
AN: 7915244
TI:
Khat, an amphetamine-like stimulant.
AU: Kalix,-P
AD: Departement de pharmacologie, Centre medical universitaire, Geneve,
Switzerland.
SO: J-Psychoactive-Drugs. 1994 Jan-Mar; 26(1): 69-74
IS:
0279-1072
PY: 1994
LA: English
CP: UNITED-STATES
MESH:
*Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants-pharmacology; *Plant-Extractspharmacology
MESH:
Alkaloids-pharmacology; Catha-; Central-Nervous-System-Stimulantschemistry; Plant-Extracts-chemistry; Plants-chemistry
TG: Animal; Human
PT:
Journal-Article; Review; Review,-Tutorial
SH: pharmacology; chemistry
RN: 0; 0; 0; 5265-18-9
NM: Alkaloids; Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants; Plant-Extracts; cathinone
SB:
Index-Medicus
UD: 20021101
AN: 7913130
TI:
Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of khat: a controlled study.
AU: Widler,-P; Mathys,-K; Brenneisen,-R; Kalix,-P; Fisch,-H-U
AD: Department of Psychiatry, University of Berne, Switzerland.
SO: Clin-Pharmacol-Ther. 1994 May; 55(5): 556-62
IS:
0009-9236
PY: 1994
LA: English
CP: UNITED-STATES
AB: OBJECTIVES: To show the subjective and cardiovascular effects of khat leaves
having a standardized content of cathinone. BACKGROUND: The main effect of khat is
an increase of energy and alertness. This effect is thought to be attributable to the
phenylalkylamine cathinone, but no controlled clinical trials have been published.
DESIGN: The design was balanced and double blind. Six drug-naive volunteers received
a single dose of khat corresponding to 0.8 mg/kg body weight, as well as alkaloid-free
khat as a placebo. Psychologic effects were evaluated by the Addiction Research Center
Inventory (ARCI) and visual analog scales. Physiologic measures were systolic blood
pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and heart rate. Plasma concentrations of cathinone and
its metabolites norephedrine and R,R-(-)norpseudoephedrine were determined by HPLC.
RESULTS: Maximal plasma concentrations of cathinone (127 +/- 53 [SD] ng/ml) were
attained after 127 +/- 30 minutes. The area under the plasma concentration-time curve
from 0 to 9 hours was 415 +/- 207 ng/ml.hr, and the terminal elimination half-life was
260 +/- 102 minutes. An effect of khat was observed in the ARCI scales Abuse Potential
(p < 0.01), Motor Stimulation (p < 0.02), Amphetamine-Like Effect (p < 0.005), and
Stimulation-Euphoria (p < 0.005), as well as in the visual analog scales Excited-Calm (p
< 0.001) and Energetic-Lethargic (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our results provide
objective evidence for the amphetamine-like stimulatory effects of khat leaves. These
effects were closely similar to those observed after cathinone, 0.5 mg/kg body weight,
although peak plasma concentrations of cathinone after khat were delayed.
MESH:
*Affect-drug-effects; *Cardiovascular-System-drug-effects; *CentralNervous-System-Stimulants-pharmacology; *Plant-Extracts-pharmacology
MESH:
Adult-; Alkaloids-pharmacology; Blood-Pressure-drug-effects; Catha-;
Double-Blind-Method; Heart-Rate-drug-effects; Psychotropic-Drugs-pharmacology;
Reference-Values
TG: Human; Male; Support,-Non-U.S.-Gov't
PT:
Clinical-Trial; Controlled-Clinical-Trial; Journal-Article
SH: drug-effects; pharmacology
RN: 0; 0; 0; 0; 5265-18-9
NM: Alkaloids; Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants; Plant-Extracts; PsychotropicDrugs; cathinone
SB:
Abridged-Index-Medicus; Index-Medicus
UD: 20021101
AN: 7910126
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
Evaluation of teratogenic potential of khat (Catha edulis Forsk.) in rats.
AU: Islam,-M-W; al-Shabanah,-O-A; al-Harbi,-M-M; al-Gharably,-N-M
AD: Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University,
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
SO: Drug-Chem-Toxicol. 1994; 17(1): 51-68
IS:
0148-0545
PY: 1994
LA: English
CP: UNITED-STATES
AB: The embryotoxic and teratogenic effects of khat (Catha edulis Forsk.), a plant
chewed by the people of Eastern Africa and Southern Arabia to attain a state of euphoria
and stimulation, was studied in Wistar rats. Methanolic extract of khat was administered
orally by gavage to rats during days from 6 to 15 of gestation at doses of 0, 125, 250 and
500 mg/kg. body weight/day. Khat reduced the food consumption and maternal weight
gain and also lowered the food efficiency index, as compared to control mothers. On day
20 of gestation, all dams were sacrificed by cervical dislocation, cesarean sections were
performed and maternal and fetal toxicities were assessed. The administration of khat had
no effect on fetal sex ratio. However, at a dose of 125 mg/kg body weight and above, it
produced a significant increase in resorptions and fetal wastage. Khat administration in
utero also reduced the litter size and caused intrauterine growth retardation. External,
visceral and skeletal examination of the fetus of treated dams showed several types of
malformations and variations in all the groups of animals. However, a consistent
tendency of abnormalities was observed in the highest dosed (500 mg/kg) group. The
data of the present study revealed that khat retarded fetal growth and induced terata. The
present observations indicate that khat possesses both embryotoxic as well as teratogenic
properties. The developmental toxicities of khat are dose-related.
MESH:
*Plant-Extracts-toxicity; *Teratogens-toxicity
MESH:
Catha-; Embryo-and-Fetal-Development-drug-effects; Fetal-Deathchemically-induced; Rats-; Rats,-Wistar
TG: Animal; Female; Pregnancy
PT:
Journal-Article
SH: drug-effects; chemically-induced; toxicity
RN: 0; 0
NM: Plant-Extracts; Teratogens
SB:
Index-Medicus
UD: 20021101
AN: 8168433
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
A comparison of the behavioral effects of l- and dl-cathinone and d-amphetamine.
AU: Johanson,-C-E; Schuster,-C-R
SO: J-Pharmacol-Exp-Ther. 1981 Nov; 219(2): 355-62
IS:
0022-3565
PY: 1981
LA: English
CP: UNITED-STATES
AB: The leaves of the Catha edulis plant (Khat) are chewed extensively by inhabitants
of several African and Arab countries. It has been postulated that the behavioral effects of
Khat are similar to those of amphetamine and that one of its components, cathinone, is
the principal active alkaloid. In the first study, the ability of i.v. l-cathinone (0.0008-0.05
mg/kg/infusion), dl-cathinone (0.0016-0.1 mg/kg/infusion) and d-amphetamine (0.00160.025 mg/kg/infusion) to maintain responding under a fixed-ratio 10 schedule of delivery
was determined. All three drugs functioned as positive reinforcers. Relative to
amphetamine, lower doses of l-cathinone maintained responding, whereas the function
for dl-cathinone was shifted to the right of amphetamine. However, potency comparisons
are complicated by the fact that the dose-infusion functions for both l- and dl-cathinone
were broader and peaked at higher rates than those generated by d-amphetamine. Because
response rates under ratio schedules of drug delivery are determined by several properties
of a drug, the relative potency of cathinone and d-amphetamine was investigated further.
In a second experiment, the effects of i.v. l- and dl-cathinone (0.025-3.2 mg/kg) and damphetamine (0.0125-1.6 mg/kg) on responding maintained under a multiple fixed-ratio
30 fixed-interval 5-min schedule of food delivery were determined in three monkeys.
Although there were some increases in overall rats, these drugs primarily produced dosedependent decreases in responding under both schedules. d-Amphetamine was 2 to 4
times more potent than l- and dl-cathinone which were equipotent. This may indicate that
the lower rates of responding maintained by d-amphetamine in the first experiment were
due to its greater potency in disrupting responding.
MESH:
*Alkaloids-pharmacology; *Behavior,-Animal-drug-effects;
*Dextroamphetamine-pharmacology
MESH:
Cocaine-; Conditioning,-Operant-drug-effects; Food-; Macaca-mulatta;
Reinforcement-Schedule; Self-Administration; StereoisomerismTG: Animal; Comparative-Study; Female; Male; Support,-Non-U.S.-Gov't; Support,U.S.-Gov't,-P.H.S.
PT:
Journal-Article
SH: pharmacology; drug-effects
RN: 0; 50-36-2; 51-64-9; 5265-18-9
NM: Alkaloids; Cocaine; Dextroamphetamine; cathinone
CN: DA00024DANIDA; DA00250DANIDA
SB:
Index-Medicus
UD: 20001218
AN: 7288625
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
Cathinone, an alkaloid from khat leaves with an amphetamine-like releasing
effect.
AU: Kalix,-P
SO: Psychopharmacology-(Berl). 1981; 74(3): 269-70
IS:
0033-3158
PY: 1981
LA: English
CP: GERMANY,-WEST
AB: Khat leaves, widely used as a stimulant in East Africa and the Arab Peninsula,
contain the alkaloid (--)-cathinone. The effects of this substance on the efflux of
radioactivity from rabbit striatal slices prelabelled with 3H-dopamine were examined. It
was found that low concentrations of (--)cathinone enhance the release of radioactivity in
a dose-dependent manner, and that (--)cathinone was capable of sustaining the enhanced
release induced by (+)amphetamine. Pretreatment of the tissue with cocaine, which is
known to prevent the induction of release by (+)amphetamine, inhibited the efflux
increase caused by (--)-cathinone. These observations suggest that amphetamine and the
active principle of khat leaves have an analogous mechanism of action.
MESH:
*Alkaloids-pharmacology; *Corpus-Striatum-metabolism; *Dopaminemetabolism
MESH:
Cocaine-pharmacology; Corpus-Striatum-drug-effects;
Dextroamphetamine-pharmacology; RabbitsTG: Animal; In-Vitro
PT:
Journal-Article
SH: pharmacology; drug-effects; metabolism
RN: 0; 50-36-2; 51-61-6; 51-64-9; 5265-18-9
NM: Alkaloids; Cocaine; Dopamine; Dextroamphetamine; cathinone
SB:
Index-Medicus
UD: 20001218
AN: 6791236
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
Selected bibliography on khat.
AU: Anonymous
SO: Bull-Narc. 1980; 32(3): 95-9
IS:
0007-523X
PY: 1980
LA: English
CP: UNITED-STATES
MESH:
*Bibliography-; *Plant-Extracts
MESH:
CathaPT:
Bibliography; Journal-Article
RN: 0
NM: Plant-Extracts
SB:
Index-Medicus
UD: 20021101
AN: 7020812
TI:
Review of the pharmacology of khat. Report of a WHO advisory group.
AU: Anonymous
SO: Bull-Narc. 1980; 32(3): 83-93
IS:
0007-523X
PY: 1980
LA: English
CP: UNITED-STATES
MESH:
*Alkaloids-pharmacology; *Plant-Extracts-pharmacology
MESH:
Alkaloids-adverse-effects; Behavior,-Animal-drug-effects;
Cardiovascular-System-drug-effects; Catha-; Cats-; Central-Nervous-System-drugeffects; Chemistry-; Mice-; Public-Health; Rabbits-; Rats-; Self-Administration;
Stereoisomerism-; Substance-Related-Disorders; Synaptic-Transmission-drug-effects
TG: Animal; Human
PT:
Journal-Article
SH: adverse-effects; pharmacology; drug-effects
RN: 0; 0; 5265-18-9
NM: Alkaloids; Plant-Extracts; cathinone
SB:
Index-Medicus
UD: 20021101
AN: 6266563
TI:
Behavioural effects of cathinone, an amine obtained from Catha edulis Forsk.:
comparisons with amphetamine, norpseudoephedrine, apomorphine and nomifensine.
AU: Zelger,-J-L; Schorno,-H-X; Carlini,-E-A
SO: Bull-Narc. 1980; 32(3): 67-81
IS:
0007-523X
PY: 1980
LA: English
CP: UNITED-STATES
AB: The effect of khat (Catha edulis Forsk., family Celastraceae), a plant used for its
stimulant effects in eastern Africa and southern Arabia, has until recently been attributed
to the pharmacological action of d-norpseudoephedrine, also known as cathine. The
isolation in 1975 of cathinone revived an earlier suggestion that the fresh leaves
contained a substance more potent than cathine. The pharmacological assays reported on
in this paper appear to confirm the higher stimulant capacity of cathinone. This substance
produces qualitatively similar locomotor stimulation in mice and comparable stereotypy
in rats as amphetamine does, although it is approximately half as active. The results
obtained after pre-treatment with reserpine or alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine, which interfere
with the catecholamine system, strongly suggest that cathinone interacts with brain
catecholamines by an indirect mechanism and, most probably, by affecting
neurotransmitter release of the labile pool.
MESH:
*Alkaloids-pharmacology; *Appetite-Depressants-pharmacology; *MotorActivity-drug-effects; *Plant-Extracts-pharmacology; *Stereotyped-Behavior-drugeffects
MESH:
Amphetamine-pharmacology; Apomorphine-pharmacology;
Catecholamines-secretion; Catha-; Haloperidol-pharmacology; Mice-; Nomifensinepharmacology; Phenylpropanolamine-pharmacology; Rats-; Reserpine-pharmacology
TG: Animal; Comparative-Study; Human; Male
PT:
Journal-Article
SH: pharmacology; secretion; drug-effects
RN: 0; 0; 0; 0; 14838-15-4; 24526-64-5; 300-62-9; 36393-56-3; 50-55-5; 52-86-8;
5265-18-9; 58-00-4
NM: Alkaloids; Appetite-Depressants; Catecholamines; Plant-Extracts;
Phenylpropanolamine; Nomifensine; Amphetamine; norpseudoephedrine; Reserpine;
Haloperidol; cathinone; Apomorphine
SB:
Index-Medicus
UD: 20021101
AN: 6911034
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
Conclusions and recommendations of the Expert Group on the Botany and
Chemistry of Khat.
AU: Anonymous
SO: Bull-Narc. 1980; 32(3): 65-6
IS:
0007-523X
PY: 1980
LA: English
CP: UNITED-STATES
MESH:
*Plant-Extracts-analysis; *Plants,-Medicinal-analysis
MESH:
CathaPT:
Journal-Article
SH: analysis
RN: 0
NM: Plant-Extracts
SB:
Index-Medicus
UD: 20021101
AN: 6911033
TI:
Khat: pharmacognostical aspects.
AU: Nordal,-A
SO: Bull-Narc. 1980; 32(3): 51-64
IS:
0007-523X
PY: 1980
LA: English
CP: UNITED-STATES
AB: A survey was made of the early literature on the production of khat. A botanical
and micromorphological examination of 15 samples of Catha edulis was carried out and
the findings were compared with data from the earlier literature on the subject. Based on
earlier and present observations, the vital organs (leaves, flowers, fruit and seeds) are
described, with illustrations, to assist in the identification of khat.
MESH:
*Pharmacognosy-; *Plant-Extracts-analysis; *Plants,-Medicinal-anatomyand-histology
MESH:
CathaPT:
Journal-Article
SH: analysis; anatomy-and-histology
RN: 0
NM: Plant-Extracts
SB:
Index-Medicus
UD: 20021101
AN: 6911032
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
The chemistry of khat.
AU: Szendrei,-K
SO: Bull-Narc. 1980; 32(3): 5-35
IS:
0007-523X
PY: 1980
LA: English
CP: UNITED-STATES
AB: This paper presents a review of literature on the chemical composition of khat
(Catha edulis Forsk., Celastraceae). The effect of chewing fresh khat could not be
explained satisfactorily by the action of d-norpseudoephedrine which was, for a long
time, believed to be the only stimulant in khat. A comprehensive study on the chemical
composition of khat was undertaken at the United Nations narcotics Laboratory with the
aim of isolating and characterizing the principles of the fresh plant active on the central
nervous system. This work resulted in the detection and isolation of cathinone, a
phenylalkylamine characterized as (-)-alpha-aminopropiophenone. It is the main
phenylalkylamine component of fresh khat, and pharmacological studies indicate that it
may be the compound responsible for the characteristic stimulant activity and abuse
potential of the plant. Some of its "decomposition" or transformation products, such as
norpseudoephedrine, norephedrine, 3,6-dimethyl-2,5-diphenylpyrazine, and 1-phenyl1,2-propanedione, have also been isolated and characterized.
MESH:
*Plant-Extracts-analysis
MESH:
Alkaloids-isolation-and-purification; Catha-; Central-Nervous-SystemAgents-isolation-and-purification; Chemistry-; Chromatography,-Gas; MassFragmentography
PT:
Journal-Article
SH: isolation-and-purification; analysis
RN: 0; 0; 0; 5265-18-9
NM: Alkaloids; Central-Nervous-System-Agents; Plant-Extracts; cathinone
SB:
Index-Medicus
UD: 20021101
AN: 6911031
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
The cathedulin alkaloids.
AU: Crombie,-L
SO: Bull-Narc. 1980; 32(3): 37-50
IS:
0007-523X
PY: 1980
LA: English
CP: UNITED-STATES
AB: Studies on fresh and dried leaf and shoot material of Catha edulis (khat) collected
in Ethiopia, Kenya and the Yemen Arab Republic have led to the isolation, separation
and characterization of new celastraceous alkaloids, the cathedulins, with molecular
weights in the 600-1,200 range. All the cathedulins whose structures have been
investigated prove to be polyesters or lactones of a sesquiterpene polyol core and fall into
three groups: (a) low molecular weight esters of pentahydroxydihydroagarofuran; (b)
cathedulins of medium molecular weight characterized by the possession of a
euonyminol core and an evonimic acid dilactone bridge; and (c) high molecular weight,
more complex esters of euonyminol. Chemical evidence and spectral data were used in
assigning structures to the cathedulins studied as well as in placing the various esterifying
acids on the different hydroxyl positions of the sesquiterpene core. In addition to
cathedulins, neutral products isolated from khat include beta-sitosterol and its glycoside,
friedeline, and hydroxylated delta 4-exo-relatives of the latter. Moreover, the pigmented
root-bark contains triterpenoid quinones including celastrol, pristimerin, iguesterin and
tingenone (tingenin A and B).
MESH:
*Alkaloids-isolation-and-purification; *Plant-Extracts-analysis
MESH:
Catha-; Chemistry-; Molecular-Weight
PT:
Journal-Article
SH: isolation-and-purification; analysis
RN: 0; 0; 0
NM: Alkaloids; Plant-Extracts; cathedulins
SB:
Index-Medicus
UD: 20021101
AN: 6911030
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
Catha edulis (khat): some introductory remarks.
AU: Anonymous
SO: Bull-Narc. 1980; 32(3): 1-3
IS:
0007-523X
PY: 1980
LA: English
CP: UNITED-STATES
MESH:
*Alkaloids-pharmacology; *Plant-Extracts
MESH:
CathaTG: Human
PT:
Journal-Article
SH: pharmacology
RN: 0; 0; 5265-18-9
NM: Alkaloids; Plant-Extracts; cathinone
SB:
Index-Medicus
UD: 20021101
AN: 6911029
TI:
Relative potencies of two phenylalkylamines found in the abused plant Catha
edulis, khat.
AU: Peterson,-D-W; Maitai,-C-K; Sparber,-S-B
SO: Life-Sci. 1980 Dec 1; 27(22): 2143-7
IS:
0024-3205
PY: 1980
LA: English
CP: ENGLAND
MESH:
*Alkaloids-pharmacology; *Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants;
*Phenylpropanolamine-pharmacology; *Plants,-Medicinal; *Propiophenonespharmacology; *Substance-Related-Disorders
MESH:
Conditioning,-Operant-drug-effects; Dose-Response-Relationship,-Drug;
Rats-; Time-Factors
TG: Animal; Comparative-Study; Human; Male; Support,-U.S.-Gov't,-P.H.S.
PT:
Journal-Article
SH: pharmacology; drug-effects
RN: 0; 0; 0; 14838-15-4; 36393-56-3; 5265-18-9
NM: Alkaloids; Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants; Propiophenones;
Phenylpropanolamine; norpseudoephedrine; cathinone
CN: DA07097DANIDA
SB:
Index-Medicus
UD: 20001218
AN: 6111010
TI:
A constituent of khat leaves with amphetamine-like releasing properties.
AU: Kalix,-P
SO: Eur-J-Pharmacol. 1980 Nov 21; 68(2): 213-5
IS:
0014-2999
PY: 1980
LA: English
CP: NETHERLANDS
AB: Khat leaves, which are widely abused as a stimulant, contain the alkaloid (--)cathinone. The effect of this compound on the efflux of radioactivity from rabbit striatal
tissue prelabelled with [3H]dopamine was examined. (--)-Cathinone enhanced the release
of label, and was found to have a potency similar to that of (+)-amphetamine. The
observation demonstrates that the khat alkaloid also has amphetamine-like effects at the
cellular level.
MESH:
*Alkaloids-pharmacology; *Amphetamine-pharmacology; *Dopaminesecretion
MESH:
Corpus-Striatum-secretion; Plants-analysis; Rabbits-; Substance-RelatedDisorders
TG: Animal; Human; In-Vitro
PT:
Journal-Article
SH: pharmacology; secretion; analysis
RN: 0; 300-62-9; 51-61-6
NM: Alkaloids; Amphetamine; Dopamine
SB:
Index-Medicus
UD: 20001218
AN: 7193583
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
Cathinone, active principle of the khat leaf: its effects on in vivo and in vitro
lipolysis.
AU: Nencini,-P
SO: Pharmacol-Res-Commun. 1980 Oct; 12(9): 855-61
IS:
0031-6989
PY: 1980
LA: English
CP: UNITED-STATES
MESH:
*Alkaloids-pharmacology; *Lipolysis-drug-effects; *Propiophenonespharmacology
MESH:
Adipose-Tissue-metabolism; Cyclic-AMP-blood; Epididymis-metabolism;
Fatty-Acids,-Nonesterified-blood; Norepinephrine-metabolism; RatsTG: Animal; In-Vitro; Male
PT:
Journal-Article
SH: metabolism; pharmacology; blood; drug-effects
RN: 0; 0; 0; 51-41-2; 5265-18-9; 60-92-4
NM: Alkaloids; Fatty-Acids,-Nonesterified; Propiophenones; Norepinephrine;
cathinone; Cyclic-AMP
SB:
Index-Medicus
UD: 20001218
AN: 6255493
TI:
Hyperthermic response to (-)-cathinone, an alkaloid of Catha edulis (khat).
AU: Kalix,-P
SO: J-Pharm-Pharmacol. 1980 Sep; 32(9): 662-3
IS:
0022-3573
PY: 1980
LA: English
CP: ENGLAND
MESH:
*Alkaloids-pharmacology; *Body-Temperature-drug-effects;
*Propiophenones-pharmacology
MESH:
Haloperidol-pharmacology; Motor-Activity-drug-effects; Mydriatics-;
Rabbits-; Stereotyped-Behavior-drug-effects; Stimulation,-Chemical
TG: Animal; Human
PT:
Journal-Article
SH: pharmacology; drug-effects
RN: 0; 0; 0; 52-86-8; 5265-18-9
NM: Alkaloids; Mydriatics; Propiophenones; Haloperidol; cathinone
SB:
Index-Medicus
UD: 20001218
AN: 6107375
TI:
Anorexigenic effects of two amines obtained from Catha edulis Forsk. (Khat) in
rats.
AU: Zelger,-J-L; Carlini,-E-A
SO: Pharmacol-Biochem-Behav. 1980 May; 12(5): 701-5
IS:
0091-3057
PY: 1980
LA: English
CP: UNITED-STATES
AB: The anorexigenic effects of cathine (phenylpropanolamine) and cathinone (alphaaminopropiophenone), both amines obtained from Catha edulis Forsk. (Khat) were
investigated by acute and chronic experiments in rats. Amphetamine was included for
comparison purposes. Both khat amines reduced food intake when administered acutely
and body weight when given chronically. Cathinone was more effective than cathine, and
both were less active than amphetamine. Partial or total cross-tolerance was observed
among the 3 drugs.
MESH:
*Alkaloids-pharmacology; *Appetite-Depressants;
*Phenylpropanolamine-pharmacology; *Propiophenones-pharmacology
MESH:
Amphetamine-pharmacology; Body-Weight-drug-effects; DrugTolerance; Eating-drug-effects; Plants,-Medicinal; RatsTG: Animal
PT:
Journal-Article
SH: pharmacology; drug-effects
RN: 0; 0; 0; 14838-15-4; 300-62-9; 36393-56-3; 5265-18-9
NM: Alkaloids; Appetite-Depressants; Propiophenones; Phenylpropanolamine;
Amphetamine; norpseudoephedrine; cathinone
SB:
Index-Medicus
UD: 20001218
AN: 7393964
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
Hypermotility of the amphetamine type induced by a constituent of khat leaves.
AU: Kalix,-P
SO: Br-J-Pharmacol. 1980 Jan; 68(1): 11-3
IS:
0007-1188
PY: 1980
LA: English
CP: ENGLAND
AB: Khat leaves, widely used as a stimulant in East Africa and the Arab Peninsula,
contain the alkaloid, (-)-cathinone. The effects of this substance on the locomotor activity
of rats were compared to those of (+)-amphetamine. Both substances were found to
induce a similar degree of hypermotility. Furthermore, the effect of (-)-cathinone on the
locomotor behaviour of hypophysectomized rats was analogous to that reported for (+)amphetamine in such animals. The results support the claim that the symptoms caused by
the chewing of khat are amphetamine-like.
MESH:
*Alkaloids-pharmacology; *Dextroamphetamine-pharmacology; *MotorActivity-drug-effects; *Propiophenones-pharmacology
MESH:
Hypophysectomy-; Rats-; Stimulation,-Chemical; Time-Factors
TG: Animal; Female
PT:
Journal-Article
SH: pharmacology; drug-effects
RN: 0; 0; 51-64-9; 5265-18-9
NM: Alkaloids; Propiophenones; Dextroamphetamine; cathinone
SB:
Index-Medicus
UD: 20001218
AN: 7357134
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
Prevalence of gonococcal and chlamydial infections and sexual risk behavior
among youth in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
AU: Taffa,-N; Bjune,-G; Sundby,-J; Gaustad,-P; Alestrom,-A
SO: Sex-Transm-Dis. 2002 Dec; 29(12): 828-33
IS:
0148-5717
LA: English
AB: BACKGROUND: No community-based study on the magnitude of sexually
transmitted diseases (STDs) has ever been conducted among young people in Ethiopia.
GOAL: To assess the magnitude of and infections and status of sexual risk behavior
among youths (15-24 years old) in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. STUDY DESIGN: Youths in
or out of school residing in two (of the six) administrative zones in Addis Ababa served
as the study population. Participants filled out a self-administered questionnaire related to
sexuality and its sociocultural determinants. First-void urine (FVU) was analyzed for
gonorrhea and chlamydial infection by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS: A
total of 561 youths took part in the study. Urine PCR was performed for 522 of them.
Nine subjects (1.7%) were found to have and infections. There were five cases (1.0%)
involving each agent. Double infection was noted in one female subject. All but one of
the infections were detected among the out-of-school youths (chi-square = 4.5; < 0.05).
None of these subjects complained of symptoms suggestive of an active STD. One-third
(188/561) reported having had sexual intercourse. The prevalence among sexually active
youths was thus 4.8% (9/188) for both infections combined (2.7% for each agent). While
7/52 (13.5%) of the sexually active females were found to also have STDs, only 2/136
(1.5%) of the males had an STD (chi-square = 8.0; < 0.01). Report of sexual activity was
significantly associated with being male, an age of >/=20 years, out-of-school status, and
report of alcohol/khat (amphetamine-like substance) consumption. Females reported less
condom use, whether they were in or out of school and independent of age.
CONCLUSIONS: Out-of-school youths, especially females, took more sexual risk and
were exceedingly susceptible to STDs. This calls for alternative group-targeted strategies
for sex education, disease prevention, and STD screening and management.
AN: 12466727
TI:
Influence of khat on seminal fluid among presumed infertile couples.
AU: Hakim,-L-Y
SO: East-Afr-Med-J. 2002 Jan; 79(1): 22-8
IS:
0012-835X
LA: English
AB: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of khat, alone and in combination with
other drugs, on the qualitative characteristics of seminal fluid analysis of the male
partners of allegedly infertile Ethiopian couples. DESIGN: A prospective cross-sectional
study. SETTING: Infertility clinics at the Gandhi Memorial Women's hospital and Brook
Medical Services from September 1992 to April 1995. PATIENTS: A total of 214 male
patients with history of infertility and substance use of khat alone or in combination with
tobacco smoking, coffee drinking and alcohol intake of over one year. All patients with
no ejaculate, urologic and medical disorders and never used khat were excluded from the
study. RESULTS: Abnormal values were obtained for relatively older patients who also
showed a higher frequency of marriage, prolonged duration of infertility and greater
number of children ever fathered (p<0.05). The normal and abnormal results for khat and
other drug consumers accounted for 97 (53%) and 86 (47%) in contrast to 22 (71%) and 9
(29%) for the control group, respectively. The study revealed decreased volume, sperm
count, motility and morphological changes in khat chewers compared to non-drug users
although the differences were not statistically significant (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: The
study highlights the possible association of long-term use of khat and abnormal seminal
fluid analysis profiles. RECOMMENDATION: Community-based clinical and
epidemiological studies should be undertaken in regions where khat is widely consumed.
AN: 12380866
TI:
Khat: pharmacological and medical aspects and its social use in Yemen.
AU: Al-Motarreb,-A; Baker,-K; Broadley,-K-J
SO: Phytother-Res. 2002 Aug; 16(5): 403-13
IS:
0951-418X
LA: English
AB: Fresh leaves of the khat tree (Catha edulis Forsk.) are chewed for their euphoric
properties in East Africa and parts of the Middle East, such as The Yemen. This review
describes the history, cultivation and constituents of khat, and the social aspects of khat
chewing in Yemen. The major pharmacologically active constituent of the fresh leaves is
(--)-S-cathinone. The pharmacology of (--)-S-cathinone in the central nervous system and
the peripheral effects are described. (--)-S-Cathinone is regarded as an amphetamine-like
sympathomimetic amine and this mechanism of action is discussed in relation to the
central stimulant actions and the cardiovascular effects of increasing blood pressure and
heart rate. The risk factors associated with khat chewing are described, with emphasis on
the reported increased incidence of acute myocardial infarction. Copyright 2002 John
Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
AN: 12203257
TI:
Meet the khat-heads.
AU: Gegax,-T-T
SO: Newsweek. 2002 Sep 30; 140(14): 35
IS:
0028-9604
LA: English
AN: 12418507
TI:
Psychosocial determinants of sexual activity and condom use intention among
youth in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
AU: Taffa,-N; Klepp,-K-I; Sundby,-J; Bjune,-G
SO: Int-J-STD-AIDS. 2002 Oct; 13(10): 714-9
IS:
0956-4624
LA: English
AB: Determinants of sexual activity and intentions for condom use were examined
guided by the Attitude, Social influences, and Self-efficacy (ASE) model as a theoretical
framework. A total of 561 in and out-of-school youth (15-24 years) in Addis Ababa
completed a self-administered questionnaire. A third of them reported sexual intercourse
in the past and half of the sexually active used condoms during recent intercourse. Being
out-of-school, male, aged 20-24 years, alcohol use and khat (amphetamine-like
substance) consumption predicted the likelihood of engagement in sexual activity. Of
these variables, however, male sex was more associated with reported condom use during
recent sexual intercourse. Self-efficacy, skills, and barriers predicted 23% of the variance
in intentions to use condoms. Self-efficacy was also associated with past condom use.
Psychosocial constructs predicted more variations in condom use intention for males than
for females. In general, self-efficacy was found to be the strongest predictor of the
constructs, whereas attitude and social influences were the weakest. The study implies
that HIV/AIDS prevention programmes for young people in Ethiopia need to emphasize
building assertive communication skills in sexual negotiations and condom use.
Minimizing the gender gap in sexual relationships forms the cornerstone for such
educational strategies.
AN: 12396543
TI:
Empfindliche Nachweismethoden fur das Stimulans Khat
[Sensitive technics for the determination of the stimulant khat]
AU: Rohm,-E; Schmid,-H-V
SO: Arch-Kriminol. 1975 May-Jun; 155(5-6): 155-62
IS:
0003-9225
PY: 1975
LA: German; Non-English
CP: GERMANY,-WEST
MESH:
*Phenylpropanolamine-analysis; *Plant-Extracts-analysis; *Plants,Medicinal
MESH:
Ethiopia-; Methods-; Stimulation,-Chemical; YemenPT:
Journal-Article
SH: analysis
RN: 0; 14838-15-4
NM: Plant-Extracts; Phenylpropanolamine
SB:
Index-Medicus
UD: 19760102
AN: 1180625
TI:
Le khat, toxique du territoire des afars et des issas
[Khat, a toxic substance from the Afar and Issa territory]
AU: Serise,-M; L'epee,-P; Lazarini,-H-J; Labadie,-J-C; Doignon,-J; Absieh,-A
SO: Med-Leg-Dommage-Corpor. 1974 Apr-Jun; 7(2): 145-50
IS:
0025-679X
PY: 1974
LA: French; Non-English
CP: FRANCE
MESH:
*Plant-Extracts; *Plants-; *Substance-Related-Disorders-history;
*Substance-Related-Disorders-physiopathology
MESH:
Adolescent-; Adult-; Child-; Ethiopia-; Forensic-Medicine;
Questionnaires-; Socioeconomic-Factors; StatisticsTG: English-Abstract; Female; Human; Male
PT:
Journal-Article
SH: history; physiopathology
RN: 0
NM: Plant-Extracts
SB:
Index-Medicus; History-of-Medicine
UD: 20021101
AN: 4459675
TI:
The prevalence and socio-demographic correlates of khat chewing in Butajira,
Ethiopia.
AU: Alem,-A; Kebede,-D; Kullgren,-G
SO: Acta-Psychiatr-Scand-Suppl. 1999; 397: 84-91
IS:
0065-1591
LA: English
AB: A house-to-house survey was carried out in a rural Ethiopian community to
determine the prevalence and socio-demographic correlates of khat use. A total of 10,468
adults were interviewed. Of these, 58% were female, and 74% were Muslim. More than
half of the study population (55.7%) reported lifetime khat chewing experience and the
prevalence of current use was 50%. Among current chewers, 17.4% reported taking khat
on a daily basis; 16.1% of these were male and 3.4% were female. Various reasons were
given for chewing khat; 80% of the chewers used it to gain a good level of concentration
for prayer. Muslim religion, smoking and high educational level showed strong
association with daily khat chewing.
AN: 10470360
TI:
Major mental disorders in Butajira, southern Ethiopia.
AU: Awas,-M; Kebede,-D; Alem,-A
SO: Acta-Psychiatr-Scand-Suppl. 1999; 397: 56-64
IS:
0065-1591
LA: English
AB: Previous studies conducted in Ethiopia lack information on the prevalence of
specific mental disorders in rural communities. The lifetime and one-month prevalence of
specific ICD-10 mental disorders and their associated socio-demographic factors were
determined using the translated Amharic version of the Composite International
Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) in a rural population. A total of 501 community subjects
selected from a predominantly rural district by stratified random sampling were
interviewed by non-clinician interviewers. The weighted aggregate lifetime prevalence of
psychiatric morbidity was 31.8% (26.7% when substance dependence was not included).
The most frequent specific diagnoses were: dissociative disorders (6.3%), mood disorders
(6.2%), somatoform disorders (5.9%), and anxiety disorders (5.7%). After adjustment in
a multivariate logistic model, female sex was shown to have a statistically significant
association with mood disorders (Odds Ratio, OR = 3.84, 95% CI: 1.90, 7.73) and
somatoform disorders (OR = 2.30, 95% CI: 1.13, 4.60). Severe cognitive and mood
disorders were significantly associated with being elderly, i.e. 60 or more years of age
(OR = 7.71, 95% CI: 1.58, 7.53; and OR = 3.68, 95% CI = 1.36, 9.95, respectively). Khat
dependence was associated with being Muslim and with earning a low income. (OR =
3.5, 95% CI: 1.02, 11.98; and OR = 0.32, 95% CI: 0.10, 0.96, respectively). It is
concluded that psychiatric morbidity is a major public health problem in the rural
community.
AN: 10470356
TI:
Research on the chemical composition of khat.
AU: Braenden,-O-J
SO: NIDA-Res-Monogr. 1979; 27: 320-1
IS:
1046-9516
PY: 1979
LA: English
CP: UNITED-STATES
MESH:
*Alkaloids-isolation-and-purification; *Plants-analysis; *Propiophenonesisolation-and-purification
PT:
Journal-Article
SH: isolation-and-purification; analysis
RN: 0; 0; 5265-18-9
NM: Alkaloids; Propiophenones; cathinone
SB:
Index-Medicus
UD: 20001218
AN: 121351
TI:
Khat--the problem today.
AU: Halbach,-H
SO: NIDA-Res-Monogr. 1979; 27: 318-9
IS:
1046-9516
PY: 1979
LA: English
CP: UNITED-STATES
MESH:
*Phenylpropanolamine-pharmacology; *Plants-analysis
MESH:
Alkaloids-pharmacology; Propiophenones-pharmacology
PT:
Journal-Article
SH: pharmacology; analysis
RN: 0; 0; 14838-15-4; 36393-56-3; 5265-18-9
NM: Alkaloids; Propiophenones; Phenylpropanolamine; norpseudoephedrine;
cathinone
SB:
Index-Medicus
UD: 20001218
AN: 121350
TI:
Assessment of public health and social problems associated with khat chewing.
AU: Khan,-I; Hughes,-P-H
SO: NIDA-Res-Monogr. 1979; 27: 316-7
IS:
1046-9516
PY: 1979
LA: English
CP: UNITED-STATES
MESH:
*Plants-; *Substance-Related-Disorders
MESH:
Plant-Extracts; Public-Health; Social-Problems; World-HealthOrganization
TG: Human
PT:
Journal-Article
RN: 0
NM: Plant-Extracts
SB:
Index-Medicus
UD: 20001218
AN: 121349
TI:
Indagine sul consumo di khat nella citta di Mogadiscio.
[Studies of the consumption of khat in the city of Mogadiscio]
AU: Nencini,-P; Hussen,-M-Y; Mohamed,-M-X
SO: Clin-Ter. 1978 May 15; 85(3): 223-36
IS:
0009-9074
PY: 1978
LA: Italian; Non-English
CP: ITALY
MESH:
*Ephedrine-; *Plants,-Toxic; *Substance-Related-Disorders
MESH:
Adolescent-; Adult-; Plant-Extracts; SomaliaTG: English-Abstract; Female; Human; Male
PT:
Journal-Article
RN: 0; 299-42-3
NM: Plant-Extracts; Ephedrine
SB:
Index-Medicus
UD: 20021101
AN: 679631
TI:
Khat abuse fuels Somali conflict, drains economy.
AU: Randall,-T
SO: JAMA. 1993 Jan 6; 269(1): 12, 15
IS:
0098-7484
PY: 1993
LA: English
CP: UNITED-STATES
MESH:
*Plant-Extracts; *Substance-Related-Disorders-economics
MESH:
Catha-; SomaliaTG: Human
PT:
News
SH: economics
RN: 0
NM: Plant-Extracts
SB:
Abridged-Index-Medicus; Index-Medicus
UD: 20021101
AN: 8416391
TI:
Rapid assessment of drug abuse in Ethiopia.
AU: Selassie,-S-G; Gebre,-A
AD: Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia.
SO: Bull-Narc. 1996; 48(1-2): 53-63
IS:
0007-523X
PY: 1996
LA: English
CP: UNITED-STATES
AB: A study of drug and substance abuse at Addis Ababa and in 24 towns across
Ethiopia was conducted from June to November 1995. Five categories of respondents
were selected for the study: street children, commercial sex workers and street vendors;
medical, social and public health workers; law enforcement officials; leaders of religious
institutions and educational establishments, youth leaders and personnel of nongovernmental organizations providing social service to communities; and focus groups
comprised of men and women from the various places covered in the study. All
categories of respondents agreed that the problem of substance abuse was becoming
increasingly serious in Ethiopia; that adolescents and young adults were the most affected
group; and that addictive substances were easily obtainable in the country. The study also
found that there was a significant increase in the number of Ethiopians chewing khat
(Catha edulis). Khat, previously known to grow mainly in the eastern part of Ethiopia,
was widely cultivated in all parts of the country. Khat consumption, traditionally
confined to a certain segment of the population, had become popular among all segments
of the population. Some of the respondents reported that khat-chewing often led to the
abuse of illicit substances.
MESH:
*Population-Surveillance-methods; *Substance-Abuse-Detectionmethods; *Substance-Related-Disorders-epidemiology; *Substance-Related-Disordersprevention-and-control; *Urban-Health
MESH:
Adolescent-; Adult-; Child-; Drug-and-Narcotic-Control-legislation-andjurisprudence; Ethiopia-epidemiology; Knowledge,-Attitudes,-Practice; Prevalence-;
Questionnaires-; Time-Factors
TG: Female; Human; Male
PT:
Journal-Article
SH: legislation-and-jurisprudence; epidemiology; methods; prevention-and-control
SB:
Index-Medicus
UD: 20021101
AN: 9839035
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
Malo znama rostlina "kat".
[A little known plant "Khat"]
AU: Maresova,-Z
SO: Vnitr-Lek. 1967 Jul; 13(7): 753-9
IS:
0042-773X
PY: 1967
LA: Czech; Non-English
CP: CZECHOSLOVAKIA
MESH:
*Alkaloids-pharmacology; *Gastric-Juice-secretion
MESH:
Arabia-; Hypnotics-and-Sedatives-pharmacology; Plants,-Medicinal
TG: Human
PT:
Journal-Article
SH: pharmacology; secretion
RN: 0; 0
NM: Alkaloids; Hypnotics-and-Sedatives
SB:
Index-Medicus
UD: 19680404
AN: 6080402
TI:
Toxicite et antagonistes du khat.
[Toxicity and antagonists of kat]
AU: Lemordant,-D
SO: Med-Trop-(Mars). 1966 Mar-Apr; 26(2): 124-9
IS:
0025-682X
PY: 1966
LA: French; Non-English
CP: FRANCE
MESH:
*Alkaloids-poisoning; *Chlorpromazine-therapeutic-use; *NarcoticAntagonists-therapeutic-use; *Promethazine-therapeutic-use
MESH:
Arabia-; Ethiopia-; Mice-; SomaliaTG: Animal; Human
PT:
Journal-Article
SH: poisoning; therapeutic-use
RN: 0; 0; 50-53-3; 60-87-7
NM: Alkaloids; Narcotic-Antagonists; Chlorpromazine; Promethazine
SB:
Index-Medicus
UD: 19660723
AN: 5931998
TI:
Evaluation of genotoxic potential of khat (Catha edulis) in Swiss albino mice.
AU: Tariq,-M; Al-Meshal,-I-A; Parmar,-N-S; Ageel,-A-M; Qureshi,-S
AD: Cytogenetics Laboratory College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh,
Saudi Arabia.
SO: Mutagenesis. 1986 Sep; 1(5): 381-2
IS:
0267-8357
PY: 1986
LA: English
CP: ENGLAND
AB: Genotoxicity of the methanolic extract of khat (Catha edulis) has been evaluated
on the male germ cells using the dominant lethal assay procedure in Swiss albino mice.
The extract was administered at a dose of 500 mg/kg orally once daily, for five days.
Following this sub-acute dose regimen, the effect of khat was studied during the different
stages of spermatogenic cycle on the rate of pregnancy and post-implantation losses.
Khat reduced the percent pregnancy rates and increased the mean post-implantation
losses in the treated group. The increase was found to be statistically significant in the
post-meiotic stages.
MESH:
*Mutagens-; *Plant-Extracts-toxicity
MESH:
Catha-; Fetal-Death-chemically-induced; Mice-; Mice,-Inbred-Strains;
Spermatozoa-drug-effects
TG: Animal; Female; Male; Pregnancy; Support,-Non-U.S.-Gov't
PT:
Journal-Article
SH: chemically-induced; toxicity; drug-effects
RN: 0; 0
NM: Mutagens; Plant-Extracts
SB:
Index-Medicus
UD: 20021101
AN: 3331677
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
Effects of an extract of khat (Catha edulis) on the toad heart.
AU: Nabil,-Z; Saleh,-M; Mekkawy,-H; Allah,-G-A
SO: J-Ethnopharmacol. 1986 Dec; 18(3): 245-56
IS:
0378-8741
PY: 1986
LA: English
CP: SWITZERLAND
AB: The effects of acute and chronic administration of an extract of Catha edulis on
the heart of the toad were investigated. ECG and ventricular action potential were
recorded simultaneously from the surface of the heart of spinal pithed toads before and
after administration of different doses of khat extract. Acute treatment resulted in a dosedependent chronotropic effect and an increase in the amplitude of ventricular action
potential. Chronic treatment on the other hand resulted in a negative chronotropic effect
and a reduction in the amplitude of ventricular action potential. The observed responses
are explained on the basis of the catecholamine releasing effect of components of khat
extract.
MESH:
*Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants-pharmacology; *Heart-drug-effects;
*Plant-Extracts-pharmacology; *Plants,-Medicinal
MESH:
Action-Potentials-drug-effects; Analysis-of-Variance; Anura-; Catha-;
Dose-Response-Relationship,-Drug; Egypt-; Electrocardiography-; Heart-Rate-drugeffects; Heart-Ventricle-drug-effects
TG: Animal; Female; Male
PT:
Journal-Article
SH: drug-effects; pharmacology
RN: 0; 0
NM: Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants; Plant-Extracts
SB:
Index-Medicus
UD: 20021101
AN: 2881029
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
The use of khat. An epidemiological study in two Yemenite villages in Israel.
AU: Litman,-A; Levav,-I; Saltz-Rennert,-H; Maoz,-B
SO: Cult-Med-Psychiatry. 1986 Dec; 10(4): 389-96
IS:
0165-005X
PY: 1986
LA: English
CP: NETHERLANDS
AB: Chewing of khat leaves has been noted to be widespread in Yemen. Immigrants to
Israel brought that practice along and have kept it alive ever since their initial settlement
over thirty years ago. The small epidemiological study reported here made an inquiry into
the extent of khat use in two agricultural villages. It also explored the association of that
practice with social and psychiatric variables. Of interest was the finding that--contrary to
most addictions--the prevalence rate of psychopathology was not higher among users
than among abstainers.
MESH:
*Plant-Extracts; *Substance-Related-Disorders-epidemiology
MESH:
Adolescent-; Adult-; Aged-; Catha-; Cross-Sectional-Studies; Israel-;
Middle-Age; Psychoses,-Substance-Induced-epidemiology
TG: Female; Human; Male
PT:
Journal-Article
SH: epidemiology
RN: 0
NM: Plant-Extracts
SB:
Index-Medicus
UD: 20021101
AN: 3491729
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
Subjective effects of khat chewing in humans.
AU: Nencini,-P; Ahmed,-A-M; Elmi,-A-S
SO: Drug-Alcohol-Depend. 1986 Sep; 18(1): 97-105
IS:
0376-8716
PY: 1986
LA: English
CP: SWITZERLAND
AB: The subjective effects of Khat (Catha edulis) chewing were studied in 14 male
somali, habitual khat users, by means of the Addiction Research Center Inventory
(ARCI) questionnaire and of visual analogue scales concerning mood and appetite.
Results show that euphoria, improved intellectual efficiency and alertness were
associated with khat consumption in 10 subjects. In contrast, the remaining 4 subjects
experienced only dysphoria and mild sedation. These latter effects were present in all the
subjects in the post-chewing period. In spite of these subjective differences, blood
pressure and pulse rate increased in all the volunteers studied. As a whole, these results
are consistent with the presumed amphetamine-like action of khat, but suggest also a
major role of environmental factors in the expression of these actions.
MESH:
*Appetite-drug-effects; *Central-Nervous-System-Stimulantspharmacology; *Emotions-drug-effects; *Mental-Processes-drug-effects; *PlantExtracts-pharmacology
MESH:
Catha-; Contraceptives,-Oral,-Combined; Hemodynamics-drug-effects;
QuestionnairesTG: Human; Male; Support,-Non-U.S.-Gov't
PT:
Journal-Article
SH: drug-effects; pharmacology
RN: 0; 0; 0
NM: Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants; Contraceptives,-Oral,-Combined; PlantExtracts
SB:
Index-Medicus
UD: 20021101
AN: 2877839
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
Drug abuse in Africa.
AU: Asuni,-T; Pela,-O-A
SO: Bull-Narc. 1986 Jan-Jun; 38(1-2): 55-64
IS:
0007-523X
PY: 1986
LA: English
CP: UNITED-STATES
AB: Apart from cannabis abuse in northern and southern Africa and khat chewing in
north-eastern Africa, the history of drug abuse in Africa is relatively short. The abuse of
drugs in Africa is nevertheless escalating rapidly from cannabis abuse to the more
dangerous drugs and from limited groups of drug users to a wider range of people
abusing drugs. The most common and available drug of abuse is still cannabis, which is
known to be a contributing factor to the occurrence of a schizophrenic-like psychosis.
The trafficking in and abuse of cocaine and heroin are the most recent developments in
some African countries that had had no previous experience with these drugs. Efforts
should be made to design and implement drug abuse assessment programmes to
determine the real magnitude and characteristics of the problem and to monitor its trends.
A lack of funds and a shortage of adequately trained personnel have made it difficult to
implement drug abuse control programmes. In addition to formal drug control involving
the implementation of legislation, there is an informal system of drug abuse control
operating through the family, church, school, neighbourhood and work environment, as
well as healthy recreational activities. It is suggested that efforts in African countries
should be directed towards strengthening not only the formal drug control system but also
informal control in order to compensate for the insufficient funds and the shortage of
personnel trained in implementing formal drug control measures. It is very likely that the
drug problems in African countries will worsen in future unless more effective measures
are implemented to arrest the current situation.
MESH:
*Substance-Related-Disorders-epidemiology
MESH:
Africa-; Catha-; Marijuana-Abuse-epidemiology; Plant-Extracts; SocialControl,-Formal; Social-Control,-Informal; Substance-Related-Disorders-prevention-andcontrol; Substance-Related-Disorders-rehabilitation
TG: Human
PT:
Journal-Article
SH: epidemiology; prevention-and-control; rehabilitation
RN: 0
NM: Plant-Extracts
SB:
Index-Medicus
UD: 20021101
AN: 3490891
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
Dopaminergic mediation of a behavioral effect of l-cathinone.
AU: Schechter,-M-D
SO: Pharmacol-Biochem-Behav. 1986 Aug; 25(2): 337-40
IS:
0091-3057
PY: 1986
LA: English
CP: UNITED-STATES
AB: Ten male rats were trained to discriminate between the stimulus properties of 0.6
mg/kg l-cathinone and saline in a two-lever food-motivated operant task. Once trained,
rats showed a dose-dependent increase in discrimination over a dosage range of 0.15-1.2
mg/kg l-cathinone. Analysis of this dose-response relationship indicated an ED50 of 0.27
mg/kg. Pretreatment with 0.2 mg/kg of the specific dopamine blocking drug haloperidol
increased this ED50 to 0.47 mg/kg and significantly decreased discriminative
performance when co-administered with either 0.15, 0.3, or 0.6 mg/kg l-cathinone. Since
the dose-effect curves for cathinone with and without haloperidol pre-treatment were
parallel, it is suggested that l-cathinone, the active constituent in khat, produces its
discriminative properties, in part, by mediation of dopaminergic neuronal systems.
MESH:
*Alkaloids-pharmacology; *Brain-drug-effects; *Conditioning,-Operant;
*Discrimination-Learning; *Dopamine-physiology
MESH:
Alkaloids-administration-and-dosage; Cues-; Drug-Interactions; Food-;
Haloperidol-administration-and-dosage; Rats-; Rats,-Inbred-Strains; SynapticTransmission-drug-effects
TG: Animal; Male; Support,-U.S.-Gov't,-P.H.S.
PT:
Journal-Article
SH: administration-and-dosage; pharmacology; drug-effects; physiology
RN: 0; 51-61-6; 52-86-8; 5265-18-9
NM: Alkaloids; Dopamine; Haloperidol; cathinone
CN: 03591PHS
SB:
Index-Medicus
UD: 20001218
AN: 3020593
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
Intravenous self-administration of (-)-cathinone and 2-amino-1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4methyl)phenylpropane in rhesus monkeys.
AU: Yanagita,-T
SO: Drug-Alcohol-Depend. 1986 Jun; 17(2-3): 135-41
IS:
0376-8716
PY: 1986
LA: English
CP: SWITZERLAND
AB: The reinforcing effects of (-)-cathinone, a pharmacologically active ingredient of
khat, and 2-amino-1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-methyl)phenylpropane ((STP) (DOM)), a
hallucinogenic psychotomimetic, were studied by intravenous self-administration
experiments in rhesus monkeys. Among the experiments described in this paper, the
result of continuous self-administration of (-)-cathinone was briefly reported elsewhere.
T. Yanagita, Studies on Cathinones, NIDA Research Monograph 27, Proceedings of 41st
Annual Scientific Meeting of the Committee on Problems of Drug Dependence, 1979, pp.
326-327.
MESH:
*2,5-Dimethoxy-4-Methylamphetamine-pharmacology; *Alkaloidspharmacology; *Amphetamines-pharmacology; *Behavior,-Animal-drug-effects;
*Central-Nervous-System-drug-effects; *Substance-Related-Disorders
MESH:
Cocaine-pharmacology; Generalization,-Stimulus; Injections,-Intravenous;
Macaca-mulatta; Reinforcement-Psychology; Self-Administration
TG: Animal
PT:
Journal-Article
SH: pharmacology; drug-effects
RN: 0; 0; 15588-95-1; 50-36-2; 5265-18-9
NM: Alkaloids; Amphetamines; 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-Methylamphetamine; Cocaine;
cathinone
SB:
Index-Medicus
UD: 20001218
AN: 3743404
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
Khat: another drug of abuse?
AU: Giannini,-A-J; Burge,-H; Shaheen,-J-M; Price,-W-A
SO: J-Psychoactive-Drugs. 1986 Apr-Jun; 18(2): 155-8
IS:
0279-1072
PY: 1986
LA: English
CP: UNITED-STATES
MESH:
*Plant-Extracts; *Substance-Related-Disorders
MESH:
Catha-; Hemodynamics-drug-effects; Plants,-Medicinal
TG: Human; Support,-Non-U.S.-Gov't
PT:
Journal-Article
SH: drug-effects
RN: 0
NM: Plant-Extracts
SB:
Index-Medicus
UD: 20021101
AN: 3734955
TI:
Metabolism of cathinone to (-)-norephedrine and (-)-norpseudoephedrine.
AU: Brenneisen,-R; Geisshusler,-S; Schorno,-X
SO: J-Pharm-Pharmacol. 1986 Apr; 38(4): 298-300
IS:
0022-3573
PY: 1986
LA: English
CP: ENGLAND
AB: S-(-)-Cathinone (S-(-)-alpha-aminopropiophenone) is the major active principle of
khat leaves (Catha edulis), which are widely used in East Africa and the Arab peninsula
as an amphetamine-like stimulant. After oral administration of synthesized cathinone
(isomers, racemate), 22-52% was recovered in 24 h urine samples mainly as
aminoalcohol metabolites. With GC/MS, HPLC and CD, the main metabolite of S-(-)cathinone was identified as R/S-(-)-norephedrine and the main metabolite of R-(+)cathinone as R/R-(-)-norpseudoephedrine. Both aminoalcohols are formed by a
stereospecific keto reduction.
MESH:
*Alkaloids-metabolism; *Phenylpropanolamine-urine
MESH:
Alkaloids-urine; Biotransformation-; Chromatography,-High-PressureLiquid; Circular-Dichroism; Mass-Fragmentography; StereoisomerismTG: Human; Male
PT:
Journal-Article
SH: metabolism; urine
RN: 0; 14838-15-4; 36393-56-3; 5265-18-9
NM: Alkaloids; Phenylpropanolamine; norpseudoephedrine; cathinone
SB:
Index-Medicus
UD: 20001218
AN: 2872296
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
Anti-inflammatory activity of the flavonoid fraction of khat (Catha edulis Forsk).
AU: Al-Meshal,-I-A; Tariq,-M; Parmar,-N-S; Ageel,-A-M
SO: Agents-Actions. 1986 Jan; 17(3-4): 379-80
IS:
0065-4299
PY: 1986
LA: English
CP: SWITZERLAND
AB: The administration of the flavonid fraction, isolated from Khat (Catha edulis
Forsk), in a dose of 200 mg/kg orally, produced a significant anti-inflammatory activity
against the carrageenan induced paw oedema and cotton pellet granuloma in albino rats.
The results were comparable with the standard anti-inflammatory drug oxyphenbutazone.
MESH:
*Anti-Inflammatory-Agents; *Bioflavonoids-pharmacology; *PlantExtracts-pharmacology
MESH:
Carrageenan-; Catha-; Edema-drug-therapy; Granuloma-prevention-andcontrol; RatsTG: Animal; Support,-Non-U.S.-Gov't
PT:
Journal-Article
SH: pharmacology; drug-therapy; prevention-and-control
RN: 0; 0; 0; 9000-07-1
NM: Anti-Inflammatory-Agents; Bioflavonoids; Plant-Extracts; Carrageenan
SB:
Index-Medicus
UD: 20021101
AN: 3962788
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
Halsoeffekter av khat--ett sydarabiskt njutningsmedel under spridning.
[Effects of khat on health--a South Arabian stimulant with increasing consumption]
AU: Kristiansson,-B; Eriksson,-M
SO: Lakartidningen. 1985 Dec 27; 82(52): 4590-2
IS:
0023-7205
PY: 1985
LA: Swedish; Non-English
CP: SWEDEN
MESH:
*Plant-Poisoning-prevention-and-control; *Plants,-Toxic; *SubstanceRelated-Disorders
MESH:
Risk-; Socioeconomic-Factors
TG: English-Abstract; Human
PT:
Journal-Article
SH: prevention-and-control
SB:
Index-Medicus
UD: 20001218
AN: 4087984
TI:
The puzzle of drug-induced conditioned taste aversion: comparative studies with
cathinone and amphetamine.
AU: Goudie,-A-J; Newton,-T
SO: Psychopharmacology-(Berl). 1985; 87(3): 328-33
IS:
0033-3158
PY: 1985
LA: English
CP: GERMANY,-WEST
AB: The potency of dl-cathinone (the active constituent of the Khat plant) was
compared with that of d-amphetamine in the conditioned taste aversion (C.T.A.)
procedure and in a test of drug-induced adipsia in rats. Both drugs induced C.T.A., the
potency ratio being 1:17 (amphetamine was more potent). Both drugs induced adipsia in
deprived rats given access to water for 120 min. The potency ratio in this procedure was
1:4. Potency in the C.T.A. procedure did not therefore correlate with potency in inducing
adipsia; consequently drug-induced C.T.A. cannot be attributed to conditioned adipsia. In
the adipsia test the drugs had similar durations of action, thus factors related to duration
of drug action (cf Cappell and Le Blanc 1977) cannot account for the surprisingly low
potency of cathinone in the C.T.A. procedure. These data, obtained with stimulant drugs
with similar structures and similar actions in a variety of conventional in vivo and in vitro
pharmacological tests, illustrate the unpredictable nature of drug actions in the C.T.A.
procedure. The low potency of cathinone in inducing C.T.A. could not be predicted from
knowledge of the potency of this compound in tests of adipsia (as shown here) or (as
reported elsewhere) in tests of anorexia, locomotor stimulation, stereotypy, suppression
of operant responding, drug discrimination, release and inhibition of reuptake of
dopamine and noradrenaline, lethality and actions on the cardiovascular system. All of
these studies have reported potency ratios considerably lower than 1:17, which were
nevertheless similar to the 1:4 ratio observed in the adipsia test.(ABSTRACT
TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
MESH:
*Alkaloids-pharmacology; *Avoidance-Learning; *Conditioning,Classical; *Dextroamphetamine-pharmacology; *TasteMESH:
Behavior,-Animal-drug-effects; Drinking-Behavior-drug-effects; Rats-;
Reinforcement-Psychology; Saccharin-; Self-Administration
TG: Animal; Comparative-Study; Female
PT:
Journal-Article
SH: pharmacology; drug-effects
RN: 0; 51-64-9; 5265-18-9; 81-07-2
NM: Alkaloids; Dextroamphetamine; cathinone; Saccharin
SB:
Index-Medicus
UD: 20001218
AN: 3936088
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
Cathinone affects dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine neurons in vivo as
measured by changes in metabolites and synthesis in four forebrain regions in the rat.
AU: Nielsen,-J-A
SO: Neuropharmacology. 1985 Sep; 24(9): 845-52
IS:
0028-3908
PY: 1985
LA: English
CP: ENGLAND
AB: Cathinone is an active ingredient in the leaves of the Khat shrub. Cathinone
affects behavior, neurochemistry and electrophysiology in a manner similar to the
stimulants amphetamine, cocaine and methylphenidate. The present study extended these
studies by evaluating the effects of (+/-)cathinone on dopamine (DA) and 5hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)-containing neurons in several regions of the rat brain in vivo.
An index of the rate of synthesis of DA and 5-HT in vivo was determined in the nuclei
caudatus putamen (CP), accumbens (NA), amygdaloideus centralis (AC), septi lateralis
(SL), preopticus pars suprachiasmatica (PSCN) and dorsomedialis (hypothalami; DMN)
of male rats (175-225 g) by measuring the concentration of dihydroxyphenylalanine
(DOPA) and 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) after the administration of NSD 1015 (100
mg/kg, i.p.) an inhibitor of aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase. Concentrations of DA,
5-HT and their major metabolites dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and 5-
hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), respectively, were analyzed by high pressure liquid
chromatography coupled to an electrochemical detector. Cathinone decreased levels of
DOPAC in a time- and dose-related manner in the caudatus putamen, accumbens,
amygdaloideus centralis and septi lateralis with the peak effect occurring 30-60 min after
a dose of 6 mg/kg (i.p.). Cathinone had no effect on DOPAC in the preopticus pars
suprachiasmatica or dorsomedialis (hypothalami). The drug also decreased the
accumulation of DOPA in the caudatus putamen, accumbens, amygdaloideus centralis
and septi lateralis, but in the preopticus pars suprachiasmatica and dorsomedialis
(hypothalami), there was no effect.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
MESH:
*Alkaloids-pharmacology; *Brain-metabolism; *Dopamine-metabolism;
*Serotonin-metabolism
MESH:
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic-Acid-metabolism; 5-Hydroxytryptophanmetabolism; Brain-drug-effects; Dose-Response-Relationship,-Drug;
Hydroxyindoleacetic-Acid-metabolism; Hypothalamus-metabolism; Rats-; Rats,-InbredStrains; Time-Factors
TG: Animal; Male; Support,-Non-U.S.-Gov't; Support,-U.S.-Gov't,-P.H.S.
PT:
Journal-Article
SH: metabolism; pharmacology; drug-effects
RN: 0; 102-32-9; 50-67-9; 51-61-6; 5265-18-9; 54-16-0; 56-69-9
NM: Alkaloids; 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic-Acid; Serotonin; Dopamine; cathinone;
Hydroxyindoleacetic-Acid; 5-Hydroxytryptophan
CN: NIDA0359101DANIDA
SB:
Index-Medicus
UD: 20001218
AN: 2414683
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
Pharmacological aspects of the chewing of khat leaves.
AU: Kalix,-P; Braenden,-O
SO: Pharmacol-Rev. 1985 Jun; 37(2): 149-64
IS:
0031-6997
PY: 1985
LA: English
CP: UNITED-STATES
MESH:
*Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants-pharmacology; *Plant-Extractspharmacology
MESH:
Alkaloids-pharmacology; Amphetamine-pharmacology; Behavior-drugeffects; Catha-; Dopamine-secretion; Norepinephrine-secretion; Phenylpropanolaminepharmacology; Plant-Extracts-analysis; Receptors,-Dopamine-drug-effects; Serotoninsecretion; Substance-Related-Disorders
TG: Animal; Human
PT:
Journal-Article; Review
SH: pharmacology; drug-effects; secretion; analysis
RN: 0; 0; 0; 0; 14838-15-4; 300-62-9; 36393-56-3; 50-67-9; 51-41-2; 51-61-6; 526518-9
NM: Alkaloids; Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants; Plant-Extracts; Receptors,Dopamine; Phenylpropanolamine; Amphetamine; norpseudoephedrine; Serotonin;
Norepinephrine; Dopamine; cathinone
SB:
Index-Medicus
UD: 20021101
AN: 2864707
TI:
Comparative effects of cathinone and amphetamine on fixed-interval operant
responding: a rate-dependency analysis.
AU: Goudie,-A-J
SO: Pharmacol-Biochem-Behav. 1985 Sep; 23(3): 355-65
IS:
0091-3057
PY: 1985
LA: English
CP: UNITED-STATES
AB: The actions of dl-cathinone and d-amphetamine on operant responding were
compared in rats. The effects of both drugs were predominantly suppressive on behaviour
maintained by a Fixed Interval 2 minutes schedule of reward. Both drugs had equivalent
durations of action in suppressing responding. The actions of the two compounds could
be described as rate-dependent, although their rate-dependent actions could most
parsimoniously be attributed to drug-induced rate constancy. Methysergide (10 mg/kg)
had no significant differential effect on the response suppressant effects of the two
compounds, even though in vitro studies have indicated that cathinone and amphetamine
differ in their serotonin receptor affinity. The actions of cathinone were qualitatively
similar to those of amphetamine in this behavioural test. Furthermore the observed
potency ratio for dl-cathinone to d-amphetamine (1:3) was similar to that reported
elsewhere in a range of other behavioural tests (anorexia, adipsia, drug-induced rotation,
lethality) for this pair of isomers. The only major difference reported to date between the
behavioural actions of cathinone and amphetamine relates to the unexpectedly weak
potency of cathinone in the conditioned taste aversion procedure. Cathinone, the major
active constituent of the Khat plant, is therefore a psychostimulant drug which may
possess potent reinforcing properties by virtue of its amphetamine-like stimulant actions
coupled with its very weak aversive properties.
MESH:
*Alkaloids-pharmacology; *Amphetamine-pharmacology;
*Conditioning,-Operant-drug-effects
MESH:
Dextroamphetamine-pharmacology; Dose-Response-Relationship,-Drug;
Rats-; Reinforcement-Schedule; Taste-drug-effects; Time-Factors
TG: Animal; Comparative-Study; Male
PT:
Journal-Article
SH: pharmacology; drug-effects
RN: 0; 300-62-9; 51-64-9; 5265-18-9
NM: Alkaloids; Amphetamine; Dextroamphetamine; cathinone
SB:
Index-Medicus
UD: 20001218
AN: 4048231
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
Blick uber die Grenzen. Das Quath-Problem in Jemen.
[A look over the boundaries. The khat problem in Yemen]
AU: Emmanouilidis,-T
AD: Klinik fur Allgemein- und Visceralchirurgie am Lukas-Krankenhaus Bunde.
SO: Chirurg. 2001 Apr; 72(4): suppl 110-1
IS:
0009-4722
PY: 2001
LA: German; Non-English
CP: Germany
MESH:
*Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants; *Developing-Countries; *PlantExtracts; *Substance-Related-Disorders-epidemiology
MESH:
Catha-; Cross-Sectional-Studies; Incidence-; Substance-RelatedDisorders-etiology; Yemen-epidemiology
TG: Human
PT:
Journal-Article
SH: epidemiology; etiology
RN: 0; 0
NM: Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants; Plant-Extracts
SB:
Index-Medicus
UD: 20021101
AN: 11357544
TI:
Khat (Catha edulis) consumption causes genotoxic effects in humans.
AU: Kassie,-F; Darroudi,-F; Kundi,-M; Schulte-Hermann,-R; Knasmuller,-S
AD: Institute of Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria.
SO: Int-J-Cancer. 2001 May 1; 92(3): 329-32
IS:
0020-7136
PY: 2001
LA: English
CP: United-States
AB: We used the micronucleus (MN) test to determine the genetic damage caused by
khat, a widely consumed psychostimulant plant, in exfoliated cells of volunteers who
chewed the drug on a regular basis. In the first study in which we compared the
frequency of MN in buccal and bladder mucosa cells in 20 khat consumers (10-160
g/day) and 10 controls, a pronounced (8-fold) increase in micronucleated buccal mucosa
cells was seen among khat consumers; khat consumption did not lead to a detectable
elevation of micronucleated bladder mucosa cells. Among heavy khat chewers, 81% of
the MN had a centromere signal indicating that khat is aneuploidogenic. To investigate
the effect of simultaneous consumption of tobacco and alcoholic beverages, we compared
the MN frequency in buccal cells of 25 khat consumers (20-85 g/day) who smoked
cigarettes (15-60/day) and drank alcoholic beverages (15-80 g of pure ethanol/day) with a
control group (control group I) of 25 individuals matched for age, body weight, tobacco
and alcohol consumption and with another control group of 25 individuals (control group
II) not consuming any of the drugs. The frequency of buccal mucosa cells with MN was
higher in control group I than in group II and the effect of khat, tobacco and alcohol was
found to be additive. A time-kinetics study on khat-induced MN showed that the highest
frequency of MN was observed during the fourth week after consumption. In light of the
large body of evidence on the close association between genetic damage and cancer,
these results suggest that khat consumption, especially when accompanied by alcohol and
tobacco consumption, might be a potential cause of oral malignancy. Copyright 2001
Wiley-Liss, Inc.
MESH:
*Micronuclei-drug-effects; *Mouth-Mucosa-drug-effects; *Plant-Extractstoxicity
MESH:
Adult-; Catha-; Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants-toxicity;
Micronucleus-Tests; Mouth-Mucosa-cytology; Mutagenicity-Tests
TG: Human; Male; Support,-Non-U.S.-Gov't
PT:
Journal-Article
SH: toxicity; drug-effects; cytology
RN: 0; 0
NM: Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants; Plant-Extracts
SB:
Index-Medicus
UD: 20021101
AN: 11291066
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
Khat induced hemorrhoidal disease in Yemen.
AU: Al-Hadrani,-A-M
AD: Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Sana'a University, Sana'a, Republic
of Yemen. [email protected]
SO: Saudi-Med-J. 2000 May; 21(5): 475-7
IS:
0379-5284
PY: 2000
LA: English
CP: Saudi-Arabia
AB: OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential association
between the habit of khat chewing and the development of hemorrhoidal disease
METHODS: Four hundred and seventy four individuals (373 men and 101 women) with
ages ranging from 17 to 80 years were divided into 2 groups. Group 1 (n=247) chronic
khat chewers. Group 2 (n=200) non-khat chewers. Data was collected regarding chewing
habits, colorectal symptoms, abdominal, proctoscopic, and operative findings.
RESULTS: The key difference between the 2 groups was the incidence of hemorrhoids
and hemorrhoidectomy. In the chronic khat chewers group: 169 (62%) had hemorrhoids.
Of these 124 (45.4%) underwent hemorrhoidectomy. In the control group there is 8 (4%)
had hemorrhoids and one patient underwent hemorrhoidectomy (0.5%). P-value (0.05).
CONCLUSION: The study demonstrated a significant association between the habit of
khat chewing and the development of hemorrhoidal disease.
MESH:
*Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants-adverse-effects; *Hemorrhoidschemically-induced; *Plant-Extracts-adverse-effects; *Substance-Related-Disorderscomplications
MESH:
Adolescent-; Adult-; Aged-; Aged,-80-and-over; Case-Control-Studies;
Catha-; Chronic-Disease; Constipation-chemically-induced; Constipation-complications;
Developing-Countries; Hemorrhoids-epidemiology; Hemorrhoids-surgery; Incidence-;
Middle-Age; Risk-Factors; Sex-Distribution; Yemen-epidemiology
TG: Female; Human; Male
PT:
Journal-Article
SH: adverse-effects; chemically-induced; complications; epidemiology; surgery
RN: 0; 0
NM: Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants; Plant-Extracts
SB:
Index-Medicus
UD: 20021101
AN: 11500685
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
Khat chewing is a risk factor of duodenal ulcer.
AU: Raja'a,-Y-A; Noman,-T-A; Al-Warafi,-A-K; Al-Mashraki,-N-A; Al-Yosofi,-A-M
SO: Saudi-Med-J. 2000 Sep; 21(9): 887-8
IS:
0379-5284
PY: 2000
LA: English
CP: Saudi-Arabia
MESH:
*Duodenal-Ulcer-chemically-induced; *Plant-Extracts-adverse-effects
MESH:
Catha-; Risk-Factors; YemenTG: Human
PT:
Letter
SH: chemically-induced; adverse-effects
RN: 0
NM: Plant-Extracts
SB:
Index-Medicus
UD: 20021101
AN: 11376372
TI:
The magnitude of khat use and its association with health, nutrition and socioeconomic status.
AU: Belew,-M; Kebede,-D; Kassaye,-M; Enquoselassie,-F
AD: Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa University,
Addis Ababa.
SO: Ethiop-Med-J. 2000 Jan; 38(1): 11-26
IS:
0014-1755
PY: 2000
LA: English
CP: Ethiopia
AB: Although the literature on khat (Catha edulis Forsk) is fairly extensive, and
several authors have stated the potential adverse effects of habitual use of khat on mental,
physical and social well-being, very few population based studies exist to substantiate
those statements in Ethiopia. A house-to-house survey of a representative sample of 1200
adults from a rural Ethiopian community was conducted from January to September of
1997 to determine the prevalence of khat use and its association with health, nutritional
status, mental distress, substance use, family and social functioning and economic wellbeing. The current prevalence of khat chewing was found to be 31.7%. Muslims more
than Christians, males more than females, those between the ages 15 and 34 years more
than other age groups were habitual users. The following factors were found to be
significantly associated with khat use: physical illness, (OR = 1.52, 95% CI = 1.14-2.02);
injuries (OR = 2.31, 95% CI = 1.42-3.79), undernutrition (OR = 1.76, 95% CI = 1.242.48), mental distress (OR = 8.30, 95% CI = 5.20-13.31). Family functioning among
current khat users was significantly higher than non users (OR = 1.56, 95%-CI = 1.042.28). Social functioning and economic well-being were not significantly associated with
khat use. It is concluded that a fairly large proportion of the population consumes khat
and that this is related to physical and mental ill-health, although family and social
functioning, and economic well-being seem to be unrelated to khat use.
MESH:
*Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants-adverse-effects; *Health-Status;
*Nutritional-Status; *Plant-Extracts-adverse-effects; *Poverty-statistics-and-numericaldata; *Substance-Related-Disorders-complications; *Substance-Related-Disordersepidemiology
MESH:
Adolescent-; Adult-; Age-Distribution; Catha-; Cross-Sectional-Studies;
Ethiopia-epidemiology; Knowledge,-Attitudes,-Practice; Mental-Health; Middle-Age;
Prevalence-; Questionnaires-; Rural-Health-statistics-and-numerical-data; SexDistribution
TG: Female; Human; Male; Support,-Non-U.S.-Gov't
PT:
Journal-Article
SH: adverse-effects; epidemiology; statistics-and-numerical-data; complications
RN: 0; 0
NM: Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants; Plant-Extracts
SB:
Index-Medicus
UD: 20021101
AN: 11144876
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
Phencyclidine, ketamine, and khat phencyclidine (PCP, DOA, 'angel dust',
'crystal', 'hog')
AU: O'Shea,-B
SO: Ir-Med-J. 2000 Sep; 93(6): 185
IS:
0332-3102
PY: 2000
LA: English
CP: IRELAND
MESH:
*Hallucinogens-pharmacology; *Phencyclidine-pharmacology
MESH:
Anesthetics,-Dissociative-pharmacology; Anesthetics,-Dissociativepoisoning; Catha-; Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants-pharmacology; Hallucinogenspoisoning; Ketamine-pharmacology; Ketamine-poisoning; Phencyclidine-poisoning;
Phencyclidine-Abuse-therapy; Plant-Extracts-pharmacology
TG: Human
PT:
Letter
SH: pharmacology; poisoning; therapy
RN: 0; 0; 0; 0; 6740-88-1; 77-10-1
NM: Anesthetics,-Dissociative; Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants; Hallucinogens;
Plant-Extracts; Ketamine; Phencyclidine
SB:
Index-Medicus
UD: 20021101
AN: 11105446
TI:
Acute Fasciola hepatica infection attributed to chewing khat.
AU: Cats,-A; Scholten,-P; Meuwissen,-S-G; Kuipers,-E-J
AD: Department of Gastroenterology Academic Hospital Vrije Universiteit
Amsterdam, Netherlands. [email protected]
SO: Gut. 2000 Oct; 47(4): 584-5
IS:
0017-5749
PY: 2000
LA: English
CP: ENGLAND
MESH:
*Angiosperms-parasitology; *Anthelmintics-therapeutic-use;
*Benzimidazoles-therapeutic-use; *Fascioliasis-drug-therapy
MESH:
Adult-; Fascioliasis-transmission; Treatment-Outcome
TG: Case-Report; Human; Male
PT:
Journal-Article
SH: parasitology; therapeutic-use; drug-therapy; transmission
RN: 0; 0; 68786-66-3
NM: Anthelmintics; Benzimidazoles; triclabendazole
SB:
Abridged-Index-Medicus; Index-Medicus
UD: 20011102
AN: 10986222
TI:
Constipating and spasmolytic effects of Khat (Catha edulis Forsk) in experimental
animals.
AU: Makonnen,-E
AD: Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa University.
[email protected]
SO: Phytomedicine. 2000 Jul; 7(4): 309-12
IS:
0944-7113
PY: 2000
LA: English
CP: GERMANY
AB: The constipating and spasmolytic effects of Catha edulis Forsk (Khat) were
investigated in whole mice and on isolated guinea pig ileum. D-amphetamine was
employed in both experiments for comparison. The total distance travelled (expressed in
percentage) by charcoal suspension in the gastrointestinal tract of mice was determined
before and after khat administration. The procedure was repeated with amphetamine and
normal saline. The results were compared. Amplitudes of contraction were recorded with
standard spasmogens, histamine and carbachol, in the presence and absence of khat
extract of different concentrations. The same was done with amphetamine. Khat extract
was observed to reduce the total distance travelled by charcoal suspension, comparable to
D-amphetamine. The spasmogenic effects of both histamine and carbachol were observed
to be antagonized by the khat extract in a concentration-dependent manner. The
antispasmodic effect of khat extract was observed to be similar to that of D-amphetamine.
MESH:
*Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants-pharmacology; *Constipationchemically-induced; *Gastrointestinal-Motility-drug-effects; *Ileum-drug-effects;
*Parasympatholytics-pharmacology; *Plant-Extracts-pharmacology
MESH:
Catha-; Disease-Models,-Animal; Dose-Response-Relationship,-Drug;
Guinea-Pigs; Ileum-physiology; MiceTG: Animal
PT:
Journal-Article
SH: pharmacology; chemically-induced; drug-effects; physiology
RN: 0; 0; 0
NM: Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants; Parasympatholytics; Plant-Extracts
SB:
Index-Medicus
UD: 20021101
AN: 10969725
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
Women's rights, a tourist boom, and the power of khat in Yemen.
AU: Kandela,-P
SO: Lancet. 2000 Apr 22; 355(9213): 1437
IS:
0140-6736
PY: 2000
LA: English
CP: ENGLAND
MESH:
*Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants; *Health-Policy; *Plant-Extracts;
*Social-Change; *Substance-Related-Disorders-epidemiology; *Women's-Rights
MESH:
Catha-; Industry-; Travel-; Yemen-epidemiology
TG: Female; Human; Male
PT:
News
SH: epidemiology
RN: 0; 0
NM: Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants; Plant-Extracts
SB:
Abridged-Index-Medicus; Index-Medicus
UD: 20021101
AN: 10791536
TI:
Fluoride content in khat (Catha edulis) chewing leaves.
AU: Hattab,-F-N; Angmar-Mansson,-B
AD: Department of Restorative, Faculty of Dentistry, Jordan University of Science and
Technology, Irbid.
SO: Arch-Oral-Biol. 2000 Mar; 45(3): 253-5
IS:
0003-9969
PY: 2000
LA: English
CP: ENGLAND
AB: Khat (qat) leaves are chewed for their psychostimulative effects; there is an
unconfirmed suggestion that they contain a high concentration of fluoride (F). Khat
samples from Yemen were suspended in deionized water, spun, and the supernatants
exposed to a chelator that decomplexes F, which was assayed with an F(-)-electrode
coupled to an ion analyser. F released into whole saliva after chewing khat for 15 min
and from khat suspended in stimulated whole saliva for 1.5 h in vitro was measured also.
Total F in dried khat leaves and their ash was assayed by the acid-hexamethyldisiloxane
microdiffusion method. All methods demonstrated negligible amounts of F in or from
khat leaves (<0.02 microg F/ml leached into water or saliva; 0.06 microg F/ml in saliva
after chewing; 0.93 microg total F/g in dried leaf, 2.07 microg total F/g in ash).
MESH:
*Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants-chemistry; *Fluorides-analysis;
*Plant-Extracts-chemistry
MESH:
Catha-; Saliva-chemistry
TG: Human
PT:
Journal-Article
SH: chemistry; analysis
RN: 0; 0; 0
NM: Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants; Fluorides; Plant-Extracts
SB:
Dental; Index-Medicus
UD: 20021101
AN: 10761879
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
Comparison of analgesic effects of khat (Catha edulis Forsk) extract, Damphetamine and ibuprofen in mice.
AU: Connor,-J; Makonnen,-E; Rostom,-A
AD: Department of Pharmacology, The Pennsylvania State University College of
Medicine, Hershey 17033, USA.
SO: J-Pharm-Pharmacol. 2000 Jan; 52(1): 107-10
IS:
0022-3573
PY: 2000
LA: English
CP: ENGLAND
AB: We have compared the analgesic properties of khat (Catha edulis Forsk) extract,
amphetamine and ibuprofen in mice. After intragastric administration of the drugs
analgesia was measured relative to water-injected controls using the hot-plate, the tailflick, and abdominal-constriction tests. At the highest doses examined (amphetamine 1.8
mg kg(-1), ibuprofen 90 mg kg(-1), khat extract 1800 mg kg(-1)), all three substances
produced analgesia, but the order of efficacy varied with the test. Khat and ibuprofen
were significantly different from the control in the hot-plate assay at three or more time
points post-injection. In the tail-flick test, khat and amphetamine were efficacious;
ibuprofen means were somewhat lower but still significantly different from control.
Higher doses of the drugs decreased the number of responses in the acetic acid-induced
abdominal-constriction assay. We conclude that khat, like amphetamine and ibuprofen,
can relieve pain. Differences in assay results may reflect differences in modes and sites of
action, as well as in the type of pain generated by the chemical and thermal stimuli for
nociception.
MESH:
*Amphetamine-therapeutic-use; *Analgesia-; *Analgesics-therapeuticuse; *Ibuprofen-therapeutic-use; *Pain-drug-therapy; *Plant-Extracts-therapeutic-use
MESH:
Acetic-Acid; Catha-; Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants-therapeutic-use;
Dose-Response-Relationship,-Drug; Heat-adverse-effects; Mice-; Pain-chemicallyinduced; Pain-etiology
TG: Animal; Comparative-Study; Male; Support,-Non-U.S.-Gov't; Support,-U.S.Gov't,-Non-P.H.S.
PT:
Journal-Article
SH: therapeutic-use; adverse-effects; chemically-induced; drug-therapy; etiology
RN: 0; 0; 0; 15687-27-1; 300-62-9; 64-19-7
NM: Analgesics; Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants; Plant-Extracts; Ibuprofen;
Amphetamine; Acetic-Acid
SB:
Index-Medicus
UD: 20021101
AN: 10716611
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
Cathinone (Khat) and methcathinone (CAT) in urine specimens: a gas
chromatographic-mass spectrometric detection procedure.
AU: Paul,-B-D; Cole,-K-A
AD: Division of Forensic Toxicology, Office of the Armed Forces Medical Examiner,
Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA.
SO: J-Anal-Toxicol. 2001 Oct; 25(7): 525-30
IS:
0146-4760
PY: 2001
LA: English
CP: United-States
AB: A gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric procedure for detection of cathinone
(Khat) and methcathinone (CAT) in urine was developed. The compounds were detected
as 4-carboethoxyhexafluorobutyryl derivatives. Three ions for the drugs and two ions for
the internal standards were monitored. The drugs were identified by comparing retention
times and ion ratios with that of reference compounds. The concentrations were measured
by using amphetamine-d6 as internal standard for cathinone and methamphetamine-d9 as
internal standard for methcathinone, and were linear over the range of 25-5000 ng/mL for
cathinone and 12.5-5000 ng/mL for methcathinone. The overall recoveries of cathinone
and methcathinone were 86 and 78%, respectively. Intrarun and inter-run variations were
< 20%. To verify that the drugs are not metabolites of over-the-counter medications,
cathinone and methcathinone were tested in urine specimens collected from individuals
who ingested phenylpropanolamine and pseudoephedrine. None of the specimens showed
the keto-amines as the metabolic products. When the procedure was applied to test 66
amphetamine-immunoassay-positive specimens containing no amphetamine or
methamphetamine, two specimens were found positive for cathinone (118 and 3266
ng/mL) and six specimens were found positive for methcathinone (13-91 ng/mL).
MESH:
*Alkaloids-urine; *Propiophenones-urine; *Psychotropic-Drugs-urine
MESH:
Amphetamine-urine; Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants-urine;
Immunoassay-; Mass-Fragmentography; Sensitivity-and-Specificity; Substance-AbuseDetection-methods
TG: Human
PT:
Journal-Article
SH: urine; methods
RN: 0; 0; 0; 0; 300-62-9; 5265-18-9; 5650-44-2
NM: Alkaloids; Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants; Propiophenones; PsychotropicDrugs; Amphetamine; cathinone; monomethylpropion
SB:
Index-Medicus
UD: 20020228
AN: 11599595
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
The effect of chewing Khat leaves on human mood.
AU: Hassan,-N-A; Gunaid,-A-A; El-Khally,-F-M; Murray-Lyon,-I-M
AD: Departments of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and Health
Sciences, University of Sana'a, PO Box 14315 (MAAIN), Sana'a, Republic of Yemen.
[email protected]
SO: Saudi-Med-J. 2002 Jul; 23(7): 850-3
IS:
0379-5284
PY: 2002
LA: English
CP: Saudi-Arabia
AB: OBJECTIVE: Chewing fresh leaves of the Khat plant (Catha edulis), represents a
widespread habit with a deep-rooted sociocultural tradition in Yemen. Khat is chewed for
its central stimulant properties and to dispel feeling of fatigue and its use is believed to be
associated with disturbance of mood. We studied the effect of chewing Khat leaves on
human mood by using a standard questionnaire method, the Hospital Anxiety and
Depression scale. METHODS: A prospective study was conducted in the Faculty of
Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sana'a during the period January to June
2000. It comprised of 200 healthy volunteers, interviewed on 2 occasions a week apart.
Subjects either chewed Khat at least 3 hours daily for 3 days or abstained from chewing
for at least 7 days prior to mood assessment using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression
scale. Subjects were studied in random order. RESULTS: Using the Hospital Anxiety and
Depression scale, there was a significant increase (P<0.0001) of median score on the
scale indicating mood disturbance during the Khat-arm of the study as compared to the
control-arm. The effect was particularly evident shortly after the Khat session. Reactive
depression symptoms were predominant. CONCLUSION: Khat chewing did result in
functional mood disorder. This effect is believed to be caused by the sympathomimetic
action of cathinone on the central nervous system. The clinical implication of this study is
that Khat-chewing might exacerbate symptoms in patients with pre-existing psychiatric
disease.
MESH:
*Affect-; *Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants-pharmacology; *MoodDisorders-etiology; *Plant-Extracts
MESH:
Adult-; Case-Control-Studies; CathaTG: Human; Male; Support,-Non-U.S.-Gov't
PT:
Journal-Article
SH: pharmacology; etiology
RN: 0; 0
NM: Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants; Plant-Extracts
SB:
Index-Medicus
UD: 20021009
AN: 12174239
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
Khat chewing and acute myocardial infarction.
AU: Al-Motarreb,-A; Al-Kebsi,-M; Al-Adhi,-B; Broadley,-K-J
SO: Heart. 2002 Mar; 87(3): 279-80
IS:
1468-201X
PY: 2002
LA: English
CP: England
MESH:
*Catha-adverse-effects; *Myocardial-Infarction-etiology; *Plant-Leavesadverse-effects
MESH:
Adult-; Aged-; Circadian-Rhythm; Creatine-Kinase-blood; LactateDehydrogenase-blood; Middle-Age; Myocardial-Infarction-blood; Prospective-Studies;
Risk-Factors; Time-Factors
TG: Female; Human; Male
PT:
Letter
SH: adverse-effects; blood; etiology
RN: EC 1.1.1.27; EC 2.7.3.2
NM: Lactate-Dehydrogenase; Creatine-Kinase
SB:
Abridged-Index-Medicus; Index-Medicus
UD: 20020226
AN: 11847175
TI:
Leukoencephalopathy associated with khat misuse.
AU: Morrish,-P-K; Nicolaou,-N; Brakkenberg,-P; Smith,-P-E
SO: J-Neurol-Neurosurg-Psychiatry. 1999 Oct; 67(4): 556
IS:
0022-3050
PY: 1999
LA: English
CP: ENGLAND
MESH:
*Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants-adverse-effects;
*Leukoencephalopathy,-Progressive-Multifocal-complications; *Plant-Extractsadverse-effects
MESH:
Brain-pathology; Catha-; Leukoencephalopathy,-ProgressiveMultifocal-pathology; Magnetic-Resonance-Imaging; Middle-Age
TG: Case-Report; Human; Male
PT: Letter
SH: pathology; adverse-effects; complications
RN: 0; 0
NM: Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants; Plant-Extracts
SB: Index-Medicus
UD: 20021101
AN: 10610394
TI:
Between myth and madness: the premigration dream of leaving among
young Somali refugees.
AU: Rousseau,-C; Said,-T-M; Gagne,-M-J; Bibeau,-G
AD: Department of Psychiatry, Montreal Children's Hospital, Quebec, Canada.
SO: Cult-Med-Psychiatry. 1998 Dec; 22(4): 385-411
IS:
0165-005X
PY: 1998
LA: English
CP: NETHERLANDS
AB: Many young Somali refugees experience long premigration waits and a
poorly delimited transition period in a succession of countries before reaching their
final destination. During this difficult passage, a myth dealing with departure and
exodus is collectively constructed, and it serves as a dynamic, mobilizing dream that
orients individual strategies. This substitution of "dream travel" for real travel
during the transition period, especially if it is prolonged, may cause Somali youths
to lose contact with reality and eventually to slide into madness. The authors'
approach is based on three assumptions: (a) that pastoralism predisposes the Somali
to value travel as a way of maturing, (b) that age-based peer groups create special
migratory dynamics, and (c) that an ethic of solidarity involves many people in the
adventure of a migrant youth. When trapped in an indefinite transition period,
young men share khat-chewing sessions during which they relate success stories and
dreams of leaving. Many grow frustrated with the delay, and if their departure
plans fall through, the "dream trip" often becomes "dream madness." Actual cases
illustrate how some young Somali get lost in their dreams. A young Somali's
vulnerability is heightened when he extricates himself from the system of reciprocal
obligations or when the liminal stage ends with the mourning of the impossible
dream. In the universe of madness visited by some young Somali migrants, the
boundaries between the real and the imaginary are poorly marked. The paper is
based on fieldwork carried out in the Horn of Africa and in Canada, interviews with
Somali immigrants and members of the community, and clinical psychiatric data
collected in Montreal.
MESH:
*Dreams-; *Emigration-and-Immigration; *Mental-Disordersethnology; *Refugees-psychology
MESH:
Adaptation,-Psychological; Adult-; Mental-Disorders-psychology;
Somalia-; Time-Factors
TG: Case-Report; Female; Human; Male; Support,-Non-U.S.-Gov't
PT: Journal-Article
SH: ethnology; psychology
SB: Index-Medicus
UD: 20001218
AN: 10063465
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
Genetic toxicology of abused drugs: a brief review.
AU: Li,-J-H; Lin,-L-F
AD: National Narcotics Bureau, Department of Health, Executive Yuan
(Cabinet), Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China. [email protected]
SO: Mutagenesis. 1998 Nov; 13(6): 557-65
IS:
0267-8357
PY: 1998
LA: English
CP: ENGLAND
AB: Although numerous studies have been conducted on abused drugs, most
focus on the problems of addiction (dependence) and their neurotoxicities. Now
accumulated data have demonstrated that the genotoxicity and/or carcinogenicity of
abused drugs can also be detrimental to our health. In this review, commonly
abused substances, including LSD, opiates (diacetylmorphine, morphine, opium and
codeine), cocaine, cannabis, betel quid and khat, are discussed for their potential
genotoxicity/carcinogenicity. The available literature in the field, although not as
abundant as for neurotoxicity, clearly indicates the capability of abused drugs to
induce genotoxicity.
MESH:
*Carcinogens-adverse-effects; *Carcinogens-toxicity; *ChromosomeAberrations; *Mutagens-adverse-effects; *Mutagens-toxicity; *Street-Drugsadverse-effects; *Street-Drugs-toxicity
MESH:
Areca-adverse-effects; Areca-toxicity; Cannabis-adverse-effects;
Cannabis-toxicity; Cocaine-adverse-effects; Cocaine-toxicity; Lysergic-AcidDiethylamide-adverse-effects; Lysergic-Acid-Diethylamide-toxicity; MutagenicityTests; Narcotics-adverse-effects; Narcotics-toxicity; Neoplasms-etiology; Plants,Medicinal; Risk-Assessment; Substance-Related-Disorders-complications
TG: Animal; Human; Support,-Non-U.S.-Gov't
PT: Journal-Article; Review; Review,-Tutorial
SH: adverse-effects; toxicity; etiology; complications
RN: 0; 0; 0; 0; 50-36-2; 50-37-3
NM: Carcinogens; Mutagens; Narcotics; Street-Drugs; Cocaine; Lysergic-AcidDiethylamide
SB: Index-Medicus
UD: 20011128
AN: 9862186
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
The khat-chewing elderly.
AU: Salib,-E; Ahmed,-A-G
SO: Int-J-Geriatr-Psychiatry. 1998 Jul; 13(7): 493-4
IS:
0885-6230
PY: 1998
LA: English
CP: ENGLAND
MESH:
*Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants-pharmacology; *Cognitiondrug-effects; *Mental-Disorders-epidemiology; *Plant-Extracts-pharmacology
MESH:
Aged-; Catha-; England-epidemiology; Mental-Disorders-chemicallyinduced; Middle-Age; Somalia-ethnology
TG: Human; Male
PT: Letter
SH: pharmacology; drug-effects; epidemiology; chemically-induced; ethnology
RN:
NM:
SB:
UD:
AN:
0; 0
Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants; Plant-Extracts
Index-Medicus
20021101
9695040
TI:
Determination of (S)(-)-cathinone by spectrophotometric detection.
AU: al-Obaid,-A-M; al-Tamrah,-S-A; Aly,-F-A; Alwarthan,-A-A
AD: Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud
University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
SO: J-Pharm-Biomed-Anal. 1998 Jun; 17(2): 321-6
IS:
0731-7085
PY: 1998
LA: English
CP: ENGLAND
AB: Previous studies on the Khat plant (Catha edulis, Celastraceae) illustrated
the importance of using freshly harvested young shoots and leaves such that
cathinone, the principle active component and Schedule I controlled drug contained
within the plant, could be suitably isolated and identified. The purpose of this work
was to develop a quantitative analytical technique for the determination of
cathinone. The proposed method is based on treating the reductant cathinone with
copper(II)-neocuproine reagent in sodium acetate-buffered medium followed by
measuring the absorbance of the copper(I)-neocuproine complex at 455 nm. The
calibration plot is linear in the range 0.08-25 micrograms ml-1 with a detection limit
of 0.08 microgram ml-1. The precision of the method, expressed as the relative
standard deviation, is 1.35% for 10 micrograms ml-1 cathinone. Good recoveries
have been obtained in applying the method to the analysis of cathinone in Khat
leaves.
MESH:
*Alkaloids-analysis; *Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants-analysis;
*Psychotropic-Drugs-analysis
MESH:
Buffers-; Copper-chemistry; Drug-Stability; Phenanthrolineschemistry; Plant-Extracts-analysis; Plant-Leaves; Spectrophotometry-methods
PT: Journal-Article
SH: analysis; chemistry; methods
RN: 0; 0; 0; 0; 0; 0; 484-11-7; 5265-18-9; 7440-50-8
NM: Alkaloids; Buffers; Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants; Phenanthrolines;
Plant-Extracts; Psychotropic-Drugs; neocuproine; cathinone; Copper
SB: Index-Medicus
UD: 20001218
AN: 9638585
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
The khat users: a study of khat chewing in Liverpool's Somali men.
AU: Ahmed,-A-G; Salib,-E
AD: Saskatchewan Hospital, North Battleford, Canada.
SO: Med-Sci-Law. 1998 Apr; 38(2): 165-9
IS:
0025-8024
PY: 1998
LA: English
CP: ENGLAND
AB: This study reports the demographic and social characteristics and level of
psychological dysfunction in regular khat users compared with matched non-users.
The results indicate that khat users resemble non-users on a number of psychosocial
variables and GHQ scores, with no evidence to suggest higher morbidity amongst
users. The two groups appear to differ only in the level of their use of nicotine and
also in their perception of the harmful effects associated with khat use.
MESH:
*Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants; *Plant-Extracts; *SubstanceRelated-Disorders-epidemiology
MESH:
Adolescent-; Adult-; Aged-; Catha-; England-epidemiology; MiddleAge; Socioeconomic-Factors; Somalia-ethnology; Substance-Related-Disorderspsychology
TG: Human; Male
PT: Journal-Article
SH: epidemiology; ethnology; psychology
RN: 0; 0
NM: Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants; Plant-Extracts
SB: Index-Medicus
UD: 20021101
AN: 9604657
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
Episode psychotique aigu induit par le Qat.
[Acute Khat-induced psychotic crisis]
AU: Mion,-G; Ruttimann,-M; Oberti,-M; Aversenq,-C
SO: Ann-Fr-Anesth-Reanim. 1997; 16(2): 201-2
IS:
0750-7658
PY: 1997
LA: French; Non-English
CP: FRANCE
MESH:
*Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants-adverse-effects; *PlantExtracts-adverse-effects; *Psychoses,-Substance-Induced-etiology
MESH:
Acute-Disease; Adult-; Plant-Leaves-adverse-effects
TG: Case-Report; Human; Male
PT: Letter
SH: adverse-effects; etiology
RN: 0; 0
NM: Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants; Plant-Extracts
SB: Index-Medicus
UD: 20001218
AN: 9686083
TI:
Khat induced psychosis and its medico-legal implication: a case report.
AU: Alem,-A; Shibre,-T
AD: Amanuel Hospital, Addis Ababa.
SO: Ethiop-Med-J. 1997 Apr; 35(2): 137-9
IS:
0014-1755
PY: 1997
LA: English
CP: ETHIOPIA
AB: It has been established that khat plant leaves (Catha edulis forsk) contain an
active psychostimulant substance known as Cathinone that is similar in structure
and pharmacological activity to amphetamine. There have been no previously
reported cases of khat induced psychosis in Ethiopia despite heavy consumption of
khat in most parts of the country. We report here a case of brief and episodic
psychosis attributed to heavy khat chewing. We maintain that khat leaf is a
substance of abuse and that Khat chewing has the potential to complicate
psychiatric conditions and forensic events.
MESH:
*Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants-adverse-effects; *PlantExtracts-adverse-effects; *Psychoses,-Substance-Induced-etiology
MESH:
Catha-; Ethiopia-; Homicide-legislation-and-jurisprudence; MiddleAge; Psychoses,-Substance-Induced-diagnosis; Social-Responsibility; ViolenceTG: Case-Report; Human; Male
PT: Journal-Article
SH: adverse-effects; legislation-and-jurisprudence; diagnosis; etiology
RN: 0; 0
NM: Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants; Plant-Extracts
SB: Index-Medicus
UD: 20021101
AN: 9577014
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
Renocolic fistula as a complication to xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis.
AU: Majeed,-H-A; Mohammed,-K-A; Salman,-H-A
AD: Al Sabah Hospital, Sulaibi Khat, Kuwait.
SO: Singapore-Med-J. 1997 Mar; 38(3): 116-9
IS:
0037-5675
PY: 1997
LA: English
CP: SINGAPORE
AB: Four patients with xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis were found to have
renocolic fistulae. Coincidentally, the left kidney was involved in all four cases. All
patients presented with renal mass. Two cases have had coexistent renal stones, one
of them presented with massive upper gastrointestinal bleeding as a result of portal
hypertension. Another patient had a history of Schistosomiasis. In none of the
patients was the renal condition confidently diagnosed preoperatively, nor was the
colonic fistula suspected. In all four patients, nephrectomy was performed together
with resection of the involved colon followed by a satisfactory recovery. The
possibility of a colonic fistula should be kept in mind as a complication to this rare
renal condition in spite of the absence of colonic symptoms and normal finding in
barium enema studies.
MESH:
*Colic-etiology; *Kidney-Diseases-etiology; *Pyelonephritis,Xanthogranulomatous-complications; *Urinary-Fistula-etiology
MESH:
Adult-; Colic-diagnosis; Emergencies-; Gastrointestinal-Hemorrhagediagnosis; Kidney-Calculi-diagnosis; Kidney-Calculi-etiology; Kidney-Diseasesdiagnosis; Middle-Age; Pyelonephritis,-Xanthogranulomatous-diagnosis; UrinaryFistula-diagnosis
TG: Case-Report; Female; Human; Male
PT: Journal-Article; Review; Review-of-Reported-Cases
SH: diagnosis; etiology; complications
SB: Index-Medicus
UD: 20001218
AN: 9269378
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
Use of drugs at 'raves'.
AU: Brown,-E-R; Jarvie,-D-R; Simpson,-D
AD: Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh.
SO: Scott-Med-J. 1995 Dec; 40(6): 168-71
IS:
0036-9330
PY: 1995
LA: English
CP: SCOTLAND
AB: Widespread use of drugs at the currently popular 'raves' has caused concern
principally because of an increasing number of cases of serious toxicity and even
death. The availability and use of drugs at raves, mainly in the Edinburgh area,
have been investigated and self-reported use of drugs compared with results of urine
screening. Use of Ecstasy and LSD have been confirmed and there is evidence to
support the use of Khat. A new preparation, Herbal Ecstasy, is readily available at
Edinburgh raves and appears to be widely used. All urines tested positive for one or
more drugs or drug metabolites and in general analytical results correlated well
with self-reported use of drugs.
MESH:
*Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants-administration-and-dosage;
*Designer-Drugs-administration-and-dosage; *Hallucinogens-administration-anddosage; *Substance-Related-Disorders-urine
MESH:
3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine-administration-and-dosage; 3,4Methylenedioxyamphetamine-analogs-and-derivatives; Adolescent-; Adult-; Catha-;
Dancing-; Lysergic-Acid-Diethylamide-administration-and-dosage; N-Methyl-3,4methylenedioxyamphetamine-administration-and-dosage; Plant-Extractsadministration-and-dosage; Questionnaires-; Scotland-epidemiology; SubstanceRelated-Disorders-epidemiology
TG: Female; Human; Male
PT: Journal-Article
SH: administration-and-dosage; analogs-and-derivatives; epidemiology; urine
RN: 0; 0; 0; 0; 42542-10-9; 4764-17-4; 50-37-3; 82801-81-8
NM: Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants; Designer-Drugs; Hallucinogens; PlantExtracts; N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine; 3,4-
Methylenedioxyamphetamine; Lysergic-Acid-Diethylamide; 3,4methylenedioxyethamphetamine
SB: Index-Medicus
UD: 20021101
AN: 8693332
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
Plasma cathinone levels following chewing khat leaves (Catha edulis Forsk.).
AU: Halket,-J-M; Karasu,-Z; Murray-Lyon,-I-M
AD: Bioanalytical Unit, Bernhard Baron Memorial Research Laboratories,
London, UK.
SO: J-Ethnopharmacol. 1995 Dec 1; 49(2): 111-3
IS:
0378-8741
PY: 1995
LA: English
CP: IRELAND
MESH:
*Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants-metabolism; *Plant-Extractsmetabolism
MESH:
Adult-; Catha-; MasticationTG: Female; Human; Male
PT: Journal-Article
SH: metabolism
RN: 0; 0
NM: Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants; Plant-Extracts
SB: Index-Medicus
UD: 20021101
AN: 8847883
TI:
Deleterious effects of khat addiction on semen parameters and sperm
ultrastructure.
AU: el-Shoura,-S-M; Abdel-Aziz,-M; Ali,-M-E; el-Said,-M-M; Ali,-K-Z; Kemeir,M-A; Raoof,-A-M; Allam,-M; Elmalik,-E-M
AD: Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, King Saud University,
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
SO: Hum-Reprod. 1995 Sep; 10(9): 2295-300
IS:
0268-1161
PY: 1995
LA: English
CP: ENGLAND
AB: The semen parameters and sperm ultrastructural morphology have been
described in semen samples from two groups of Yemeni subjects. The first 'exposed'
group comprised 65 khat addicts, while the second control group included 50 nonkhat addict subjects. The mean age was 39.94 +/- 13.85 and 35.72 +/- 11.35 years in
the exposed and control groups respectively, without a significant difference. The
mean duration of khat addiction among the addicts was 25.34 +/- 12.96 years (range
6.00-48.00). Statistically significant differences were detected between the semen
parameters of the two groups. Such parameters, including semen volume, sperm
count, sperm motility, motility index and percentage of normal spermatozoa, were
lower among addicts. Significant negative correlation was also found between the
duration of khat consumption and all semen parameters (r ranged from -0.30 to 0.74). At the transmission electron microscopy level, a counting system was
incorporated to compare the numbers of normal spermatozoa with deformed and
dead spermatozoa in ultrathin plastic sections. The total mean percentage of
deformed spermatozoa was approximately 65%. Different patterns of sperm
deformation were demonstrated, and included both the head and flagella in
complete spermatozoa, aflagellate heads, headless flagella and multiple heads and
flagella. Deformed heads showed aberrated nuclei with immature nuclear
chromatin and polymorphic intranuclear inclusions; these were associated with
acrosomal defects. The deformed flagella demonstrated numeric aberrations of the
axonemal 9 + 2 configuration and structural defects of their associated elements.
Persistent cytoplasmic droplets were observed frequently. This study has shown for
the first time the deleterious effects of khat addiction on semen parameters in
general and sperm morphology in particular of all addicts, especially those who
have consumed khat for longer periods of time.
MESH:
*Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants; *Infertility,-Male-chemicallyinduced; *Plant-Extracts; *Semen-; *Spermatozoa-ultrastructure; *SubstanceRelated-Disorders-complications
MESH:
Acrosome-ultrastructure; Adult-; Axons-ultrastructure; Catha-;
Infertility,-Male-pathology; Infertility,-Male-physiopathology; Microtubulesultrastructure; Middle-Age; Mitochondria-ultrastructure; Sperm-Count; SpermHead-ultrastructure; Sperm-Motility; Sperm-Tail-ultrastructure; Spermatozoaabnormalities; Spermatozoa-physiology; YemenTG: Human; Male
PT: Journal-Article
SH: ultrastructure; chemically-induced; pathology; physiopathology;
abnormalities; physiology; complications
RN: 0; 0
NM: Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants; Plant-Extracts
SB: Index-Medicus
UD: 20021101
AN: 8530655
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
Khat chewing as a cause of psychosis.
AU: Yousef,-G; Huq,-Z; Lambert,-T
AD: Park Royal Mental Health Unit, Central Middlesex Hospital, London.
SO: Br-J-Hosp-Med. 1995 Oct 4-17; 54(7): 322-6
IS:
0007-1064
PY: 1995
LA: English
CP: ENGLAND
AB: It is well established that psychosis may arise in the context of abuse of
certain illicit drugs (e.g. amphetamine). This article reviews the effects of chewing
the plant khat and outlines the pharmacological aspects, the dependence issue and a
comparative study between previously reported cases and four cases reported here
to highlight the epidemiology, clinical features and prognosis of khat-induced
psychosis.
MESH:
*Plant-Leaves-chemistry; *Psychoses,-Substance-Induced-etiology
MESH:
Adult-; Great-Britain-ethnology; SomaliaTG: Case-Report; Female; Human; Male
PT: Journal-Article
SH: ethnology; chemistry; etiology
SB: Index-Medicus
UD: 20001218
AN: 8556211
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
The association between oral leukoplakia and use of tobacco, alcohol and
khat based on relative risks assessment in Kenya.
AU: Macigo,-F-G; Mwaniki,-D-L; Guthua,-S-W
AD: University of Nairobi, College of Health Sciences, Department of Dental
Surgery, Kenya.
SO: Eur-J-Oral-Sci. 1995 Oct; 103(5): 268-73
IS:
0909-8836
PY: 1995
LA: English
CP: DENMARK
AB: A case-control study was conducted to determine the significance of tobacco,
alcohol and khat (Catha edulis) chewing habits in the development of oral
leukoplakia among Kenyans aged 15 yr and over. In a house-to-house survey, 85
cases and 141 controls matched for sex, age and cluster origin was identified and
compared for these risk factors. Smoking unprocessed tobacco (Kiraiku) with a
relative risk (RR) of 10.0 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.9-38.4) and smoking
cigarettes (RR = 8.4; 95% CI = 4.1-17.4) were the most significant factors. While the
RR associated with smoking cigarettes alone was 4.5 (95% CI = 1.9-10.8), smoking
of both products (RR = 15.2) suggested probable synergy or additive effects. Oral
leukoplakia in 18 cases could not be attributed to smoking tobacco. Commercial
beer, wines and spirits were relatively weak, but statistically significant, risk factors.
Traditional beer, khat and chilies were not significantly associated with oral
leukoplakia.
MESH:
*Alcohol-Drinking-adverse-effects; *Leukoplakia,-Oral-etiology;
*Plant-Extracts-adverse-effects; *Plants,-Toxic; *Smoking-adverse-effects;
*TobaccoMESH:
Adolescent-; Adult-; Age-Factors; Aged-; Catha-; Chi-SquareDistribution; Kenya-epidemiology; Leukoplakia,-Oral-epidemiology; Middle-Age;
Risk-Assessment; Sex-Ratio
TG: Female; Human; Male; Support,-Non-U.S.-Gov't
PT: Journal-Article
SH: adverse-effects; epidemiology; etiology
RN: 0
NM: Plant-Extracts
SB: Dental; Index-Medicus
UD: 20021101
AN: 8521116
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
Effect of (-)-cathinone, a psychoactive alkaloid from khat (Catha edulis
Forsk.) and caffeine on sexual behaviour in rats.
AU: Taha,-S-A; Ageel,-A-M; Islam,-M-W; Ginawi,-O-T
AD: Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University,
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
SO: Pharmacol-Res. 1995 May; 31(5): 299-303
IS:
1043-6618
PY: 1995
LA: English
CP: ENGLAND
AB: The effect of (-)-cathinone, caffeine and their combinations was studied on
the sexual behaviour of male rats. Male sexual activities were assessed by recording
the erectile responses (grooming of genitalis, yawning/stretching and homosexual
mounting), in the absence of females. The copulatory behaviour was observed by
caging males with receptive females brought into oestrus with s.c. injection of
oestradiol benzoate and progesterone. The copulatory pattern of male rats
(mounting, intromissions, ejaculations and refractory period) was recorded. The
oral treatment of cathinone (5 mg kg-1 day-1), caffeine (50 mg kg-1 day-1) and their
combinations for 15 days increased arousal (motivation) in male rats as evidenced
by increased mounting performance and anogenital investigatory behaviour.
However, erectile and ejaculatory responses, measured in the present study, showed
no stimulant effect. It is conceivable from the present results that cathinone, the
psychostimulant constituent of khat modified masculine pattern behaviour and
caffeine also changed the effect of cathinone when administered concomitantly.
However, our data provide no evidence that cathinone could be considered as an
aphrodisiac.
MESH:
*Alkaloids-pharmacology; *Penile-Erection-drug-effects; *SexBehavior,-Animal-drug-effects
MESH:
Administration,-Oral; Caffeine-pharmacology; Catha-; CentralNervous-System-Stimulants-pharmacology; Motor-Activity-drug-effects; PlantExtracts-pharmacology; Rats-; Rats,-Wistar; Time-Factors
TG: Animal; Female; Male
PT: Journal-Article
SH: pharmacology; drug-effects
RN: 0; 0; 0; 5265-18-9; 58-08-2
NM: Alkaloids; Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants; Plant-Extracts; cathinone;
Caffeine
SB: Index-Medicus
UD: 20021101
AN: 7479527
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
Undetected neuropsychophysiological sequelae of khat chewing in standard
aviation medical examination.
AU: Khattab,-N-Y; Amer,-G
AD: Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University,
Shibin El-Koum, Egypt.
SO: Aviat-Space-Environ-Med. 1995 Aug; 66(8): 739-44
IS:
0095-6562
PY: 1995
LA: English
CP: UNITED-STATES
AB: BACKGROUND: Khat (Catha edulis Forsk) is a plant whose leaves contain
cathinone, a natural amphetamine. Its leaves are chewed for their effect of central
nervous system stimulation and sympathomimesis. METHOD: We examined 25
regular (daily) khat chewing flight attendants (RC), 39 social (occasional) khatchewing flight attendants (SC), and 24 non-khat-chewing aircrew members (NC)
who presented for FAA medical examinations, using electroencephalographic
(EEG) frequency analysis and 4 psychometric tests measuring perceptual-visual
memory and decision-speed. RESULTS: Memory function test scores were
significantly lower in khat chewers than NC's, and in RC's than SC's. They
correlated significantly negatively with both duration and quantity of khat abuse in
both khat-chewing groups. While EEG analysis revealed a statistically significant
shift towards fast frequency bands in RC's compared to SC's or NC's, it did not
significantly correlate with, or influence, any of the tested memory functions.
CONCLUSION: The results suggest an adverse effect of khat chewing on
perceptual-visual memory and decision-speed regardless of EEG frequency changes,
and are discussed in relation to aviation safety and standard FAA Aviation Medical
Examination.
MESH:
*Aerospace-Medicine; *Central-Nervous-System-Stimulantspharmacology; *Cognition-drug-effects; *Decision-Making-drug-effects; *Memorydrug-effects; *Plant-Extracts-pharmacology
MESH:
Adult-; Age-Factors; Catha-; Cognition-physiology;
Electroencephalography-drug-effects; Middle-Age; Neuropsychological-Tests;
Psychometrics-; Time-Factors
TG: Human; Male
PT: Journal-Article
SH: pharmacology; drug-effects; physiology
RN: 0; 0
NM: Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants; Plant-Extracts
SB: Index-Medicus
UD: 20021101
AN: 7487806
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
Khat chewing and bladder neck dysfunction. A randomized controlled trial
of alpha 1-adrenergic blockade.
AU: Nasher,-A-A; Qirbi,-A-A; Ghafoor,-M-A; Catterall,-A; Thompson,-A;
Ramsay,-J-W; Murray-Lyon,-I-M
AD: Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sana'a, Republic
of Yemen.
SO: Br-J-Urol. 1995 May; 75(5): 597-8
IS:
0007-1331
PY: 1995
LA: English
CP: ENGLAND
AB: OBJECTIVE: To assess whether the effect of chewing khat leaves (Catha
edulis) on the urodynamics of healthy males is altered by the selective alpha 1adrenergic blocking agent indoramin in a prospective randomized double-blind
controlled trial. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The urodynamics of 11 healthy
males were studied before and during a khat chewing session preceded by
indoramin or placebo. RESULTS: Khat chewing produced a fall in average and
maximum urine flow rate. This effect was inhibited by indoramin.
CONCLUSIONS: The urinary side-effects of khat chewing are probably mediated
through stimulation of alpha 1-adrenergic receptors.
MESH:
*Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants-pharmacology; *Indoraminpharmacology; *Plants,-Edible; *Urination-drug-effects
MESH:
Adult-; Double-Blind-Method; Middle-Age; Plant-Leaves;
Urodynamics-drug-effects
TG: Human; Male
PT: Clinical-Trial; Journal-Article; Randomized-Controlled-Trial
SH: pharmacology; drug-effects
RN: 0; 26844-12-2
NM: Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants; Indoramin
SB: Index-Medicus
UD: 20001218
AN: 7613796
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
Khat chewing delays gastric emptying of a semi-solid meal.
AU: Heymann,-T-D; Bhupulan,-A; Zureikat,-N-E; Bomanji,-J; Drinkwater,-C;
Giles,-P; Murray-Lyon,-I-M
AD: Department of Gastroenterology, Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK.
SO: Aliment-Pharmacol-Ther. 1995 Feb; 9(1): 81-3
IS:
0269-2813
PY: 1995
LA: English
CP: ENGLAND
AB: BACKGROUND: The leaves of Khat are chewed for their central stimulant
effect, but their use may cause anorexia and constipation. METHODS: Gastric
emptying of a radio-labelled semi-solid meal was measured in 12 healthy volunteers
on two occasions a week apart. Subjects chewed either Khat leaves (Catha edulis) or
lettuce for 2 h before the study. RESULTS: Gastric emptying was significantly (P <
0.02) prolonged after chewing Khat compared with lettuce. CONCLUSION: The
sympathomimetic action of cathinone in Khat may cause the observed delay in
gastric emptying.
MESH:
*Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants-adverse-effects; *GastricEmptying-drug-effects; *Plant-Extracts-adverse-effects
MESH:
Adult-; Anorexia-chemically-induced; Catha-; Central-NervousSystem-Stimulants-administration-and-dosage; Constipation-chemically-induced;
Eating-; Lettuce-; Mastication-; Middle-Age; Plant-Extracts-administration-anddosage; Radionuclide-Imaging
TG: Comparative-Study; Female; Human; Male
PT: Clinical-Trial; Journal-Article; Randomized-Controlled-Trial
SH: chemically-induced; administration-and-dosage; adverse-effects; drug-effects
RN: 0; 0
NM: Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants; Plant-Extracts
SB: Index-Medicus
UD: 20021101
AN: 7766749
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
Khat (Catha edulis)--egy noveny amfetaminszeru hatoanyaggal.
[Kath (Catha edulis)--a plant containing an amphetamine-like substance]
AU: Balint,-G-S; Balint,-E
SO: Orv-Hetil. 1995 May 14; 136(20): 1063-6
IS:
0030-6002
PY: 1995
LA: Hungarian; Non-English
CP: HUNGARY
MESH:
*Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants-pharmacology; *PlantExtracts-pharmacology; *Substance-Related-Disorders-epidemiology
MESH:
Africa,-Eastern-epidemiology; Catha-; Central-Nervous-SystemStimulants-adverse-effects; Hungary-epidemiology; Plant-Extracts-adverse-effects;
United-Nations; World-Health-Organization
TG: Human
PT: Journal-Article
SH: epidemiology; adverse-effects; pharmacology
RN: 0; 0
NM: Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants; Plant-Extracts
SB: Index-Medicus
UD: 20021101
AN: 7761071
TI:
Khat on a hot tin roof. Catha Edulis intoxication.
AU: Mack,-R-B
AD: Department of Pediatrics, Bowman Gray School of Medicine, Winston-Salem
27157.
SO: N-C-Med-J. 1995 Feb; 56(2): 112-4
IS:
0029-2559
PY: 1995
LA: English
CP: UNITED-STATES
CM: Erratum In: N C Med J 1995 Apr;56(4):136
MESH:
*Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants-poisoning; *Plant-Extractspoisoning
MESH:
CathaTG: Human
PT: Journal-Article; Review; Review,-Tutorial
SH: poisoning
RN: 0; 0
NM: Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants; Plant-Extracts
SB: Index-Medicus
UD: 20021101
AN: 7898586
TI:
Fascioliasis due to imported khat.
AU: Doherty,-J-F; Price,-N; Moody,-A-H; Wright,-S-G; Glynn,-M-J
SO: Lancet. 1995 Feb 18; 345(8947): 462
IS:
0140-6736
PY: 1995
LA: English
CP: ENGLAND
MESH:
*Fascioliasis-etiology; *Plants-parasitology
MESH:
Middle-Age
TG: Case-Report; Female; Human
PT: Letter
SH: etiology; parasitology
SB: Abridged-Index-Medicus; Index-Medicus
UD: 20001218
AN: 7853987
TI:
Kati--uusi huume Suomessa.
[Khat--a new drug in Finland]
AU: Tacke,-U; Malinen,-H; Pitkanen,-H
AD: KYS:n psykiatrian klinikka, Kuopio.
SO: Duodecim. 1992; 108(16): 1390-4
IS:
0012-7183
PY: 1992
LA: Finnish; Non-English
CP: FINLAND
MESH:
*Plant-Extracts-pharmacology
MESH:
Africa,-Eastern-ethnology; Catha-; Central-Nervous-SystemStimulants-pharmacology; Emigration-and-Immigration; Finland-; Plant-Extractschemistry; RefugeesTG: Human
PT: Journal-Article; Review; Review,-Tutorial
SH: ethnology; pharmacology; chemistry
RN: 0; 0
NM: Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants; Plant-Extracts
SB: Index-Medicus
UD: 20021101
AN: 1366157
TI:
Treatment of khat addiction.
AU: Giannini,-A-J; Miller,-N-S; Turner,-C-E
AD: Department of Psychiatry, Ohio State University.
SO: J-Subst-Abuse-Treat. 1992 Fall; 9(4): 379-82
IS:
0740-5472
PY: 1992
LA: English
CP: UNITED-STATES
AB: The authors present two cases of khat addiction that were successfully
treated with bromocriptine. Khat is a bush cultivated in the Mid East because of its
highly stimulant effects. Its leaves contain a variety of sympathomimetics. While
khat is rarely found in the U.S., American soldiers stationed in the Arabian
peninsula may be exposed to it. Because of an alcohol interdiction during the
current Persian Gulf crisis, these troops may be tempted to use this plant as an
alternative recreational drug.
MESH:
*Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants-adverse-effects; *PlantExtracts-adverse-effects; *Substance-Related-Disorders-rehabilitation
MESH:
Adult-; Arousal-drug-effects; Bromocriptine-therapeutic-use; Catha-;
Follow-Up-Studies; Hospitalization-; Substance-Related-Disorders-psychology
TG: Case-Report; Female; Human; Male
PT: Clinical-Trial; Journal-Article; Randomized-Controlled-Trial
SH: drug-effects; therapeutic-use; adverse-effects; psychology; rehabilitation
RN: 0; 0; 25614-03-3
NM: Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants; Plant-Extracts; Bromocriptine
SB: Index-Medicus
UD: 20021101
AN: 1362228
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
Increases in the locomotor activity of rats after intracerebral administration
of cathinone.
AU: Calcagnetti,-D-J; Schechter,-M-D
AD: Department of Pharmacology, Northeastern Ohio Universities College of
Medicine, Rootstown 44272-9989.
SO: Brain-Res-Bull. 1992 Dec; 29(6): 843-6
IS:
0361-9230
PY: 1992
LA: English
CP: UNITED-STATES
AB: There is a widespread practice among people living in Eastern Africa and
Southern Arabia of chewing the leaves of the Khat shrub so as to produce
pharmacological effects that are practically indistinguishable from those produced
by amphetamine (AMPH). Cathinone (CATH) has been identified as the
psychostimulant constituent of this plant and, although the locomotor elevating
effects of centrally administered AMPH and cocaine (COC) in rats are well known,
there is a paucity of data regarding CATH. Three experiments were, therefore,
conducted to measure locomotor activity following central administration of CATH
in rats. The first experiment determined the dose-dependent effects of CATH on
activity following intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration. As psychostimulant
effects are believed, at least in part, to be mediated by dopaminergic systems, in
Experiment 2 CATH was injected into the dopamine nerve terminals of the nucleus
accumbens. Experiment 3 examined the effects of CATH injection into the
dopamine cell body region of the substantia nigra, and activity was measured.
Results of the ICV injection of CATH revealed a dose-dependent increase of
activity. The highest dose tested (64 micrograms) yielded a 117% increase in activity
when compared to baseline, whereas a 20 micrograms bilateral nucleus accumbens
(NA) injection of CATH increased activity fivefold. These findings evidence the
hypothesis that the effects of CATH are dopaminergically mediated. Substantia
nigra (SN) injections of CATH were without effect.
MESH:
*Alkaloids-pharmacology; *Cerebral-Ventricles-physiology; *MotorActivity-drug-effects; *Nucleus-Accumbens-physiology; *Psychotropic-Drugspharmacology; *Substantia-Nigra-physiology
MESH:
Alkaloids-administration-and-dosage; Cerebral-Ventricles-drugeffects; Dose-Response-Relationship,-Drug; Injections,-Intraventricular; NucleusAccumbens-drug-effects; Psychotropic-Drugs-administration-and-dosage; Rats-;
Rats,-Sprague-Dawley; Stereotaxic-Techniques; Substantia-Nigra-drug-effects
TG: Animal; Male; Support,-Non-U.S.-Gov't; Support,-U.S.-Gov't,-P.H.S.
PT: Journal-Article
SH: administration-and-dosage; pharmacology; drug-effects; physiology
RN: 0; 0; 5265-18-9
NM: Alkaloids; Psychotropic-Drugs; cathinone
CN: 3591PHS
SB: Index-Medicus
UD: 20001218
AN: 1473016
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
Cathinone, a natural amphetamine.
AU: Kalix,-P
AD: Department of Pharmacology, University of Geneva, Switzerland.
SO: Pharmacol-Toxicol. 1992 Feb; 70(2): 77-86
IS:
0901-9928
PY: 1992
LA: English
CP: DENMARK
AB: Cathinone is an alkaloid that has been discovered some fifteen years ago in
the leaves of the khat bush. This plant grows in East Africa and in southern Arabia,
and the inhabitants of these regions frequently chew khat because of its stimulating
properties. Cathinone, which is S(-)-alpha-aminopropiophenone, was soon found to
have a pharmacological profile closely resembling that of amphetamine; indeed, in a
wide variety of in vitro and in vivo experiments it was demonstrated that cathinone
shares the action of amphetamine on CNS as well as its sympathomimetic effects;
thus, for example, drug-conditioned animals will not distinguish between cathinone
and amphetamine. These various observations were confirmed by a clinical
experiment showing that cathinone also in humans produces amphetamine-like
objective and subjective effects. Finally, it was demonstrated that cathinone
operates through the same mechanism as amphetamine, i.e. it acts by releasing
catecholamines from presynaptic storage sites. Thus, much experimental evidence
indicates that cathinone is the main psychoactive constituent of the khat leaf and
that, in fact, this alkaloid is a natural amphetamine.
MESH:
*Alkaloids-pharmacology; *Psychotropic-Drugs-pharmacology
MESH:
Alkaloids-blood; Mice-; Psychotropic-Drugs-blood; RatsTG: Animal; Human
PT: Journal-Article; Review; Review,-Academic
SH: blood; pharmacology
RN: 0; 0; 5265-18-9
NM: Alkaloids; Psychotropic-Drugs; cathinone
SB: Index-Medicus
UD: 20001218
AN: 1508843
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
The toxicity of Catha edulis (khat) in mice.
AU: al-Meshal,-I-A; Qureshi,-S; Ageel,-A-M; Tariq,-M
AD: College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
SO: J-Subst-Abuse. 1991; 3(1): 107-15
IS:
0899-3289
PY: 1991
LA: English
CP: UNITED-STATES
AB: A large number of people in East Africa and Southern Arabia chew khat
leaves because of its pleasurable and stimulating effects. Due to its habit forming
property, the khat has been classified as a "Substance of Abuse" by the World
Health Organization. In view of the large number of medical problems reported in
khat chewers, the present study was undertaken to investigate the chronic toxicity of
khat in mice. Three groups of mice were treated with aqueous solution of khat
extract in the dose of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg. body weight daily by oral intubation
route for 6 weeks. The results indicated a dose-dependent decrease in body weight,
an increase in the incidence of mortality and induction of site specific body and eye
lesions. The histopathological examination of the lesions revealed reactive
hyperplasia and necrosis in the lymphoid tissues. The necrotic areas in the
subcutaneous tissues showed the presence of numerous polymorphs.
MESH:
*Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants-toxicity; *Plant-Extractstoxicity
MESH:
Catha-; Dose-Response-Relationship,-Drug; Mice-; Motor-Activitydrug-effects; Motor-Skills-drug-effects; Reflex,-Abnormal-drug-effects;
Respiration-drug-effects; Saudi-Arabia
TG: Animal; Female; Male; Support,-Non-U.S.-Gov't
PT: Journal-Article
SH: toxicity; drug-effects
RN: 0; 0
NM: Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants; Plant-Extracts
SB: Index-Medicus
UD: 20021101
AN: 1687965
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
Effect of repeated administrations upon cathinone discrimination and
conditioned place preference.
AU: Schechter,-M-D; McBurney,-D
AD: Department of Pharmacology, Northeastern Ohio Universities College of
Medicine, Rootstown 44272.
SO: Gen-Pharmacol. 1991; 22(5): 779-82
IS:
0306-3623
PY: 1991
LA: English
CP: ENGLAND
AB: 1. Eight male rats were trained to discriminate the interoceptive cues
produced by 0.8 mg/kg l-cathinone in a two-lever, food-motivated operant task and
they were, subsequently, tested for preference to cathinone in a conditioned place
preference (CPP)-test. 2. Once trained, the rats were placed on a 10 day regimen of
twice-a-day non-contingent administrations of saline followed by a similar regimen
of multiple injections of 0.8 mg/kg cathinone. 3. After each series of non-contingent
administrations, the rats' ability to discriminate (0.2-0.8 mg/kg) cathinone, as well as
their preference for it, was determined. 4. Results indicate that tolerance tends to
develop to the effect of cathinone in its ability to control discriminative behavior as
indicated by deficits in discriminative performance and a two-fold shift of the doseresponse curve to the right. 5. In contrast, preference for cathinone, in the CPPtests, was not significantly affected by the multiple cathinone administration
regimen. 6. The possibility that tolerance to some behavioral effects may occur in
habitual users of the cathinone-containing Khat shrub is discussed.
MESH:
*Alkaloids-pharmacology; *Conditioning,-Operant-drug-effects;
*Discrimination-Psychology-drug-effects; *Psychotropic-Drugs-pharmacology
MESH:
Drug-Tolerance-physiology; Rats-; Rats,-Inbred-Strains
TG: Animal; Male; Support,-U.S.-Gov't,-P.H.S.
PT: Journal-Article
SH: pharmacology; drug-effects; physiology
RN: 0; 0; 5265-18-9
NM: Alkaloids; Psychotropic-Drugs; cathinone
CN: 03591PHS
SB: Index-Medicus
UD: 20001218
AN: 1761180
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
Catha edulis, an international socio-medical problem with considerable
pharmacological implications.
AU: Balint,-G-A; Ghebrekidan,-H; Balint,-E-E
AD: Department of Pharmacology, Albert Szent-Gyogyi Medical University,
Szeged, Hungary.
SO: East-Afr-Med-J. 1991 Jul; 68(7): 555-61
IS:
0012-835X
PY: 1991
LA: English
CP: KENYA
AB: It is evident from the mentioned studies that the medical and psychosocial
effects of khat chewing are hazardous both to the individual and the community.
The habituation of khat chewing seriously effects the psychoeconomic structure of
the subject. Being aware of the increasing prevalence of khat chewing (often
together with other drugs), it is essential to assess the health and socio-economic
problems of khat habituation in order to take further, appropriate medical and
social measures.
MESH:
*Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants-adverse-effects; *CentralNervous-System-Stimulants-chemistry; *Plant-Extracts-adverse-effects; *PlantExtracts-chemistry; *Substance-Related-Disorders-complications
MESH:
Africa,-Eastern-epidemiology; Africa,-Southern-epidemiology; Catha; Substance-Related-Disorders-epidemiology; Substance-Related-Disordersprevention-and-control
TG: Human
PT: Journal-Article
SH: epidemiology; adverse-effects; chemistry; complications; prevention-andcontrol
RN: 0; 0
NM: Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants; Plant-Extracts
SB: Index-Medicus
UD: 20021101
AN: 1684545
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
Khat, eine pflanzliche Droge mit Amphetaminwirkungen.
[Khat, a herbal drug with amphetamine properties]
AU: Kalix,-P; Brenneisen,-R; Koelbing,-U; Fisch,-H-U; Mathys,-K
AD: Psychiatrische Universitats-Poliklinik, Bern.
SO: Schweiz-Med-Wochenschr. 1991 Oct 26; 121(43): 1561-6
IS:
0036-7672
PY: 1991
LA: German; Non-English
CP: SWITZERLAND
AB: Because of their stimulating effect, leaves of the khat bush are chewed in
several East African countries and in Yemen. Since only fresh leaves are active, this
habit is almost unknown outside the regions where the plant grows. Recently,
however, khat has made its appearance in the United States and in several
European countries, while an import permit has been requested in Switzerland.
These are reasons for making the practitioner familiar with the effects of this drug.
During the last fifteen years, knowledge of khat and its constituents has made
substantial progress. Today, the alkaloid cathinone is regarded as the main active
principle of this drug, and this substance is held to be a natural amphetamine. This
article summarizes knowledge of the pharmacology of khat.
MESH:
*Alkaloids-pharmacology; *Central-Nervous-System-Stimulantspharmacology; *Plant-Extracts-pharmacology; *Psychotropic-Drugs-pharmacology
MESH:
Africa,-Eastern; Catha-; Hemodynamics-drug-effects; YemenTG: English-Abstract; Human
PT: Journal-Article
SH: pharmacology; drug-effects
RN: 0; 0; 0; 0; 5265-18-9
NM: Alkaloids; Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants; Plant-Extracts;
Psychotropic-Drugs; cathinone
SB: Index-Medicus
UD: 20021101
AN: 1682997
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
Khat and oral cancer.
AU: Soufi,-H-E; Kameswaran,-M; Malatani,-T
AD: Department of Medicine, King Saud University, Abha Branch, College of
Medicine, Saudi Arabia.
SO: J-Laryngol-Otol. 1991 Aug; 105(8): 643-5
IS:
0022-2151
PY: 1991
LA: English
CP: ENGLAND
AB: Oral cancers in the Asir region of Saudi Arabia have been observed to occur
mostly among patients who have been long-term khat users. In a survey that
reviewed cancers for the past two years there were 28 head and neck cancer
patients, 10 of whom presented with a history of having chewed khat. One of these
was a case of metastatic cervical lymph node and unknown primary, one was a
parotid tumour, and the remaining eight presented with oral cancers. All were nonsmoking khat chewers and all of them had used it over a period of 25 years or
longer. We conclude that this strong correlation between khat chewing and oral
cancer warrants attention.
MESH:
*Mouth-Neoplasms-etiology; *Plant-Extracts-adverse-effects;
*Substance-Related-Disorders-complications
MESH:
Catha-; Middle-Age; Mouth-Mucosa-pathology; Mouth-Neoplasmspathology; Parotid-Neoplasms-etiology
TG: Female; Human; Male
PT: Journal-Article
SH: pathology; etiology; adverse-effects; complications
RN: 0
NM: Plant-Extracts
SB: Abridged-Index-Medicus; Index-Medicus
UD: 20021101
AN: 1919319
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
The pharmacology of psychoactive alkaloids from ephedra and catha.
AU: Kalix,-P
AD: Departement de Pharmacologie, Universite de Geneve, Switzerland.
SO: J-Ethnopharmacol. 1991 Apr; 32(1-3): 201-8
IS:
0378-8741
PY: 1991
LA: English
CP: SWITZERLAND
AB: Ever since the introduction of the alkaloid ephedrine as an anti-asthmatic,
the CNS stimulatory effects of this sympathomimetic have been a problem in
therapy. Indeed, the use of ephedrine is not only limited by its cardiovascular
effects, but also by the occurrence of insomnia, restlessness and anxiety.
Exceptionally, ephedrine may even induce toxic psychosis, and the possibility of this
side effect has recently received renewed attention. Besides ephedrine, the ephedra
plant contains some norpseudoephedrine. This substance is also called cathine,
because it is a major alkaloid of Catha edulis or khat, a plant that is widely used as a
stimulant in certain countries of East Africa and of the Arab Peninsula. The effects
of khat have been explained formerly by those of cathine; some time ago, however,
the labile alkaloid cathinone was discovered in khat. This substance is the ketoanalog of cathine; it is therefore more lipophilic and penetrates easily to its sites of
action in the central nervous system. Indeed, cathinone has been found to be a
highly potent CNS stimulant and it is now known to be the main psychoactive
constituent of khat; the results of various in vitro and in vivo studies indicate that
cathinone must be considered a natural amphetamine. In confirmation of this view,
it has recently been demonstrated that cathinone has in humans marked
euphorigenic and psychostimulant effects. As the case may be, these findings may
lead, together with epidemiological data, to a reconsideration of the use of khat as a
stimulant and social drug.
MESH:
*Alkaloids-pharmacology; *Plants,-Medicinal-analysis;
*Psychotropic-Drugs-pharmacology
MESH:
Catha-; Ephedrine-isolation-and-purification; Ephedrinepharmacology; Plant-Extracts-analysis; Plant-Extracts-pharmacology;
Psychotropic-Drugs-isolation-and-purification
TG: Animal; Human
PT: Journal-Article; Review; Review,-Tutorial
SH: pharmacology; isolation-and-purification; analysis
RN: 0; 0; 0; 299-42-3
NM: Alkaloids; Plant-Extracts; Psychotropic-Drugs; Ephedrine
SB: Index-Medicus
UD: 20021101
AN: 1881158
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
Cathinone, a phenylpropylamine alkaolid from khat leaves that has
amphetamine effects in humans.
AU: Kalix,-P; Geisshusler,-S; Brenneisen,-R; Koelbing,-U; Fisch,-H-U
AD: Department of Pharmacology, University of Geneva, Switzerland.
SO: NIDA-Res-Monogr. 1991; 105: 289-90
IS:
1046-9516
PY: 1991
LA: English
CP: UNITED-STATES
MESH:
*Alkaloids-pharmacology; *Amphetamine-pharmacology; *PlantExtracts-pharmacology; *Psychotropic-Drugs-pharmacology
MESH:
Alkaloids-pharmacokinetics; Blood-Pressure-drug-effects; Catha-;
Heart-Rate-drug-effects; Psychotropic-Drugs-pharmacokinetics
TG: Human; Male
PT: Journal-Article
SH: pharmacokinetics; pharmacology; drug-effects
RN: 0; 0; 0; 300-62-9; 5265-18-9
NM: Alkaloids; Plant-Extracts; Psychotropic-Drugs; Amphetamine; cathinone
SB: Index-Medicus
UD: 20021101
AN: 1876014
TI:
Cerebral function of the guinea pig neonate after chronic intrauterine
exposure to khat (Catha edulis Forsk.).
AU: Thordstein,-M; Jansson,-T; Kristiansson,-B
AD: Department of Physiology, University of Goteborg, Sweden.
SO: Biol-Neonate. 1991; 59(3): 161-70
IS:
0006-3126
PY: 1991
LA: English
CP: SWITZERLAND
AB: Cerebral function in normoxia and its reactions to standard periods of
hypoxia of increasing severity were studied in 30 newborn guinea pigs less than 3
days old. Intrauterine growth retardation was induced either by uterine artery
ligation at midgestation or by feeding the female in late gestation with khat leaves,
an amphetamine-like stimulant chewed by men and women in several countries in
eastern Africa and Arabia. After spontaneous delivery, the neonates were
anesthetized and ventilated. Cardiovascular, metabolic, and neurophysiologic
(somatosensory evoked potentials) parameters were monitored. Under normoxia,
the khat-exposed group showed prolonged latency of the primary response of the
somatosensory evoked potentials and a reduced amount of secondary components.
Under hypoxia, this group also has a greater reduction of amplitude of the
somatosensory evoked potentials. It is concluded that khat exposure during fetal life
has an impact on the cerebral function during the neonatal period (at least up to 3
days of age) which is not solely explained by the concomitantly produced growth
retardation.
MESH:
*Animals,-Newborn-physiology; *Brain-drug-effects; *Fetal-GrowthRetardation-chemically-induced; *Plant-Extracts-pharmacology
MESH:
Anoxia-physiopathology; Catha-; Evoked-Potentials-drug-effects;
Fetal-Growth-Retardation-physiopathology; Guinea-Pigs
TG: Animal; Female; Male; Support,-Non-U.S.-Gov't
PT: Journal-Article
SH: physiology; physiopathology; drug-effects; chemically-induced;
pharmacology
RN: 0
NM: Plant-Extracts
SB: Index-Medicus
UD: 20021101
AN: 2054426
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
Khat-chewing during pregnancy-effect upon the off-spring and some
characteristics of the chewers.
AU: Eriksson,-M; Ghani,-N-A; Kristiansson,-B
AD: Department of Pediatrics, Karolinska Institute, St Gorans Hospital,
Stockholm, Sweden.
SO: East-Afr-Med-J. 1991 Feb; 68(2): 106-11
IS:
0012-835X
PY: 1991
LA: English
CP: KENYA
AB: In a study of 1,141 consecutive deliveries at delivery centres in the Yemen
Arab Republic, the effects of khat (catha edulis) upon the offspring have been
studied. The leaves of the shrub khat contain euphorizing compounds and are
chewed often, even daily, by many inhabitants. Non-users of khat (n = 427) had
significantly fewer low birth-weight babies (less than 2,500 gram) compared to
occasional users (n = 223) and regular users (n = 391). The khat-chewing mother
was older, of greater parity and had more surviving children than the non-chewers.
Significantly more khat-chewers had concomitant diseases. There was no difference
in rates of stillbirth or congenital malformations.
MESH:
*Plant-Extracts-adverse-effects; *Pregnancy-Complications;
*Pregnancy-Outcome; *Psychotropic-Drugs-adverse-effects
MESH:
Birth-Weight-drug-effects; Infant,-Low-Birth-Weight; Infant,Newborn; Maternal-Age; Parity-; Smoking-adverse-effects; YemenTG: Female; Human; Pregnancy
PT: Journal-Article
SH: drug-effects; adverse-effects
RN: 0; 0
NM: Plant-Extracts; Psychotropic-Drugs
SB: Index-Medicus
UD: 20001218
AN: 2040229
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
Pharmacological properties of the stimulant khat.
AU: Kalix,-P
AD: Departement de Pharmacologie, Centre Medical Universitaire, Geneva,
Switzerland.
SO: Pharmacol-Ther. 1990; 48(3): 397-416
IS:
0163-7258
PY: 1990
LA: English
CP: ENGLAND
AB: The chewing of the stimulant leaf khat is a habit that is widespread in certain
countries of East Africa and the Arabian peninsula. During the last decade,
important progress has been made in understanding the pharmacological basis for
the effects of khat. It is now known that the CNS action of this drug is due to the
presence of the alkaloid cathinone, and the results of various in vitro and in vivo
experiments indicate that this substance must be considered a natural
amphetamine. It is the purpose of the present review to describe briefly the khat
habit and to summarize the pharmacology of khat and of its active constituents.
MESH:
*Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants-pharmacology; *PlantExtracts-pharmacology
MESH:
Alkaloids-pharmacology; Catha-; Central-Nervous-System-drugeffects; Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants-administration-and-dosage; PlantExtracts-administration-and-dosage; Plant-Extracts-adverse-effects; Psychoses,Substance-Induced-etiology; Psychotropic-Drugs-pharmacology; StructureActivity-Relationship
TG: Animal; Human
PT: Journal-Article; Review; Review,-Academic
SH: pharmacology; drug-effects; administration-and-dosage; adverse-effects;
etiology
RN: 0; 0; 0; 0; 5265-18-9
NM: Alkaloids; Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants; Plant-Extracts;
Psychotropic-Drugs; cathinone
SB: Index-Medicus
UD: 20021101
AN: 1982180
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
Effects of cathinone and amphetamine on the neurochemistry of dopamine in
vivo.
AU: Pehek,-E-A; Schechter,-M-D; Yamamoto,-B-K
AD: Department of Pharmacology, Northeastern Ohio Universities College of
Medicine, Rootstown 44272.
SO: Neuropharmacology. 1990 Dec; 29(12): 1171-6
IS:
0028-3908
PY: 1990
LA: English
CP: ENGLAND
AB: The effects of (-)cathinone, the primary psychoactive alkaloid of the Khat
plant, were compared to those of (+)amphetamine in the anterior caudate-putamen
and the nucleus accumbens. In vivo microdialysis was used to measure extracellular
levels of dopamine and metabolites in both regions of the brain simultaneously, after
intraperitoneal administration of 0.8, 1.6 or 3.2 mg/kg of either drug (doses
expressed as the salts). Both drugs increased levels of dopamine but decreased levels
of metabolites in a dose-dependent manner. However, the relative magnitude of
these effects depended upon the specific drug, the dose and area of the brain
examined. At the largest dose used, amphetamine had a relatively greater effect
than cathinone on dopamine in both caudate and accumbens. However, among
smaller doses, this difference was only observed in the nucleus accumbens after
administration of 1.6 mg/kg. The results also demonstrated a differential regional
effect of both drugs at 3.2 mg/kg, in that both had a greater effect on dopamine in
the caudate, as opposed to the accumbens. These findings demonstrate a functional
heterogeneity of the striatum of the rat, that may be relevant to the understanding
of both normal brain function and the neural responses to psychoactive drugs.
MESH:
*Alkaloids-pharmacology; *Amphetamine-pharmacology; *Brainmetabolism; *Dopamine-metabolism; *Psychotropic-Drugs-pharmacology
MESH:
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic-Acid-metabolism; Brain-drug-effects;
Caudate-Nucleus-metabolism; Homovanillic-Acid-metabolism; Kinetics-;
Molecular-Structure; Nucleus-Accumbens-metabolism; Putamen-metabolism; Rats; Rats,-Inbred-Strains; Reference-Values; Structure-Activity-Relationship
TG: Animal; Comparative-Study; Male; Support,-U.S.-Gov't,-P.H.S.
PT: Journal-Article
SH: metabolism; pharmacology; drug-effects
RN: 0; 0; 102-32-9; 300-62-9; 306-08-1; 51-61-6; 5265-18-9
NM: Alkaloids; Psychotropic-Drugs; 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic-Acid;
Amphetamine; Homovanillic-Acid; Dopamine; cathinone
CN: 04181PHS; NS24814NSNINDS
SB: Index-Medicus
UD: 20001218
AN: 2293059
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
Amphetamine-like effects in humans of the khat alkaloid cathinone.
AU: Brenneisen,-R; Fisch,-H-U; Koelbing,-U; Geisshusler,-S; Kalix,-P
AD: Department of Phytochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Berne,
Switzerland.
SO: Br-J-Clin-Pharmacol. 1990 Dec; 30(6): 825-8
IS:
0306-5251
PY: 1990
LA: English
CP: ENGLAND
AB: 1. The chewing of khat leaves as a stimulant is common in certain countries,
and the effects of this material are supposed to be due to the phenylalkylamine
alkaloid cathinone. In order to determine the effects of this substance in humans, a
single oral dose of cathinone or placebo was administered to six healthy male
volunteers in a double-blind, random order crossover study. 2. Cathinone produced
increases in blood pressure and in heart rate, and these changes were concomitant
with the presence of cathinone in blood plasma. 3. The physical and mental changes
that the subjects reported during the experiment indicated that cathinone has in
humans euphorigenic and psychostimulant effects. 4. These observations support
the assumption that cathinone is the constituent mainly responsible for the effects of
khat, and they show that this alkaloid has also in humans amphetamine-like effects.
MESH:
*Alkaloids-pharmacology; *Blood-Pressure-drug-effects; *HeartRate-drug-effects; *Psychotropic-Drugs-pharmacology
MESH:
Administration,-Oral; Adult-; Alkaloids-administration-and-dosage;
Alkaloids-blood; Amphetamine-pharmacology; Catha-; Double-Blind-Method;
Euphoria-; Plant-Extracts-pharmacology
TG: Comparative-Study; Human; Male; Support,-Non-U.S.-Gov't
PT: Clinical-Trial; Journal-Article; Randomized-Controlled-Trial
SH: administration-and-dosage; blood; pharmacology; drug-effects
RN: 0; 0; 0; 300-62-9; 5265-18-9
NM: Alkaloids; Plant-Extracts; Psychotropic-Drugs; Amphetamine; cathinone
SB: Index-Medicus
UD: 20021101
AN: 2288828
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
Effect of khatamines and their enantiomers on plasma triiodothyronine and
thyroxine levels in normal Wistar rats.
AU: Islam,-M-W; Tariq,-M; el-Feraly,-F-S; al-Meshal,-I-A
AD: Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University,
Saudi Arabia.
SO: Am-J-Chin-Med. 1990; 18(1-2): 71-6
IS:
0192-415X
PY: 1990
LA: English
CP: UNITED-STATES
AB: The effect of cathinone and N-formylnorephedrine, two psychoactive amines
of khat (Catha edulis Forsk.) and their enantiomers have been studied on plasma
levels of triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) in male Wistar rats. The rats were
injected with 5, 10 and 30 mg/kg, body weight of four khatamines and the blood
samples were collected 2 h after their administration. In the separate set of
experiments the effect of these khatamines at 1, 2 and 4 h after their administration
was also examined. All the khatamines failed to produce a significant dose
dependent increase in T3 and T4 levels in the dose of 5 mg/kg. However, all of these
compounds produced a significant dose dependent increase in T3 and T4 levels at
higher doses but only T4 levels were increased following the dose of 10 mg/kg. Our
studies on the effect of khatamines in T3 and T4 levels at various times showed a
significant increase in T4 levels in all the four groups treated with various
khatamines and the peak effect was observed at 2 h in case of (-)- and (+)-cathinone
and 4 h in case of (-) and (+)N-formylnorephedrine. This study suggests that the
symptoms observed in khat chewers including hyperthermia, anorexia, and
metabolic changes may to some extent be attributed to the thyroid stimulating effect
of khatamines. However, further studies are needed to establish the mechanism of
release of thyroid hormones by these compounds and their involvement in the
pharmacological effects.
MESH:
*Alkaloids-pharmacology; *Plants,-Medicinal; *Psychotropic-Drugspharmacology; *Thyroxine-blood; *Triiodothyronine-blood
MESH:
Alkaloids-administration-and-dosage; Dose-Response-Relationship,Drug; Psychotropic-Drugs-administration-and-dosage; Rats-; Rats,-Inbred-Strains;
Time-Factors
TG: Animal; Male; Support,-Non-U.S.-Gov't
PT: Journal-Article
SH: administration-and-dosage; pharmacology; blood
RN: 0; 0; 5265-18-9; 6893-02-3; 7488-70-2
NM: Alkaloids; Psychotropic-Drugs; cathinone; Triiodothyronine; Thyroxine
SB: Index-Medicus
UD: 20001218
AN: 2239817
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
Dopaminergic nature of acute cathine tolerance.
AU: Schechter,-M-D
AD: Department of Pharmacology, Northeastern Ohio Universities, College of
Medicine, Rootstown 44272.
SO: Pharmacol-Biochem-Behav. 1990 Aug; 36(4): 817-20
IS:
0091-3057
PY: 1990
LA: English
CP: UNITED-STATES
AB: Cathine is a psychoactive constituent in the leaves of the Khat shrub which
are habitually ingested for their stimulatory effects in many parts of the world. Rats
were trained to discriminate the stimulus effect of intraperitoneally administered
4.8 mg/kg d-cathine and, once trained, administration of another Khat constituent,
cathinone, was shown to produce cathine-like effects. This generalization to
cathinone was dose-responsive when testing occurred 24 hr after vehicle
administration, whereas prior administration of cathine resulted in a diminished
discriminative response to subsequent cathinone administration possibly as a result
of the development of acute tolerance. CGS 10746B, a compound that blocks
presynaptic release of dopamine, significantly decreased rats' ability to discriminate
cathine when it was administered 25 min prior to cathine testing and it reversed the
acute tolerance observed when cathine was tested 24 hr after cathine
administration. These results indicate that a previously reported acute tolerance
effect to cathine after cathinone administration in cathinone-trained rats appears to
be symmetrical in that there is acute tolerance to cathinone after cathine in these
cathine-trained rats. The results with CGS 10746B would suggest that both the
cathine-induced discriminative cue and cathine's ability to produce acute tolerance
are mediated by presynaptic dopamine release.
MESH:
*Appetite-Depressants-pharmacology; *Dopamine-physiology;
*Phenylpropanolamine-pharmacology
MESH:
Alkaloids-pharmacology; Antipsychotic-Agents-pharmacology;
Discrimination-Psychology-drug-effects; Discrimination-Learning-drug-effects;
Dose-Response-Relationship,-Drug; Drug-Tolerance; Generalization-Psychologydrug-effects; Rats-; Rats,-Inbred-Strains; Thiazepines-pharmacology
TG: Animal; Male; Support,-U.S.-Gov't,-P.H.S.
PT: Journal-Article
SH: pharmacology; drug-effects; physiology
RN: 0; 0; 0; 0; 14838-15-4; 36393-56-3; 51-61-6; 5265-18-9; 81382-52-7
NM: Alkaloids; Antipsychotic-Agents; Appetite-Depressants; Thiazepines;
Phenylpropanolamine; norpseudoephedrine; Dopamine; cathinone; CGS-10746B
CN: 03591PHS
SB: Index-Medicus
UD: 20001218
AN: 1977178
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
[Khat--a dangerous drug?]
AU: Kalix,-P
SO: Harefuah. 1990 May 1; 118(9): 555-6
IS:
0017-7768
PY: 1990
LA: Hebrew; Non-English
CP: ISRAEL
MESH:
*Plant-Extracts-adverse-effects; *Psychoses,-Substance-Inducedetiology; *Substance-Related-Disorders-etiology
MESH:
Public-Health
TG: Human
PT:
SH:
RN:
NM:
SB:
UD:
AN:
Journal-Article
adverse-effects; etiology
0
Plant-Extracts
Index-Medicus
20001218
2358244
TI:
Discriminative stimulus properties of (+)cathine, an alkaloid of the khat
plant.
AU: Pehek,-E-A; Schechter,-M-D
AD: Department of Pharmacology, Northeastern Ohio Universities College of
Medicine, Rootstown 44272.
SO: Pharmacol-Biochem-Behav. 1990 Jun; 36(2): 267-71
IS:
0091-3057
PY: 1990
LA: English
CP: UNITED-STATES
AB: The effects of the psychostimulant (+)cathine (norpseudoephedrine) were
examined in a two-choice, food-motivated, drug-discrimination paradigm. Rats
were able to discriminate cathine from vehicle and this effect was dose- and timedependent. Prior administration of cathine resulted in a diminished response
(tolerance) to subsequent cathine and this effect developed and dissipated rapidly.
Thus, different dose-response curves were generated depending upon whether
cathine or vehicle was administered the day before testing. The development of
tolerance also shortened cathine's time course of action and enhanced the ability of
haloperidol to antagonize the cathine cue. These results suggest caution in
interpreting effects produced by intermittent drug injection schedules.
MESH:
*Alkaloids-pharmacology; *Discrimination-Psychology-drug-effects;
*Phenylpropanolamine-pharmacology; *Psychotropic-Drugs-pharmacology
MESH:
Catha-; Domperidone-pharmacology; Drug-Administration-Schedule;
Drug-Tolerance; Haloperidol-pharmacology; Phenylpropanolamine-antagonistsand-inhibitors; Plant-Extracts-analysis; Rats-; Rats,-Inbred-Strains
TG: Animal; Male; Support,-U.S.-Gov't,-P.H.S.
PT: Journal-Article
SH: pharmacology; drug-effects; antagonists-and-inhibitors; analysis
RN: 0; 0; 0; 14838-15-4; 36393-56-3; 52-86-8; 57808-66-9
NM: Alkaloids; Plant-Extracts; Psychotropic-Drugs; Phenylpropanolamine;
norpseudoephedrine; Haloperidol; Domperidone
CN: 3591PHS
SB: Index-Medicus
UD: 20021101
AN: 2356199
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
An evaluation of the male reproductive toxicity of cathinone.
AU: Islam,-M-W; Tariq,-M; Ageel,-A-M; el-Feraly,-F-S; al-Meshal,-I-A; Ashraf,I
AD: College of Pharmacy and Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi
Arabia.
SO: Toxicology. 1990 Mar 16; 60(3): 223-34
IS:
0300-483X
PY: 1990
LA: English
CP: NETHERLANDS
AB: (-)-Cathinone is the major psychoactive component of khat plant (Catha
edulis Forssk.). Khat has been shown to produce reproductive toxicity in human
beings and experimental animals. However, the chemical constituents of khat leaves
responsible for sexual dysfunction are not known. In the present study cathinone
enantiomers have been investigated for their reproductive toxicity in rats.
Cathinone produced a dose-dependent decrease in food consumption and
suppressed the gain in body weight. There was a significant decrease in sperm count
and motility and increase in the number of abnormal sperms in cathinone treated
animals. Histopathological examination of testes revealed degeneration of interstitial
tissue, cellular infiltration and atrophy of Sertoli and Leydig's cells in cathinone
treated animals. Cathinone also produced a significant decrease in plasma
testosterone levels of the rats. Although both enantiomers of cathinone produced
deleterious effects on male reproductive system, (-)-cathinone was found to be more
toxic. From this study it may be concluded that the cathinone content in khat may
be partially or totally responsible for the reproductive toxicity in khat chewers.
MESH:
*Alkaloids-toxicity; *Genitalia,-Male-drug-effects; *PsychotropicDrugs-toxicity; *Reproduction-drug-effects
MESH:
Genitalia,-Male-pathology; Organ-Weight-drug-effects; Rats-; Rats,Inbred-Strains; Spermatozoa-drug-effects; Stereoisomerism-; Testosterone-blood
TG: Animal; Male
PT: Journal-Article
SH: toxicity; drug-effects; pathology; blood
RN: 0; 0; 5265-18-9; 57-85-2
NM: Alkaloids; Psychotropic-Drugs; cathinone; Testosterone
SB: Index-Medicus
UD: 20001218
AN: 2315943
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
The induction of dominant lethal mutations upon chronic administration of
khat (Catha edulis) in albino mice.
AU: Tariq,-M; Qureshi,-S; Ageel,-A-M; al-Meshal,-I-A
AD: Cytogenetics Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University,
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
SO: Toxicol-Lett. 1990 Feb; 50(2-3): 349-53
IS:
0378-4274
PY: 1990
LA: English
CP: NETHERLANDS
AB: The mutagenicity of a methanolic extract of khat has been evaluated on male
germ cells using the dominant lethal test in albino mice. An aqueous solution of khat
extract was administered orally in doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg body wt.,
respectively, to 3 different groups of male mice for a period of 6 weeks. At the end of
treatment each male mouse was allowed to mate with 2 different groups of 3 females
each, on 2 consecutive weeks. These females were necropsied on the 13th day of
their presumptive mating, and the number of implants in each female and the ratio
of live and dead embryos were determined. The results of this study showed that the
treatment of male mice over a period of 6 weeks produced a dose-dependent
reduction in the rate of fertility in the first week after mating, which was
irreversible in the second week at the highest dose (200 mg/kg). Khat extract also
induced post-implantation loss during the first week following treatment. However,
a comparison of the results of the first and second weeks showed a reversible
pattern of dominant lethality.
MESH:
*Genes,-Dominant-drug-effects; *Genes,-Lethal-drug-effects; *PlantExtracts-toxicity
MESH:
Catha-; Mice-; Mutation-; Substance-Related-Disorders
TG: Animal; Male; Support,-Non-U.S.-Gov't
PT: Journal-Article
SH: drug-effects; toxicity
RN: 0
NM: Plant-Extracts
SB: Index-Medicus
UD: 20021101
AN: 2309252
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
Viral hepatitis markers in Djibouti: an epidemiological survey.
AU: Fox,-E; Abbatte,-E-A; Said-Salah; Constantine,-N-T; Wassef,-H-H; Woody,J-N
AD: US Naval Medical Research Unit No 3, Cairo, Egypt.
SO: Trans-R-Soc-Trop-Med-Hyg. 1988; 82(5): 750-2
IS:
0035-9203
PY: 1988
LA: English
CP: ENGLAND
AB: A serosurvey involving 656 individuals revealed that hepatitis A infection
was virtually universal in Djibouti in 1987, and more than half of the people
investigated had serum markers of hepatitis B infection. The rate of chronic HBsAg
carriers was 7.3% and was higher for males than for females. Both HBsAg and antiHBs positivity rates were directly related to increasing age. No uniform mechanism
could be found to account for transmission of the hepatitis B virus, and no
correlation was noted between HBV-marker status and sexual promiscuity or the
classic blood exposure risks. However, a significant association existed between the
abuse of khat and the chronic HBsAg carrier state.
MESH:
*Hepatitis-A-epidemiology; *Hepatitis-B-epidemiology
MESH:
Adult-; Africa,-Eastern; Carrier-State-immunology; Child-;
Hepatitis-A-immunology; Hepatitis-Antibodies-analysis; Hepatitis-B-immunology;
Hepatitis-B-Antibodies-analysis; Hepatitis-B-Core-Antigens-analysis; Hepatitis-BSurface-Antigens-analysis; Hepatitis-B-e-Antigens-analysis; Hepatovirusimmunology; Immunoglobulin-G-analysis; Risk-Factors
TG: Female; Human; Male; Support,-U.S.-Gov't,-Non-P.H.S.
PT: Journal-Article
SH: immunology; epidemiology; analysis
RN: 0; 0; 0; 0; 0; 0
NM: Hepatitis-Antibodies; Hepatitis-B-Antibodies; Hepatitis-B-Core-Antigens;
Hepatitis-B-Surface-Antigens; Hepatitis-B-e-Antigens; Immunoglobulin-G
SB: Index-Medicus
UD: 20011102
AN: 2855282
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
Khat: a plant with amphetamine effects.
AU: Kalix,-P
AD: Department of Pharmacology, University Medical Center, Geneva,
Switzerland.
SO: J-Subst-Abuse-Treat. 1988; 5(3): 163-9
IS:
0740-5472
PY: 1988
LA: English
CP: UNITED-STATES
AB: The chewing of leaves of the khat shrub is common in certain countries of
East Africa and the Arabian peninsula, and some khat users are subject to psychic
dependence on this stimulant. Recently, important progress has been made in
understanding the pharmacological basis for the effects of khat. It is now known
that the CNS stimulation is mainly due to the presence of the alkaloid cathinone in
the leaves, and the results of various in vitro and in vivo experiments indicate that
this substance must be considered a "natural amphetamine." In recent years,
several cases of khat intoxication observed in the USA and in Great Britain have
been described in the literature. In view of these developments, the khat habit and
its health effects are described, and the possibilities for the treatment of acute khat
intoxication are discussed.
CM: Comment In: J Subst Abuse Treat. 1989;6(3):205-6
MESH:
*Amphetamine-; *Plant-Extracts; *Substance-Related-Disorderstherapy
MESH:
Africa,-Eastern; Alkaloids-; Catha-; Central-Nervous-System-drugeffects; YemenTG: Animal; Human
PT: Journal-Article; Review; Review,-Tutorial
SH: drug-effects; therapy
RN: 0; 0; 300-62-9
NM: Alkaloids; Plant-Extracts; Amphetamine
SB: Index-Medicus
UD: 20021101
AN: 3070051
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
Khat-induced hypnagogic hallucinations.
AU: Granek,-M; Shalev,-A; Weingarten,-A-M
AD: Outpatient Clinic, Gehah Psychiatric Hospital, Petah Tikva, Israel.
SO: Acta-Psychiatr-Scand. 1988 Oct; 78(4): 458-61
IS:
0001-690X
PY: 1988
LA: English
CP: DENMARK
AB: Khat is a plant whose leaves are chewed for their stimulating effect. This
effect is attributed to cathinone, an alkaloid identical to dextroamphetamine. Khat
chewing is widespread among eastern African and Yemenite populations and is
believed to be innocuous. Our experience shows, however, that a substantial number
of chronic khat chewers experience persistent hypnagogic hallucinations - a
symptom that has not yet been described. Three vignettes illustrates this
phenomena, which often interferes with psychiatric diagnosis. Different explanatory
models are discussed, among them chronic suppression of REM sleep.
MESH:
*Dreams-drug-effects; *Hallucinations-chemically-induced; *PlantExtracts-adverse-effects
MESH:
Adjustment-Disorders-psychology; Aged-; Catha-; DepressiveDisorder-psychology; Diagnosis,-Differential; Hallucinations-psychology; MiddleAge; Schizophrenia,-Paranoid-psychology
TG: Case-Report; Human; Male; Support,-Non-U.S.-Gov't
PT: Journal-Article
SH: psychology; drug-effects; chemically-induced; adverse-effects
RN: 0
NM: Plant-Extracts
SB: Index-Medicus
UD: 20021101
AN: 3227966
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
Acute effects of a khat extract on the rat electroencephalogram.
AU: Saleh,-M; Mekkawy,-H; el-Komy,-F
AD: Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Al Azhar University, Nasr,
Egypt.
SO: J-Ethnopharmacol. 1988 Jul-Aug; 23(2-3): 291-8
IS:
0378-8741
PY: 1988
LA: English
CP: SWITZERLAND
AB: Rats chronically implanted with cortical screw electrodes were treated with
three different oral doses of a Khat extract and the EEG recorded for 5 h. Several
abnormalities in EEG patterns were observed, particularly after the administration
of the largest dose (400 mg/kg). Spectral analysis of EEG showed a significant shift
of frequencies towards faster, lower voltage activity following administration of the
two smaller doses (50 and 100 mg/kg), reflecting a stimulant effect of the extract.
The highest degree of cortical activation was observed following administration of
the smallest dose. With the largest dose, an initial activation was followed by a state
of EEG depression characterized by a high percentage of slow, high voltage waves.
It is concluded that Khat extract in small doses has a stimulant effect on the rat
brain, but with larger doses induces a state of depression.
MESH:
*Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants-pharmacology; *CerebralCortex-drug-effects; *Plant-Extracts-pharmacology
MESH:
Catha-; Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants-administration-anddosage; Cerebral-Cortex-physiology; Electroencephalography-; Plant-Extractsadministration-and-dosage; Rats-; Rats,-Inbred-Strains
TG: Animal; Male
PT: Journal-Article
SH: administration-and-dosage; pharmacology; drug-effects; physiology
RN: 0; 0
NM: Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants; Plant-Extracts
SB: Index-Medicus
UD: 20021101
AN: 2903945
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
AU:
SO:
Psychiatric morbidity among khat chewers.
Dhadphale,-M; Omolo,-O-E
East-Afr-Med-J. 1988 Jun; 65(6): 355-9
IS:
0012-835X
PY: 1988
LA: English
CP: KENYA
MESH:
*Plant-Extracts-adverse-effects; *Psychoses,-Substance-Inducedepidemiology; *Substance-Related-Disorders
MESH:
Adolescent-; Adult-; Catha-; Kenya-; Middle-Age; Psychoses,Substance-Induced-etiology
TG: Female; Human; Male
PT: Journal-Article
SH: adverse-effects; epidemiology; etiology
RN: 0
NM: Plant-Extracts
SB: Index-Medicus
UD: 20021101
AN: 3181055
TI:
Khat-induced paranoid psychosis.
AU: Maitai,-C-K; Dhadphale,-M
SO: Br-J-Psychiatry. 1988 Feb; 152: 294
IS:
0007-1250
PY: 1988
LA: English
CP: ENGLAND
MESH:
*Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants-adverse-effects; *ParanoidDisorders-chemically-induced; *Plant-Extracts-adverse-effects
MESH:
Amphetamines-urine; CathaTG: Human
PT: Letter
SH: urine; adverse-effects; chemically-induced
RN: 0; 0; 0
NM: Amphetamines; Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants; Plant-Extracts
SB: Index-Medicus
UD: 20021101
AN: 2901888
TI:
Effect of khat on uteroplacental blood flow in awake, chronically
catheterized, late-pregnant guinea pigs.
AU: Jansson,-T; Kristiansson,-B; Qirbi,-A
AD: Department of Physiology, Gothenburg University, Sweden.
SO: J-Ethnopharmacol. 1988 May-Jun; 23(1): 19-26
IS:
0378-8741
PY: 1988
LA: English
CP: SWITZERLAND
AB: In order to investigate effects of khat chewing on uteroplacental blood flow,
eight awake, chronically catheterized guinea pigs were fed 2.2 g khat leaves/kg in
late pregnancy and regional blood flows were measured with the microsphere
technique. Seven animals fed with aspen leaves in the same amounts served as
controls. The mean concentration of (+)-norpseudoephedrine in urine 3 h after the
end of the feeding was 4.6 micrograms/ml in the khat-fed group with no detectable
amounts in the controls. Placental blood flow was reduced by 10% 75 min and by
24% 180 min after khat feeding. Since the khat dose used gave urinary
concentrations of (+)-norpseudoephedrine of the same magnitude as those reported
in khat chewing women, khat chewing in pregnancy may reduce placental blood
flow and impair fetal growth.
MESH:
*Placenta-drug-effects; *Plant-Extracts-toxicity; *Uterus-drug-effects
MESH:
Blood-Pressure-drug-effects; Catha-; Embryo-and-FetalDevelopment-drug-effects; Guinea-Pigs; Heart-Rate-drug-effects;
Phenylpropanolamine-urine; Placenta-blood-supply; Regional-Blood-Flow-drugeffects; Uterus-blood-supply
TG: Animal; Female; Pregnancy; Support,-Non-U.S.-Gov't
PT: Journal-Article
SH: drug-effects; urine; blood-supply; toxicity
RN: 0; 14838-15-4; 36393-56-3
NM: Plant-Extracts; Phenylpropanolamine; norpseudoephedrine
SB: Index-Medicus
UD: 20021101
AN: 3419201
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
Effect of khat on maternal food intake, maternal weight gain and fetal
growth in the late-pregnant guinea pig.
AU: Jansson,-T; Kristiansson,-B; Qirbi,-A
AD: Department of Physiology, Gothenburg University, Sweden.
SO: J-Ethnopharmacol. 1988 May-Jun; 23(1): 11-7
IS:
0378-8741
PY: 1988
LA: English
CP: SWITZERLAND
AB: Khat chewing is a widespread male social habit in countries around the
southern shore of the Red Sea and in eastern Africa and is also practiced by women,
even during pregnancy and lactation. In order to study the potentially adverse
effects of khat chewing during pregnancy, guinea pigs were fed 2.2 g/kg of khat
leaves daily throughout the third trimester. Control animals were given aspen
leaves. Maternal daily food intake was significantly reduced during the first 10 days
of feeding and maternal weight gain was slightly lower in the khat group. Khat
feeding of the mother significantly reduced the mean birth weight of the offspring
by 7% without any effect on litter size or length of gestational period. Since low
birth weight is a well-established risk factor for both perinatal and young infant
death, khat chewing during pregnancy may be one of the factors contributing to
infant mortality.
MESH:
*Embryo-and-Fetal-Development-drug-effects; *Plant-Extractstoxicity; *Pregnancy,-Animal-drug-effects
MESH:
Birth-Weight-drug-effects; Body-Weight-drug-effects; Catha-;
Eating-drug-effects; Gestational-Age; Guinea-Pigs
TG: Animal; Female; Pregnancy; Support,-Non-U.S.-Gov't
PT: Journal-Article
SH: drug-effects; toxicity
RN: 0
NM: Plant-Extracts
SB: Index-Medicus
UD: 20021101
AN: 3419198
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
Cytological effects of khat (Catha edulis) in somatic and male germ cells of
mice.
AU: Qureshi,-S; Tariq,-M; Parmar,-N-S; al-Meshal,-I-A
AD: Cytogenetics Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University,
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
SO: Drug-Chem-Toxicol. 1988 Jun; 11(2): 151-65
IS:
0148-0545
PY: 1988
LA: English
CP: UNITED-STATES
AB: Cytological effects of khat (Catha edulis), a popular drug of abuse from
Southern Arabia and Eastern Africa, have been studied in Swiss albino mice. The
studies on the somatic system involved the use of micronucleus test and the
cytological analysis of the mitotic index in the femoral cells of mice. In the
micronucleus test, the mice were treated with different doses of khat extract (125,
250 and 500 mg/kg, p.o.) 30 and 6 hours before sacrificing the animals. The
polychromatic erythrocytes were screened for the induction of micronuclei. For the
analysis of bone marrow cytotoxicity, the mice were treated with the dose of 125,
250 and 500 mg/kg, body weight, p.o. daily for 5 consecutive days. The animals were
sacrificed and the femoral cells were microscopically examined for the mitoses.
Following the same schedule of treatment, studies on the cytogenetic analysis of
meiotic chromosomal aberrations and the sperm head abnormality were
undertaken. Khat extract significantly increased the frequency of micronucleated
polychromatic erythrocytes, induced bone marrow depression and reduced the
mitotic index of the somatic cells. It induced significant chromosomal aberrations
viz., aneuploids, autosomal univalents, univalents of the sex chromosomes and
polyploids. The frequency of abnormal sperms was also increased.
MESH:
*Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants-pharmacology; *Germ-Cellsdrug-effects; *Plant-Extracts-pharmacology
MESH:
Bone-Marrow-drug-effects; Bone-Marrow-Cells; Catha-; CellNucleus-drug-effects; Chromosome-Aberrations-drug-effects; Mice-; Mitosis-drugeffects; Spermatozoa-drug-effects
TG: Animal; Male; Support,-Non-U.S.-Gov't
PT: Journal-Article
SH: drug-effects; pharmacology
RN: 0; 0
NM: Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants; Plant-Extracts
SB: Index-Medicus
UD: 20021101
AN: 2900128
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
Polydrug abuse among Ethiopian university students with particular
reference to khat (Catha edulis).
AU: Zein,-Z-A
AD: Department of Community Health, Gondar College of Medical Sciences,
Ethiopia.
SO: J-Trop-Med-Hyg. 1988 Apr; 91(2): 71-5
IS:
0022-5304
PY: 1988
LA: English
CP: ENGLAND
AB: The pattern of use of khat (Catha edulis Forsk), alcohol, cigarettes and
tranquillizers among 479 medical and paramedical students in a boarding college in
northwestern Ethiopia was studied by an anonymous self-administered
questionnaire. The survey coverage rate was 98.8%. The majority of students were
males (82.6%) and their average age was 21.2 years. The prevalence rate of current
use of alcohol, cigarettes, khat and tranquillizers was 31.1%, 26.3%, 22.3% and
7.7%, respectively. These substances were also used in combinations, the most
frequent involved khat, alcohol and cigarettes. Use of khat varied by the type of
training (medical/paramedical) and by phase of medical education
(preclinical/clinical). These variations were also apparent when data were analysed
by sex and frequency of khat use. It appears that the pattern of khat use among
university students is similar to that reported for substance abuse in other countries.
Because of the economic importance of khat in the Ethiopian economy, its control
may be difficult at present.
MESH:
*Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants; *Plant-Extracts; *Studentspsychology; *Substance-Related-Disorders-epidemiology
MESH:
Adolescent-; Adult-; Alcohol-Drinking; Catha-; Ethiopia-; Smokingepidemiology; Tranquilizing-Agents; UniversitiesTG: Female; Human; Male
PT: Journal-Article
SH: epidemiology; psychology
RN: 0; 0; 0
NM: Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants; Plant-Extracts; Tranquilizing-Agents
SB: Index-Medicus
UD: 20021101
AN: 2898021
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
Cytotoxicity of Khat (Catha edulis) extract on cultured mammalian cells:
effects on macromolecule biosynthesis.
AU: Al-Ahdal,-M-N; McGarry,-T-J; Hannan,-M-A
AD: Biological and Medical Research Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital
and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
SO: Mutat-Res. 1988 Feb; 204(2): 317-22
IS:
0027-5107
PY: 1988
LA: English
CP: NETHERLANDS
AB: A chloroform extract of Khat (Catha edulis) leaves was used to study the
cytotoxic activity on KB, 1BR.3, and XP2Bi cells. Log phase cell survival curves
showed an LD50 of 40 ng/ml for KB cells. 1BR.3 and XP2Bi cells were biphasic in
their response to the extract during log phase, with an LD50 of 20 and 75 ng/ml,
respectively. Stationary phase cells were unaffected by the extract. DNA and RNA
synthesis inhibition was studied using radiolabeled thymidine or uridine to measure
the amount of extract that inhibits the synthesis to 50% of the untreated control
cells. DNA synthesis was inhibited by 45, 60 and 200 ng/ml and RNA synthesis by
24, 17 and 58 ng/ml in 1BR.3, XP2Bi and KB cells, respectively. Protein synthesis
was inhibited to 15-20% of untreated control cells by a dose of 40 ng/ml in all the
cells studied. From this work, it is apparent that the main cause of cytotoxicity of
Khat extract may be the inhibition of de novo RNA synthesis. Our results suggest
that this effect is exerted on all cells used in this study and that KB cells demonstrate
a higher resistance to the toxic component.
MESH:
*DNA-Replication-drug-effects; *Fibroblasts-drug-effects; *PlantExtracts-analysis; *Transcription,-Genetic-drug-effects; *Translation,-Geneticdrug-effects; *Tumor-Cells,-Cultured-drug-effects
MESH:
Carcinoma,-Squamous-Cell; Catha-; Cell-Survival-drug-effects;
Lethal-Dose-50; Plant-Extracts-pharmacology; Plant-Extracts-toxicity; Proteinsbiosynthesis; RNA-biosynthesis; Xeroderma-Pigmentosum
TG: Human; Support,-Non-U.S.-Gov't
PT: Journal-Article
SH: drug-effects; analysis; pharmacology; toxicity; biosynthesis
RN: 0; 0; 63231-63-0
NM: Plant-Extracts; Proteins; RNA
SB: Index-Medicus
UD: 20021101
AN: 2449610
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
Khat-chewing in the Near East.
AU: Drake,-P-H
SO: Lancet. 1988 Mar 5; 1(8584): 532-3
IS:
0140-6736
PY: 1988
LA: English
CP: ENGLAND
MESH:
*Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants-adverse-effects; *PlantExtracts-adverse-effects
MESH:
Asia,-Western; CathaTG: Female; Human; Pregnancy
PT: Letter
SH: adverse-effects
RN: 0; 0
NM: Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants; Plant-Extracts
SB: Abridged-Index-Medicus; Index-Medicus
UD: 20021101
AN: 2893946
TI:
Importing khat.
AU: Weir,-S; Thuriaux,-M-C
SO: Lancet. 1988 Feb 20; 1(8582): 414
IS:
0140-6736
PY: 1988
LA: English
CP: ENGLAND
MESH:
*Plant-Extracts-adverse-effects
MESH:
CathaTG: Animal; Human
PT: Letter
SH: adverse-effects
RN: 0
NM: Plant-Extracts
SB: Abridged-Index-Medicus; Index-Medicus
UD: 20021101
AN: 2893211
TI:
Deformazione della guancia da "Khat".
[Disfigurement of the cheek with "Khat"]
AU: Coronelli,-E
SO: Odontostomatol-Implantoprotesi. 1977 Jan-Mar; 3(1): 38-9
PY: 1977
LA: Italian; Non-English
CP: ITALY
MESH:
*Cheek-pathology; *Muscular-Diseases; *Oral-Manifestations
PT:
SH:
SB:
UD:
AN:
Journal-Article
pathology
Dental
20001218
307202
TI:
The use of khat (Catha edulis) in Yemen. Social and medical observations.
AU: Luqman,-W; Danowski,-T-S
SO: Ann-Intern-Med. 1976 Aug; 85(2): 246-9
IS:
0003-4819
PY: 1976
LA: English
CP: UNITED-STATES
AB: Catha edulis, or khat, a plant indigenous to Yemen, Ethiopia, and East
Africa, has sympathomimetic and euphoriant effects. Its role in the economic, social,
and political lives of people in North and South Yemen and certain clinical and
psychiatric aspects are discussed.
MESH:
*Plants-; *Psychotropic-Drugs-adverse-effects
MESH:
Anthropology,-Cultural; Blood-Pressure; Gastrointestinal-Diseasesetiology; Heart-Rate; Islam-; Oral-Health; Schizophrenia-etiology; Sleep-Disordersetiology; Social-Behavior-Disorders-etiology; Substance-Withdrawal-Syndrome;
YemenTG: Human
PT: Journal-Article
SH: etiology; adverse-effects
RN: 0
NM: Psychotropic-Drugs
SB: Abridged-Index-Medicus; Index-Medicus
UD: 19760925
AN: 942147
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
Cannabis et khat
[Cannabis and khat]
AU: Vaille,-C
SO: Nouv-Presse-Med. 1976 Apr 24; 5(17): 1149-50
IS:
0301-1518
PY: 1976
LA: French; Non-English
CP: FRANCE
MESH:
*Cannabis-; *Norepinephrine-; *Substance-Related-Disorders
MESH:
Chemistry-; Legislation,-Drug; Plants,-Medicinal; Smoking-; TeaTG: Human
PT: Journal-Article
RN: 51-41-2
NM: Norepinephrine
SB: Index-Medicus
UD: 19760823
AN: 934837
TI:
Medical aspects of the chewing of khat leaves.
AU: Halbach,-H
SO: Bull-World-Health-Organ. 1972; 47(1): 21-9
IS:
0042-9686
PY: 1972
LA: English
CP: SWITZERLAND
MESH:
*Mastication-; *Plants-; *Psychoses,-Substance-Induced-etiology
MESH:
Africa,-Eastern; Arabia-; Stomatitis-chemically-induced
TG: Human
PT: Journal-Article
SH: etiology; chemically-induced
SB: Index-Medicus
UD: 19730109
AN: 4538902
TI:
Effects of Catha edulis (Khat) chewing on human body.
AU: el-Guindy,-M-K
SO: J-Egypt-Med-Assoc. 1971; 54(4): 230-4
IS:
0013-2411
PY: 1971
LA: English
CP: EGYPT
MESH:
*Plant-Poisoning; *Substance-Related-Disorders
MESH:
Adult-; Aged-; Body-Temperature-drug-effects; Middle-Age; Pulsedrug-effects; Reflex-drug-effects
TG: Human
PT: Journal-Article
SH: drug-effects
SB: Index-Medicus
UD: 19720509
AN: 5140001
TI:
Experience in the control of khat-chewing in Somalia.
AU: Elmi,-A-S; Ahmed,-Y-H; Samatar,-M-S
AD: Head, Morphology and Pathology Department, Medical Faculty, Somalia
National University, Mogadishu.
SO: Bull-Narc. 1987; 39(2): 51-7
IS:
0007-523X
PY: 1987
LA: English
CP: UNITED-STATES
AB: The chewing of the leaves of the plant called khat (Catha edulis Forsk) is a
common habit in some countries of East Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. Khatchewing has a stimulating effect on the central nervous system, which is the reason
for the widespread abuse of this plant. From the mid-1960s to the early 1980s, khatchewing spread from the limited area of the north-western part of Somalia to the
whole country, assuming epidemic proportions. Khat-chewing was recognized as a
real national problem with adverse consequences for the health and socio-economic
development of the country. A law prohibiting the use, importation, cultivation and
trade of khat was enacted in 1983, and it has been strongly enforced by a
comprehensive national programme that has mobilized the whole country to achieve
its objectives. Committees to co-ordinate action on khat control were established at
the national, regional and local levels. An information and education campaign
through the use of the mass media has been carried out to support the national
programme. After the successes achieved in the enforcement of the prohibition law,
the national authorities, hampered by a shortage of financial resources, have had
major difficulties in providing farmers with adequate compensation for damage
caused to them by the destruction of khat plantations. Difficulties were also
experienced in coping with the unemployment of those who were involved in the
khat business and in establishing the recreational facilities needed to provide
healthy social alternatives to khat-chewing sessions. These difficulties have only
been partly solved.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
MESH:
*Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants; *Plant-Extracts; *SubstanceRelated-Disorders-prevention-and-control
MESH:
Catha-; Legislation,-Drug; SomaliaTG: Human
PT: Journal-Article
SH: prevention-and-control
RN: 0; 0
NM: Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants; Plant-Extracts
SB: Index-Medicus
UD: 20021101
AN: 2896525
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
Use of khat in lactating women: a pilot study on breast-milk secretion.
AU: Kristiansson,-B; Abdul-Ghani,-N; Eriksson,-M; Garle,-M; Qirbi,-A
AD: Department of Pediatrics I, Gothenburg, University, Sweden.
SO: J-Ethnopharmacol. 1987 Sep-Oct; 21(1): 85-90
IS:
0378-8741
PY: 1987
LA: English
CP: SWITZERLAND
AB: Nor-pseudoephedrine, one of the active ingredients of khat (Catha edulis),
was found to be excreted in breast-milk in several lactating women who were
chewing the leaves of the shrub according to the local customs. The compound could
be traced in the urine of one breast-fed infant. It is concluded that the use of khat
during lactation should be discouraged until further research has clearly elucidated
the potential health hazards.
MESH:
*Milk,-Human-metabolism; *Plant-Extracts-adverse-effects
MESH:
Catha-; Phenylpropanolamine-analysis; Phenylpropanolaminemetabolism; Pilot-Projects; Plant-Extracts-metabolism
TG: Female; Human
PT: Journal-Article
SH: metabolism; analysis; adverse-effects
RN: 0; 14838-15-4; 36393-56-3
NM: Plant-Extracts; Phenylpropanolamine; norpseudoephedrine
SB: Index-Medicus
UD: 20021101
AN: 3695559
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
Importing khat, legal but dangerous.
AU: Goudie,-A-J
SO: Lancet. 1987 Dec 5; 2(8571): 1340-1
IS:
0140-6736
PY: 1987
LA: English
CP: ENGLAND
MESH:
*Alkaloids-adverse-effects; *Phenylpropanolamine-adverse-effects;
*Plants-; *Substance-Related-Disorders
MESH:
Great-Britain
TG: Human
PT: Letter
SH: adverse-effects
RN: 0; 14838-15-4; 36393-56-3; 5265-18-9
NM: Alkaloids; Phenylpropanolamine; norpseudoephedrine; cathinone
SB: Abridged-Index-Medicus; Index-Medicus
UD: 20001218
AN: 2890946
TI:
The content of psychoactive phenylpropyl and phenylpentenyl khatamines in
Catha edulis Forsk. of different origin.
AU: Geisshusler,-S; Brenneisen,-R
AD: Institute of Pharmacy, University of Berne, Switzerland.
SO: J-Ethnopharmacol. 1987 May; 19(3): 269-77
IS:
0378-8741
PY: 1987
LA: English
CP: SWITZERLAND
AB: Khat, the leaves of Catha edulis Forsk. (Celastraceae), is widely used as a
stimulant in East Africa and the Arab Peninsula. Samples from the most important
markets of Ethiopia, Kenya, North Yemen and Madagascar were analysed with
high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) concerning their khatamine
content (phenylpropyl and phenylpentenylamines). The variability of khatamines
depending on origin, type and quality is discussed. In many samples a good
correlation between the amount of cathinone, the main CNS-active compound, and
quality estimation (price) of dealers and consumers was found.
MESH:
*Alkaloids-analysis; *Amphetamine-analysis;
*Phenylpropanolamine-analysis; *Plant-Extracts-analysis; *Plants,-Medicinalanalysis; *Psychotropic-Drugs-pharmacology
MESH:
Africa,-Eastern; Alkaloids-pharmacology; Amphetaminepharmacology; Asia,-Western; Catha-; Chromatography,-High-Pressure-Liquid;
Phenylpropanolamine-pharmacology
TG: Support,-Non-U.S.-Gov't
PT: Journal-Article
SH: analysis; pharmacology
RN: 0; 0; 0; 14838-15-4; 300-62-9; 36393-56-3; 5265-18-9
NM: Alkaloids; Plant-Extracts; Psychotropic-Drugs; Phenylpropanolamine;
Amphetamine; norpseudoephedrine; cathinone
SB: Index-Medicus
UD: 20021101
AN: 3669688
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
A comparison of the effects of phenylpropanolamine, d-amphetamine and dnorpseudoephedrine on open-field locomotion and food intake in the rat.
AU: Eisenberg,-M-S; Maher,-T-J; Silverman,-H-I
AD: Department of Pharmacology, Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and
Allied Health Sciences, Boston 02115.
SO: Appetite. 1987 Aug; 9(1): 31-7
IS:
0195-6663
PY: 1987
LA: English
CP: ENGLAND
AB: d,l-Norephedrine (PPA) is available as an over-the-counter appetite
suppressant and nasal decongestant in the U.S.A. The pseudoisomer dnorpseudoephedrine, is available as an appetite suppressant in Europe, and has
been isolated as one of the stimulatory components (cathine) of the Khat plant.
Some authors have misidentified cathine as PPA and this confusion in the literature
has resulted. PPA and d-norpseudoephedrine possess significantly different
pharmacological properties despite having identical structural formulae. Anorectic
activity was determined in a food-deprived rat model. PPA and dnorpseudoephedrine were approximately one-tenth as potent as d-amphetamine
with all compounds producing a dose-dependent decrease in food intake. Locomotor
activity in an open-field apparatus was determined as an index of CNS stimulation.
Male Sprague-Dawley rats treated with d-norpseudoephedrine, in doses between 10
and 50 mg/kg, exhibited significantly increased locomotor scores compared to saline
(control) treated animals, an increase similar to that caused by 2 mg/kg damphetamine. PPA (5-50 mg/kg) failed to increase locomotion significantly. These
results indicate that although each compound tested decreased food intake in a
dose-dependent fashion, significant differences in open-field locomotion do exist
between PPA, d-norpseudoephedrine, and d-amphetamine. Stereoisomeric
compounds, although structurally similar, frequently have different
pharmacological effects. Thus extreme care must be taken to properly identify these
compounds in the literature.
MESH:
*Dextroamphetamine-pharmacology; *Eating-drug-effects; *MotorActivity-drug-effects; *Phenylpropanolamine-pharmacology
MESH:
Appetite-drug-effects; Dose-Response-Relationship,-Drug;
Exploratory-Behavior-drug-effects; Rats-; Rats,-Inbred-Strains; SocialEnvironment
TG: Animal; Comparative-Study; Male; Support,-Non-U.S.-Gov't
PT: Journal-Article
SH: drug-effects; pharmacology
RN: 14838-15-4; 36393-56-3; 51-64-9
NM: Phenylpropanolamine; norpseudoephedrine; Dextroamphetamine
SB: Index-Medicus
UD: 20001218
AN: 3662492
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
Khat-induced paranoid psychosis.
AU: Anonymous
SO: Br-J-Psychiatry. 1987 Jun; 150: 875-6
IS:
0007-1250
PY: 1987
LA: English
CP: ENGLAND
MESH:
*Paranoid-Disorders-chemically-induced; *Plant-Extracts-adverseeffects
MESH:
CathaTG: Human
PT: Letter
SH: chemically-induced; adverse-effects
RN: 0
NM: Plant-Extracts
SB: Index-Medicus
UD: 20021101
AN: 3651752
TI:
AU:
Khat psychosis.
McLaren,-P
SO: Br-J-Psychiatry. 1987 May; 150: 712-3
IS:
0007-1250
PY: 1987
LA: English
CP: ENGLAND
MESH:
*Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants-adverse-effects; *PlantExtracts-adverse-effects; *Psychoses,-Substance-Induced-etiology
MESH:
Adult-; CathaTG: Case-Report; Human; Male
PT: Letter
SH: adverse-effects; etiology
RN: 0; 0
NM: Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants; Plant-Extracts
SB: Index-Medicus
UD: 20021101
AN: 2888505
TI:
Khat-induced paranoid psychosis.
AU: Critchlow,-S; Seifert,-R
AD: Hackney Hospital, London.
SO: Br-J-Psychiatry. 1987 Feb; 150: 247-9
IS:
0007-1250
PY: 1987
LA: English
CP: ENGLAND
MESH:
*Paranoid-Disorders-etiology; *Plants-; *Substance-RelatedDisorders-complications
MESH:
Adult-; Suicide,-Attempted-psychology
TG: Case-Report; Female; Human
PT: Journal-Article
SH: etiology; complications; psychology
SB: Index-Medicus
UD: 20001218
AN: 3651681
TI:
Mitodepressive effect of (-)-cathinone, from Catha edulis (khat), on the
meristematic region of Allium cepa root tips.
AU: Al-Meshal,-I-A
SO: Toxicon. 1987; 25(4): 451-4
IS:
0041-0101
PY: 1987
LA: English
CP: ENGLAND
AB: (-)-Cathinone, a psychostimulant alkaloid from khat, showed a significant
mitodepressive effect on the dividing cells of Allium cepa root tips. This effect was
dose-dependent and irreversible. Exposure of root cell to cathinone for 48 hr
produced significant condensation and clumping of chromosomes, sticky
metaphases and anaphase bridges. Our study suggests that the teratogenic and
mutagenic effects of khat extracts as reported by earlier workers might be partially
or totally due to their (-)-cathinone content.
MESH:
*Alkaloids-toxicity; *Mitosis-drug-effects; *Mutagens-; *Plantscytology
MESH:
Chromosomes-drug-effects; Depression,-Chemical
PT: Journal-Article
SH: toxicity; drug-effects; cytology
RN: 0; 0; 5265-18-9
NM: Alkaloids; Mutagens; cathinone
SB: Index-Medicus
UD: 20001218
AN: 3617083
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
Prevalence of khat chewers among primary health clinic attenders in Kenya.
AU: Omolo,-O-E; Dhadphale,-M
SO: Acta-Psychiatr-Scand. 1987 Mar; 75(3): 318-20
IS:
0001-690X
PY: 1987
LA: English
CP: DENMARK
AB: In a rural district hospital in Kenya, the authors screened 100 randomly
selected outpatients for khat (miraa) chewing. A surprisingly high number of them
admitted chewing khat leaves. The implications of this finding and the controversy
about whether or not khat is a harmful drug are discussed.
MESH:
*Plant-Extracts-administration-and-dosage
MESH:
Adolescent-; Adult-; Catha-; Kenya-; Mastication-; Middle-Age;
Outpatient-Clinics,-Hospital; Substance-Related-Disorders-epidemiology
TG: Human
PT: Journal-Article
SH: administration-and-dosage; epidemiology
RN: 0
NM: Plant-Extracts
SB: Index-Medicus
UD: 20021101
AN: 3591416
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
The influence of khat-chewing on birth-weight in full-term infants.
AU: Abdul-Ghani,-N; Eriksson,-M; Kristiansson,-B; Qirbi,-A
SO: Soc-Sci-Med. 1987; 24(7): 625-7
IS:
0277-9536
PY: 1987
LA: English
CP: ENGLAND
AB: The leaves of the shrub Catha edulis (khat) are widely chewed as part of
social life in several countries around the Red Sea and in East Africa. The leaves
possess stimulant properties and are also used by pregnant women. The effect of
khat on birth-weight has been studied, It was found that healthy full-term,
singletons, born after uneventful pregnancies and deliveries, had a significantly
lower average birth-weight when the mothers were khat-chewers, either habitually
or occasionally (P less than 0.001). Khat-chewing appears to be one of several
maternal practices adverse to the fetus.
MESH:
*Birth-Weight; *Plant-Extracts; *Pregnancy-Complications;
*Substance-Related-Disorders
MESH:
Catha-; Culture-; Infant,-Newborn; Mastication-; YemenTG: Female; Human; Pregnancy; Support,-Non-U.S.-Gov't
PT: Journal-Article
RN: 0
NM: Plant-Extracts
SB: Index-Medicus
UD: 20021101
AN: 3589757
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
Effect of the khat alkaloid (+)norpseudoephedrine on uteroplacental blood
flow in the guinea pig.
AU: Jansson,-T; Kristiansson,-B; Qirbi,-A
SO: Pharmacology. 1987; 34(2-3): 89-95
IS:
0031-7012
PY: 1987
LA: English
CP: SWITZERLAND
AB: In order to investigate effects of khat chewing on uteroplacental blood flow
(+)norpseudoephedrine (NPE) infusions were given to 11 anesthetized guinea pigs in
late pregnancy (62-66 days) after unilateral uterine artery ligation at days 30-32.
Regional blood flows were determined with radioactive microspheres. Mean arterial
blood pressure increased with 25% and heart rate with 9% during NPE infusion.
Myoendometrial blood flow was reduced by 31%. Placental vascular resistance
(PVR) increased by 56% in the control horn (17 fetuses) and by 82% in the ligated
horn (17 fetuses). This vasoconstriction was counteracted by the systemic
vasopressor response since placental blood flow remained unchanged. When
considering only the 13 growth-retarded fetuses, however, PVR increased by 98%
and a 19% reduction of placental blood flow could be demonstrated. These results
suggest that the placenta of the growth-retarded fetus may be more sensitive to
adrenergic stimulation than the normal placenta. Furthermore, since one of the
active constituents of khat, (+)norpseudoephedrine, causes vasoconstriction in the
uteroplacental vascular bed it is possible that khat chewing could reduce placental
blood flow and, as a consequence, impair fetal growth.
MESH:
*Appetite-Depressants-pharmacology; *Phenylpropanolaminepharmacology; *Placenta-blood-supply; *Uterus-blood-supply
MESH:
Body-Weight-drug-effects; Cardiac-Output-drug-effects; Catha-;
Fetus-drug-effects; Guinea-Pigs; Hemodynamics-drug-effects; Organ-Weight-drugeffects; Placenta-drug-effects; Plant-Extracts; Regional-Blood-Flow-drug-effects;
Vascular-Resistance-drug-effects
TG: Animal; Female; Male; Pregnancy; Support,-Non-U.S.-Gov't
PT: Journal-Article
SH: pharmacology; drug-effects; blood-supply
RN: 0; 0; 14838-15-4; 36393-56-3
NM: Appetite-Depressants; Plant-Extracts; Phenylpropanolamine;
norpseudoephedrine
SB: Index-Medicus
UD: 20021101
AN: 3588659
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
The oral and dental effects of q'at chewing.
AU: Hill,-C-M; Gibson,-A
SO: Oral-Surg-Oral-Med-Oral-Pathol. 1987 Apr; 63(4): 433-6
IS:
0030-4220
PY: 1987
LA: English
CP: UNITED-STATES
AB: A survey of 121 male volunteers who were questioned regarding their
attitudes to q'at (Khat or Catha edulis) is presented. This preceded a dental
examination that revealed a low caries rate, an inverse relationship between
periodontal pocket depth and the chewing side, and evidence of temporomandibular
joint dysfunction. Keratosis of the buccal mucosa--probably related to q'at chewing-was also seen. No evidence has been found to suggest that q'at chewing has
particularly detrimental oral or dental effects.
MESH:
*Dental-Caries-etiology; *Mouth-Diseases-etiology; *PlantsMESH:
Adolescent-; Adult-; Dental-Caries-diagnosis; Laterality-;
Leukoplakia,-Oral-etiology; Mastication-; Mouth-Diseases-diagnosis; MouthMucosa-pathology; Periodontal-Pocket-diagnosis; Periodontal-Pocket-etiology;
Temporomandibular-Joint-Disorders-diagnosis; Temporomandibular-JointDisorders-etiology; YemenTG: Human; Male
PT: Journal-Article
SH: diagnosis; etiology; pathology
SB: Dental; Index-Medicus
UD: 20021101
AN: 3472143
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
The effect of phenylpentenyl-khatamines on the release of radioactivity from
rat striatal tissue prelabelled with [3H]dopamine.
AU: Kalix,-P; Geisshusler,-S; Brenneisen,-R
SO: J-Pharm-Pharmacol. 1987 Feb; 39(2): 135-7
IS:
0022-3573
PY: 1987
LA: English
CP: ENGLAND
AB: The CNS-stimulating properties of leaves of the khat shrub (Catha edulis,
Celastraceae) are presumed to be due mainly to (-)-cathinone, a phenylpropylamine
alkaloid that has been shown to have an amphetamine-like releasing effect at
physiological catecholamine storage sites. Recently, several phenylpentenylamine
alkaloids have been identified in khat leaves, and these have been evaluated, invitro, in the present study for their ability to induce release of radioactivity from
[3H]dopamine-prelabelled rat striatal tissue. It was found that the
phenylpentenylamines have a weak releasing effect, and are therefore considered
unlikely to play an important role in the stimulating properties of khat leaves.
MESH:
*Alkaloids-pharmacology; *Caudate-Nucleus-drug-effects; *CentralNervous-System-Stimulants-pharmacology; *Dopamine-metabolism; *PlantExtracts-pharmacology
MESH:
Amines-pharmacology; Catha-; Caudate-Nucleus-metabolism;
Phenylpropanolamine-pharmacology; Rats-; Tritium-diagnostic-use
TG: Animal; In-Vitro
PT: Journal-Article
SH: pharmacology; drug-effects; metabolism; diagnostic-use
RN: 0; 0; 0; 0; 10028-17-8; 14838-15-4; 36393-56-3; 51-61-6; 5265-18-9
NM: Alkaloids; Amines; Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants; Plant-Extracts;
Tritium; Phenylpropanolamine; norpseudoephedrine; Dopamine; cathinone
SB: Index-Medicus
UD: 20021101
AN: 2882000
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
Alcohol use among khat (Catha) chewers in Kenya.
AU: Omolo,-O-E; Dhadphale,-M
SO: Br-J-Addict. 1987 Jan; 82(1): 97-9
IS:
0952-0481
PY: 1987
LA: English
CP: ENGLAND
MESH:
*Alcohol-Drinking; *Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants; *PlantExtracts; *Substance-Related-Disorders-epidemiology
MESH:
Adult-; Catha-; Cross-Sectional-Studies; Kenya-; Middle-Age
TG: Female; Human; Male
PT: Journal-Article
SH: epidemiology
RN: 0; 0
NM: Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants; Plant-Extracts
SB: Index-Medicus
UD: 20021101
AN: 2881571
TI:
Khat: scientific knowledge and policy issues.
AU: Kalix,-P
SO: Br-J-Addict. 1987 Jan; 82(1): 47-53
IS:
0952-0481
PY: 1987
LA: English
CP: ENGLAND
MESH:
*Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants; *Plant-Extracts; *SubstanceRelated-Disorders-etiology
MESH:
Africa-; Alkaloids-; Arousal-drug-effects; Catha-; PsychotropicDrugs; Public-Policy; Substance-Related-Disorders-prevention-and-control
TG: Animal; Human
PT: Journal-Article
SH: drug-effects; etiology; prevention-and-control
RN: 0; 0; 0; 0; 5265-18-9
NM: Alkaloids; Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants; Plant-Extracts;
Psychotropic-Drugs; cathinone
SB: Index-Medicus
UD: 20021101
AN: 2881570
TI:
Clastogenic evaluation of cathinone and amphetamine in somatic cells of
mice.
AU: Tariq,-M; Parmar,-N-S; Qureshi,-S; el-Feraly,-F-S; Al-Meshal,-I-A
SO: Mutat-Res. 1987 Feb; 190(2): 153-7
IS:
0027-5107
PY: 1987
LA: English
CP: NETHERLANDS
AB: Clastogenic effects of cathinone, the active principle from khat (Catha edulis)
and amphetamine, a compound having similar chemical structure and
pharmacological activity, have been studied on the somatic cells of mice. Both of
them produced marked clastogenic activity and affected the cell proliferation in the
bone marrow of mice. They induced a significant increase in the frequency of
micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes at higher doses. These results
substantiate our earlier observations on the clastogenic and mitodepressive activity
of cathinone on the meristematic region of Allium cepa, and indicate that cathinone
may be responsible for the mutagenic effect of khat reported by other workers. The
clastogenic effects of amphetamine are being reported for the first time. Further
studies are required to substantiate these findings and to study whether cathinone
and amphetamine produce a direct clastogenic effect or whether they act as spindle
poisons.
MESH:
*Alkaloids-pharmacology; *Amphetamine-pharmacology;
*Erythrocytes-drug-effects
MESH:
Alkaloids-toxicity; Amphetamine-toxicity; Bone-Marrow-drugeffects; Bone-Marrow-pathology; Bone-Marrow-Diseases-chemically-induced;
Bone-Marrow-Diseases-pathology; Cell-Division-drug-effects; Cell-Nucleus-drugeffects; Cell-Nucleus-ultrastructure; Erythrocytes-ultrastructure; Mice-
TG: Animal; Support,-Non-U.S.-Gov't
PT: Journal-Article
SH: pharmacology; toxicity; drug-effects; pathology; chemically-induced;
ultrastructure
RN: 0; 300-62-9; 5265-18-9
NM: Alkaloids; Amphetamine; cathinone
SB: Index-Medicus
UD: 20001218
AN: 3821773
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
Recent advances in khat research.
AU: Kalix,-P
SO: Alcohol-Alcohol. 1984; 19(4): 319-23
IS:
0735-0414
PY: 1984
LA: English
CP: ENGLAND
AB: Khat leaves are widely used as a stimulant in East Africa and the Arabian
Peninsula and the effect of the material was formerly believed to be due to its content of
norpseudoephedrine. Recently, however, a new alkaloid, cathinone, has been discovered
in khat, and this substance was found to be a potent compound with a pharmacological
profile closely resembling that of amphetamine. It was also found that cathinone has the
same mechanism of action as amphetamine, i.e. that it causes release at physiological
catecholamine storage sites. The present report summarizes the pharmacology of
cathinone and shows that this alkaloid must be considered to be the main active
constituent of khat.
MESH:
*Alkaloids-pharmacology; *Plant-Extracts-analysis; *PsychotropicDrugs-pharmacology
MESH:
Alkaloids-analysis; Amphetamine-pharmacology; Brain-drug-effects;
Brain-metabolism; Catha-; Chemistry-; Dopamine-metabolism; Heart-drug-effects;
Norepinephrine-secretion; Plant-Extracts-metabolism; Plant-Extracts-pharmacology;
Psychotropic-Drugs-analysis; Receptors,-Serotonin-metabolism
TG: Animal; Human
PT:
Journal-Article; Review
SH: analysis; pharmacology; drug-effects; metabolism; secretion
RN: 0; 0; 0; 0; 300-62-9; 51-41-2; 51-61-6; 5265-18-9
NM: Alkaloids; Plant-Extracts; Psychotropic-Drugs; Receptors,-Serotonin;
Amphetamine; Norepinephrine; Dopamine; cathinone
SB:
Index-Medicus
UD: 20021101
AN: 6398076
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
Effect of the alkaloid (-)-cathinone on the release of radioactivity from rat striatal
tissue prelabelled with 3H-serotonin.
AU: Kalix,-P
SO: Neuropsychobiology. 1984; 12(2-3): 127-9
IS:
0302-282X
PY: 1984
LA: English
CP: SWITZERLAND
AB: The alkaloid (-)-cathinone, which accounts for the stimulating properties of khat
leaves, has a pharmacological profile closely resembling that of (+)-amphetamine. Since
amphetamine is known to induce release at CNS serotonin storage sites, experiments
were performed to determine whether (-)-cathinone also displays this aspect of
amphetamine action. When the effects of (-)-cathinone and (+)-amphetamine on the
release of radioactivity from rat striatal tissue prelabelled with 3H-serotonin were
compared, it was found that (-)-cathinone had a releasing effect similar to that of (+)amphetamine, although it was only one third as potent. Thus, the khat alkaloid (-)cathinone appears to share an important effect of (+)-amphetamine on serotoninergic
neurotransmission.
MESH:
*Alkaloids-pharmacology; *Caudate-Nucleus-metabolism; *Serotoninmetabolism
MESH:
Behavior,-Animal-drug-effects; Dextroamphetamine-pharmacology; RatsTG: Animal; Comparative-Study; In-Vitro
PT:
Journal-Article
SH: pharmacology; drug-effects; metabolism
RN: 0; 50-67-9; 51-64-9; 5265-18-9
NM: Alkaloids; Serotonin; Dextroamphetamine; cathinone
SB:
Index-Medicus
UD: 20001218
AN: 6527753
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
Khat: an amphetamine-like plant material.
AU: Kalix,-P; Khan,-I
SO: Bull-World-Health-Organ. 1984; 62(5): 681-6
IS:
0042-9686
PY: 1984
LA: English
CP: SWITZERLAND
MESH:
*Alkaloids-pharmacology; *Central-Nervous-System-drug-effects;
*Psychotropic-Drugs; *Substance-Related-Disorders
TG: Human
PT:
Journal-Article
SH: pharmacology; drug-effects
RN: 0; 0; 5265-18-9
NM: Alkaloids; Psychotropic-Drugs; cathinone
SB:
Index-Medicus
UD: 20001218
AN: 6334569
TI:
Prolonged analgesia induced by cathinone. The role of stress and opioid and
nonopioid mechanisms.
AU: Nencini,-P; Ahmed,-A-M; Anania,-M-C; Moscucci,-M; Paroli,-E
SO: Pharmacology. 1984; 29(5): 269-81
IS:
0031-7012
PY: 1984
LA: English
CP: SWITZERLAND
AB: Cathinone, the active principle of Catha edulis (khat), shows long-lasting
analgesic effects when the tail-flick test is used in rats. The involvement of monoamines,
endogenous opioids and stress in this analgesic effect was tested. Both early (30 min) and
late (24 h) analgesic effects of cathinone were prevented by reserpine or pchlorophenylalanine, which deplete catecholamines or serotonin, respectively, and by
nomifensine, which prevents neuronal uptake of biogenic amines and amphetamines. The
same inhibitory effect was obtained with a high dose (4 mg/kg) of naloxone. However,
rats made tolerant to morphine retained both early and late analgesic response to
cathinone. The increase in plasma ACTH induced by the tail-flick test at 30 min and 24 h
was significantly enhanced by cathinone, in a naloxone-reversible way. However, the
analgesic responses shown at these times were not prevented by either dexamethasone or
adrenalectomy. We conclude that the prolonged analgesia induced by cathinone is
primarily due to an amphetamine-like activation of monoaminergic pathways, but
requires the integrity of non-mu-opioid mechanisms. The involvement of the
adrenohypophyseal axis in this cathinone effect is less probable.
MESH:
*Alkaloids-pharmacology; *Analgesia-; *Psychotropic-Drugspharmacology; *Receptors,-Opioid-drug-effects
MESH:
Alkaloids-antagonists-and-inhibitors; Corticotropin-blood;
Dexamethasone-pharmacology; Fenclonine-pharmacology; Nociceptors-drug-effects;
Nomifensine-pharmacology; Rats-; Rats,-Inbred-Strains; Reserpine-pharmacology;
Stress,-Psychological-physiopathology; Time-Factors
TG: Animal; Human; Male; Support,-Non-U.S.-Gov't
PT:
Journal-Article
SH: antagonists-and-inhibitors; pharmacology; blood; drug-effects; physiopathology
RN: 0; 0; 0; 24526-64-5; 50-02-2; 50-55-5; 5265-18-9; 7424-00-2; 9002-60-2
NM: Alkaloids; Psychotropic-Drugs; Receptors,-Opioid; Nomifensine;
Dexamethasone; Reserpine; cathinone; Fenclonine; Corticotropin
SB:
Index-Medicus
UD: 20001218
AN: 6093160
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
Possible involvement of amine oxidase inhibition in the sympathetic activation
induced by khat (Catha edulis) chewing in humans.
AU: Nencini,-P; Amiconi,-G; Befani,-O; Abdullahi,-M-A; Anania,-M-C
SO: J-Ethnopharmacol. 1984 Jun; 11(1): 79-86
IS:
0378-8741
PY: 1984
LA: English
CP: SWITZERLAND
AB: The possibility that phenylalkylamines (cathinone and cathine) of khat, like
amphetamines, are amine oxidase inhibitors with clinical significance is evaluated.
Results show that khat chewing induces a significant increase in blood pressure, body
temperature and urinary catecholamines in khat naive subjects. On the other hand, in
habitual consumers a significant enhancement only of blood pressure is observed.
Urinary concentrations of vanilmandelic acid show an inhibitory trend in both groups of
subjects. This has been related to a decrease in catecholamine deamination. In fact,
oxidative deamination of benzylamine catalyzed by beef plasma amine oxidase is noncompetitively inhibited in vitro by cathinone (Ki = 0.05 mM) and cathine (Ki = 10 mM)
as well as by amphetamine (Ki = 7.9 mM).
MESH:
*Amine-Oxidoreductases-antagonists-and-inhibitors; *Central-NervousSystem-Stimulants-pharmacology; *Plant-Extracts; *Sympathetic-Nervous-System-drugeffects
MESH:
Adult-; Amphetamine-pharmacology; Catecholamines-metabolism; CathaTG: Human; Male; Support,-Non-U.S.-Gov't
PT:
Journal-Article
SH: antagonists-and-inhibitors; pharmacology; metabolism; drug-effects
RN: 0; 0; 0; 300-62-9; EC 1.4.3.-; EC 1.5.
NM: Catecholamines; Central-Nervous-System-Stimulants; Plant-Extracts;
Amphetamine; amine-oxidase; Amine-Oxidoreductases
SB:
Index-Medicus
UD: 20021101
AN: 6147440
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
The activities of the Narcotics Laboratory Section of the Division of Narcotic
Drugs in supporting national laboratories. United Nations Secretariat.
AU: Anonymous
SO: Bull-Narc. 1984 Jan-Mar; 36(1): 69-74
IS:
0007-523X
PY: 1984
LA: English
CP: UNITED-STATES
AB: Since the establishment of the Narcotics Laboratory Section of the Division of
Narcotic Drugs of the United Nations Secretariat in 1954, in accordance with resolution
834 (IX) of the United Nations General Assembly, the activities of the Narcotics
Laboratory Section have developed according to the recommendations of the
Commission on Narcotic Drugs. The Narcotics Laboratory Section carried out research
on opium, cannabis, khat and codeine. The current programme of the Laboratory Section
includes the following activities: Providing training in drug identification techniques to
scientists, primarily from developing countries, and developing training standards;
Strengthening national narcotics laboratories in developing countries, including the
procurement of basic laboratory equipment; Developing standard testing methods
applicable in developing countries; Providing reference samples for analytical and
research purposes; Providing scientific and technical information on drugs of abuse;
Collaborating with national narcotics laboratories.
MESH:
*Laboratories-organization-and-administration; *Narcotics-analysis
MESH:
Developing-Countries; International-Cooperation; Street-Drugs-analysis;
United-Nations
PT:
Journal-Article
SH: organization-and-administration; analysis
RN: 0; 0
NM: Narcotics; Street-Drugs
SB:
Index-Medicus
UD: 20001218
AN: 6564905
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
The pharmacology of khat.
AU: Kalix,-P
SO: Gen-Pharmacol. 1984; 15(3): 179-87
IS:
0306-3623
PY: 1984
LA: English
CP: ENGLAND
MESH:
*Alkaloids-pharmacology; *Motor-Activity-drug-effects; *Plant-Extracts;
*Stereotyped-Behavior-drug-effects; *Substance-Related-Disorders
MESH:
Alkaloids-adverse-effects; Catha-; Dextroamphetamine-pharmacology;
Mice-; Phenylpropanolamine-pharmacology; Social-Behavior; StereoisomerismTG: Animal; Female; Human; Male
PT:
Journal-Article; Review
SH: adverse-effects; pharmacology; drug-effects
RN: 0; 0; 14838-15-4; 36393-56-3; 51-64-9; 5265-18-9
NM: Alkaloids; Plant-Extracts; Phenylpropanolamine; norpseudoephedrine;
Dextroamphetamine; cathinone
SB:
Index-Medicus
UD: 20021101
AN: 6376274
TI:
Tolerance develops to sympathetic effects of khat in humans.
AU: Nencini,-P; Ahmed,-A-M; Amiconi,-G; Elmi,-A-S
SO: Pharmacology. 1984; 28(3): 150-4
IS:
0031-7012
PY: 1984
LA: English
CP: SWITZERLAND
AB: Khat chewing has been found to induce, like amphetamines, psychostimulation
and increase in sympathetic tone. The possibility that tolerance develops to these effects
has been studied by comparing the influence of the chewing of a standard dose of khat on
some physiological parameters in chronic consumers and naive subjects. Systolic blood
pressure appears to rise in both groups, but the increase in diastolic pressure was more
marked in naive subjects and inversely related to the reduction of pulse rate. The
increases of respiratory rate and body temperature were also higher in naive subjects. In
both groups, all these effects disappeared after 18 h. These results are consistent with an
amphetamine-like mechanism of action and suggest that tolerance develops to the
sympathetic effects of khat.
MESH:
*Plant-Extracts-pharmacology; *Sympathetic-Nervous-System-drugeffects
MESH:
Adult-; Behavior-drug-effects; Blood-Pressure-drug-effects; BodyTemperature-drug-effects; Catha-; Drug-Tolerance; Middle-Age; Pulse-drug-effects;
Respiration-drug-effects; Somalia-; Substance-Related-Disorders-physiopathology
TG: Human; Support,-Non-U.S.-Gov't
PT:
Journal-Article
SH: drug-effects; pharmacology; physiopathology
RN: 0
NM: Plant-Extracts
SB:
Index-Medicus
UD: 20021101
AN: 6718481
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
Khat-induced schizophreniform psychosis in UK.
AU: Anonymous
SO: Lancet. 1984 Feb 25; 1(8374): 455
IS:
0140-6736
PY: 1984
LA: English
CP: ENGLAND
MESH:
*Plant-Extracts; *Psychoses,-Substance-Induced-etiology; *SubstanceRelated-Disorders
MESH:
Adult-; Amphetamines-poisoning; Catha-; Great-Britain; Yemenethnology
TG: Case-Report; Human; Male
PT:
Letter
SH: poisoning; etiology; ethnology
RN: 0; 0
NM: Amphetamines; Plant-Extracts
SB:
Abridged-Index-Medicus; Index-Medicus
UD: 20021101
AN: 6142183
TI:
Amphetamine psychosis due to khat leaves.
AU: Kalix,-P
SO: Lancet. 1984 Jan 7; 1(8367): 46
IS:
0140-6736
PY: 1984
LA: English
CP: ENGLAND
MESH:
*Amphetamine-poisoning; *Bipolar-Disorder-chemically-induced; *PlantExtracts-poisoning
MESH:
CathaTG: Human
PT:
Letter
SH: poisoning; chemically-induced
RN: 0; 300-62-9
NM: Plant-Extracts; Amphetamine
SB:
Abridged-Index-Medicus; Index-Medicus
UD: 20021101
AN: 6140368
TI:
A manic-like psychosis due to khat (Catha edulis Forsk.).
AU: Giannini,-A-J; Castellani,-S
SO: J-Toxicol-Clin-Toxicol. 1982 Jul; 19(5): 455-9
IS:
0731-3810
PY: 1982
LA: English
CP: UNITED-STATES
AB: A case is presented of a 23-year-old male who displayed symptoms of manic
psychosis and increased sympathetic activity following ingestion of khat (Catha edulis
Forsk.). The causal role of khat was verified by visual inspection of the plant and
chemical identification of phenylpropanolamine in the urine. The active constituents and
possible abuse potential of khat are discussed.
MESH:
*Bipolar-Disorder-etiology; *Plant-Poisoning
MESH:
Adult-; Phenylpropanolamine-urine
TG: Case-Report; Human; Male
PT:
Journal-Article
SH: etiology; urine
RN: 14838-15-4
NM: Phenylpropanolamine
SB:
Abridged-Index-Medicus; Index-Medicus
UD: 20001218
AN: 7175990
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
Naloxone-reversible antinociceptive activity of cathinone, the active principle of
khat, in the mouse and rat.
AU: Nencini,-P; Ahmed,-A-M
SO: Pharmacol-Res-Commun. 1982 Sep; 14(8): 759-70
IS:
0031-6989
PY: 1982
LA: English
CP: UNITED-STATES
MESH:
*Alkaloids-pharmacology; *Analgesia-; *Naloxone-pharmacology;
*Plants,-Medicinal
MESH:
Behavior,-Animal-drug-effects; Kinetics-; Mice-; Rats-; Rats,-InbredStrains
TG: Animal; Male; Support,-Non-U.S.-Gov't
PT:
Journal-Article
SH: pharmacology; drug-effects
RN: 0; 465-65-6; 5265-18-9
NM: Alkaloids; Naloxone; cathinone
SB:
Index-Medicus
UD: 20001218
AN: 7146059
TI:
Neurochemical similarities between d,l-cathinone and d-amphetamine.
AU: Wagner,-G-C; Preston,-K; Ricaurte,-G-A; Schuster,-C-R; Seiden,-L-S
SO: Drug-Alcohol-Depend. 1982 Aug; 9(4): 279-84
IS:
0376-8716
PY: 1982
LA: English
CP: SWITZERLAND
AB: Cathinone, the principal alkaloid of Khat, was compared to the psychomotor
stimulant d-amphetamine on a number of neurochemical measures. Like d-amphetamine,
d,l-cathinone released and blocked the uptake of tritiated dopamine (DA) in
synaptosomal preparations. In addition, repeated high doses of d,l-cathinone produced
long-lasting DA depletions in various rat brain regions and decreased the number of
synaptosomal DA uptake sites in a manner similar to that seen after repeated damphetamine administration. Importantly, this DA neurotoxic effect of d,l-cathinone, like
that of d-amphetamine, is selective since regional brain levels of norepinephrine (NE) or
serotonin (5-HT) are not altered on a long-term basis by repeated administration of d,lcathinone. These findings are discussed with reference to the current practice of Khat leaf
chewing by people in north-eastern Africa.
MESH:
*Alkaloids-pharmacology; *Brain-Chemistry-drug-effects;
*Dextroamphetamine-pharmacology
MESH:
Dopamine-metabolism; Norepinephrine-analysis; Rats-; Rats,-InbredStrains; Serotonin-analysis; Tritium-diagnostic-use
TG: Animal; Comparative-Study; Male; Support,-Non-U.S.-Gov't; Support,-U.S.Gov't,-P.H.S.
PT:
Journal-Article
SH: pharmacology; drug-effects; metabolism; analysis; diagnostic-use
RN: 0; 10028-17-8; 50-67-9; 51-41-2; 51-61-6; 51-64-9; 5265-18-9
NM: Alkaloids; Tritium; Serotonin; Norepinephrine; Dopamine; Dextroamphetamine;
cathinone
CN: 00085PHS; DA00250DANIDA; PH55T329M07151PHPHPPO
SB:
Index-Medicus
UD: 20001218
AN: 7128450
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
The amphetamine-like releasing effect of the alkaloid (-)cathinone on rat nucleus
accumbens and rabbit caudate nucleus.
AU: Kalix,-P
SO: Prog-Neuropsychopharmacol-Biol-Psychiatry. 1982; 6(1): 43-9
IS:
0278-5846
PY: 1982
LA: English
CP: ENGLAND
AB: 1. (-)Cathinone, a new alkaloid from khat leaves, has recently been reported to
have amphetamine-like behavioral effects. In order to investigate the effects of this
compound on the cellular level, slices of rat nucleus accumbens, prelabelled with 3Hdopamine, were superfused with solutions of (-)cathinone. 2. It was found that ()cathinone, as (+)amphetamine, enhanced the release of radioactivity from rat nucleus
accumbens tissue. 3. In similar experiments on rabbit caudate nucleus it was observed
that the catecholamine reuptake inhibitors benztropine, nomifensine and mazindol were
able to block the (-)cathinone-induced release, indicating that the alkaloid has to
penetrate to intraneuronal sites in order to evoke release. 4. It is concluded that the
pharmacological similarity between (-)cathinone and (+)amphetamine extends to the
cellular level and that the behavioral effects of (-)cathinone are due to stimulation of
release from central catecholamine storage sites.
MESH:
*Alkaloids-pharmacology; *Caudate-Nucleus-drug-effects;
*Dextroamphetamine-pharmacology; *Neural-Inhibition-drug-effects; *NucleusAccumbens-drug-effects; *Septal-Nuclei-drug-effects
MESH:
Benztropine-pharmacology; Dopamine-metabolism; Dose-ResponseRelationship,-Drug; Mazindol-pharmacology; Nomifensine-pharmacology; RabbitsTG: Animal
PT:
Journal-Article
SH: pharmacology; drug-effects; metabolism
RN: 0; 22232-71-9; 24526-64-5; 51-61-6; 51-64-9; 5265-18-9; 86-13-5
NM: Alkaloids; Mazindol; Nomifensine; Dopamine; Dextroamphetamine; cathinone;
Benztropine
SB:
Index-Medicus
UD: 20001218
AN: 7202229
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)
TI:
Khat, Suchtdroge des Islams.
[Khat, an addictive drug of Islam]
AU: Schorno,-H-X
SO: Pharm-Unserer-Zeit. 1982 May; 11(3): 65-73
IS:
0048-3664
PY: 1982
LA: German; Non-English
CP: GERMANY,-WEST
MESH:
*Islam-; *Plants,-Medicinal-analysis; *Religion-and-Medicine
MESH:
Africa-; Substance-Related-Disorders
TG: Human
PT:
Journal-Article
SH: analysis
SB:
Index-Medicus
UD: 20001218
AN: 7089022
TI:
The effect of the alkaloid (-)cathinone on the motor activity in mice.
AU: Valterio,-C; Kalix,-P
SO: Arch-Int-Pharmacodyn-Ther. 1982 Feb; 255(2): 196-203
IS:
0301-4533
PY: 1982
LA: English
CP: BELGIUM
AB: Khat leaves, widely used as a stimulant in East Africa and the Arab Peninsula,
contain the alkaloid, (-)cathinone. This substance was found to cause in mice an increase
of locomotor activity characterized by a dose-effect relationship typical for amphetamine.
Furthermore, the effect of (-)cathinone was inhibited by pretreatment of the animals with
the neuroleptics haloperidol, spiroperidol, pimozide, flupentixol and butaclamol.
Pretreatment with reserpine reduced the effect of (-)cathinone moderately; in reserpinized
mice the effect of (-)cathinone was antagonized by the uptake inhibitors mazindol and
nomifensine. Together, these observations indicate that the pharmacology of (-)cathinone
hypermotility closely parallels that of amphetamine hypermotility. The results suggest
that the stimulating properties of khat leaves are due to the presence of an alkaloid with
amphetamine-like effects.
MESH:
*Alkaloids-pharmacology; *Motor-Activity-drug-effects
MESH:
Dose-Response-Relationship,-Drug; Drug-Interactions; Mice-; Reserpinepharmacology
TG: Animal; Male
PT:
Journal-Article
SH: pharmacology; drug-effects
RN: 0; 50-55-5; 5265-18-9
NM: Alkaloids; Reserpine; cathinone
SB:
Index-Medicus
UD: 20001218
AN: 7073403
XREC:
ABSTRACT (AB)