Download Microsoft Word - APES Chapter 23 Study Guide

APES - Chapter 23 Study Guide
Pest Management
1. What is a pest?
2. In a diverse ecosystem populations of species would least likely be kept under control by which of the
following?
• reproductive strategies
• predators
• pesticides
• disease organisms
• parasites
3. Which category would include all of the others?
• nematocides
• fungicides
• pesticides
• herbicides
• insecticides
4. List the different types of pesticides and provide examples of what each would kill?
5. The progressive adaptation made in predator and prey species as a result of their dynamic interaction
is called ______________________________.
6. First generation pesticides would include which of the following?
• inorganic compounds containing toxic metals
• rotenone
• extracts from insect poisons
7. List some natural pesticides.
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8. Where does the pesticide pyrethrum come from?
9. Approximately how many pest-killing ingredients are produced in the U.S.?
10. List some crop plants responsible for the great use of pesticides in the U.S.
11. The average homeowner in the U.S. applies how much pesticide per unit of land compared to
farmers?
12. List some products in which manufacturers have added pesticides.
13. List the types of insecticides mentioned in Table 23-1.
14. Compared to chlorinated hydrocarbons, organophosphates are ________________ persistent and
_______________biologically magnified.
15. List the types of herbicides mentioned in Table 23-1.
16. Chlorinated hydrocarbons are more likely to _____________ than organophosphates and
carbamates.
• contaminate surface water
• degrade quickly in the environment
• be more toxic to organisms other than the targeted pests
• become magnified in the food chain
• contaminate groundwater
17. Of the pesticides listed in Table 23-1, which would persist in an area the longest?
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18. List some examples of chlorinated hydrocarbons.
19. List some examples of botanicals.
20. List some examples of carbamates.
21. List some examples of contact chemicals.
22. According to pesticide proponents, pesticides
• work faster than alternate controls.
• save lives and money.
• kill insects that transmit diseases.
• increase food supplies and lower costs.
23. Proponents of pesticides would say which of the following statements is true?
• Insecticides increase profits for farmers
• Insecticides lower food costs.
• Safer and more effective pesticides are constantly being developed
• The health risks of pesticides are constantly being developed.
24. What would the ideal pesticide do?
25. What is the most serious drawback to using chemicals to control pests?
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26. Broad-spectrum pesticides may increase the number of a pest species through
• development of genetic resistance.
• killing of predators of the pest species.
• killing of parasites that may have kept the population of the pest low.
27. The concept of pesticide treadmill would involve which of the following?
• use of more frequent doses of pesticide
• a switch to new chemicals
• use of stronger doses of pesticides
28. According to the USDA, approximately what % of insecticides applied to crops by aerial spraying
actually reach target pests?
29. According to the USDA, what % of herbicides actually reaches their target weeds?
30. Are chlorinated hydrocarbons biologically magnified?
31. List the insecticide predominately discussed in the text that would most likely become biologically
magnified in a food chain?
32. True/False: In biomagnification organisms at higher trophic levels have more concentrated levels of
toxic substances.
33. Of the following organisms that might occur in a simple aquatic food chain, which organism would
have the highest concentration of DDT if it had spilled in the ecosystem several months before being
measured?
• phytoplankton
• large fish
• birds that feed on large fish
• minnows
• zooplankton
34. In 1987 the EPA rated pesticide residues in foods as the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th or 5th most serious
environmental health threat.
35. List some disorders that have been potentially linked to pesticides.
36. List some chemicals banned under the FIFRA since 1972.
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37. True/False:
• Pesticide companies can export pesticides that have been banned in the U.S.
• Pesticide companies can use a chemical that has been shown to cause cancer or
other harmful effects when the economic benefits exceed the costs.
• Until 1988, if the EPA banned the use of a chemical on an emergency basis, the EPA
had to compensate the pesticide manufacturer.
• Since 1972, at least half of the 56 active ingredients used in pesticides have been
banned or severely restricted.
38. True/False:
• The EPA is charged with the responsibility of determining if active ingredients in
pesticides are carcinogenic.
• The National Academy of Sciences say the federal laws regulating use of pesticides in
the U.S. are inadequate and poorly enforced.
• The EPA carried out reviews of less than 10% of 600 chemicals it was charged with the
responsibility for reevaluating.
• FDA inspectors check half of domestic and imported food for pesticide contamination.
39. True/False:
• Since 1987, the EPA has labeled 100 inert ingredients as “of known or potential
toxicological concern.”
• FIFRA allows the EPA to license new chemicals without full health and safety data.
• FIFRA allows the EPA to leave inadequately tested pesticides on the market.
40. True/False:
• The FIFRA of 1972 required the reevaluation of 600 active ingredients in pesticides.
• Some inert or biologically inactive ingredients in a pesticide can cause harm.
• The FIFRA of 1972 requires the EPA to immediately remove inadequately tested
pesticides from the marketplace.
• Despite $1 billion per year of taxpayers’ money to regulate pesticides, the public health
hazards and ecological damage created by pesticides have not diminished in the past 30
years.
41. In 1993 a study was conducted on pesticide safety by the U.S. National Academy
of Sciences. What did the NAS suggest the government do?
42. List some requirements of the 1996 Food Quality Protection Act.
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43. Which of the following approaches would be the least beneficial in trying to reduce insect damage?
• planting polycultures
• planting barrier hedges around agricultural fields
• planting monocultures
• delaying planting
• rotating crops
44. What are some of the limitations to building in resistance to pests?
45. Biological control
• costs more money than pesticides to use.
• is not target specific.
• has effects only on animals and is almost totally ineffective against weedy plants.
• is often self-perpetuating once established.
• is faster acting than conventional pesticides.
46. List some advantages of using biological alternatives to control pests.
47. True/False:
• Worldwide, over 300 biological pest control projects have been successful.
• In Nigeria, Paraguayan, wasps are used to fight the mealybug.
• The pioneering work of Hans Herren helped 30 African countries save their root crop
cassava.
• The U.S. leads the world in experiments with natural predators.
48. Biopesticides include which of the following?
• DDT
• Bacillus thuringensis
• carbamates
• organophosphates
• rotenone
49. A Bacillus thuringensis gene that produces a protein that disrupts the digestive systems of pests has
been transferred into what crop?
50. When insects are controlled by sterilization this involves irradiating males or females?
51. What is a pheromone?
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52. What is a hormone?
53. True/False:
• Hormones are inexpensive to produce.
• When applied at certain times during the lifecycle, insect hormones cause
developmental abnormalities.
• Insect hormones can be synthesized in the laboratory.
• Each step in the life cycle of a typical insect is controlled by hormones.
• Insect development and metamorphosis are controlled by pheromones.
54. One method that has been used to control pests is zapping them with water. Of the following crops
which would be least likely to be effected by this method?
• cotton
• rice fields
• citrus groves
• potato fields
• tobacco fields
55. True/False:
• Exposure of material to low doses of ionizing radiation makes it radioactive.
• The FDA has approved the use of radiation for certain foods.
• Some critics say radiation may destroy some of the food’s vitamins.
• Some critics say radiation may destroy some of the food’s minerals.
56. Post-harvest irradiation of food with gamma rays does all of the following except
• kill insect eggs.
• kill insects.
• extend shelf-life of foods.
• kill bacteria.
• make the food radioactive.
57. True/False:
• Critics claim that irradiating foods may destroy vitamins and other nutrients.
• Critics claim that irradiating foods may cause unknown long-term effects.
• Critics claim that irradiating foods may increase deaths from botulism, since these
spores are not killed by irradiation, but the bacteria causing the rotten odor are.
• Critics claim that irradiating foods poses occupational and environmental hazards to
workers.
58. Critics of food irradiation say there are safer and cheaper methods to kill harmful bacteria such as
• steam pasteurization to kill surface microbes on carcasses.
• use of ozone to disinfect water.
• development of vaccines to protect poultry from salmonella.
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59. True/False: Integrated pest management is a program that encompasses chemical, ecological and
biological methods.
60. Integrated pest management ___________ than pesticides.
• is faster reacting
• is more expensive
• is less expensive
• requires more expert knowledge about individual pest-crop situations
• require more fertilizer and irrigation
61. True/False:
• In integrated pest management, controlling pest may include vacuuming up harmful
bugs.
• In integrated pest management, small amounts of pesticides are used at critical times.
• Integrated pest management involves multiple sampling of the pest population.
• Integrated pest management is a multidimensional control program.
• The goal of integrated pest control is the complete eradication of the pest.
62. True/False:
• An integrated pest management can increase inputs of fertilizer and irrigation water.
• An integrated pest management can reduce pre-harvest pest-induced crop losses by
50%.
• An integrated pest management increase pesticide use.
• An integrated pest management decrease yields and increase costs.
• An integrated pest management increase the development of disease resistant pests.
63. Which of the following would apply when switching to integrated pest management?
• Switching will be hard to do because it requires a break from tradition.
• Switching is strongly opposed by politically and economically powerful agricultural
chemical companies.
• Switching is difficult because farmers get most of their information from pesticide
salespeople or USDA country agents who have supported pesticide use in the past.
• Switching is strongly supported by environmentalists.
64. Which of the following strategies would promote IPM?
• setting up federally supported IPM demonstration projects in each county
• training USDA field personnel and county farm agents so they can help farmers with
this strategy
• gradually phasing in subsidies for farmers who depend primarily on pesticides
• providing federal or state subsidies for farmers who use IPM
• adding a sales tax on pesticides to fund IPM research and education
65. Which of the following could individuals do to help protect the food supply and fight pests
responsibly?
• use minimal amounts of pesticides when necessary and properly dispose of unused
amounts
• fix leaky pipes and faucets that attract insects
• allow native plants to cover most of their property
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66. Which of the following would reduce the threat of pesticide in the food you eat?
• purchase organically grown foods
• grow your own fruits and veggies (organic gardening methods)
• use imported food whenever possible
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