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Table S1. Survey of recent (1996 – present) publications exploring positive interactions between vascular plants.
The table shows the source publication, the location of the study, the beneficiary and benefactor species, and the type of study: A = correlative
evidence, FE = field experiment; M = evidence for mechanism; Lab = primarily laboratory evidence (after Callaway 1995). Within location,
“Artificial community” includes those studies that both construct communities or use isolated plants in pots. Within Beneficiary and Benefactor
species, “General” indicates a benefit to, or impact from, the surrounding vegetation in general. We have not included modelling studies or
review papers within this list, nor those that predominantly examine interactions between bryophytes.
Paper
Location
Beneficiary
Benefactor
Type of study
Barnes, P.W. & Archer, S. (1996) Influence of an overstorey
tree (Prosopis glandulosa) on associated shrubs in a savanna
parkland: implications for dynamics. Oecologia, 105, 493-500.
Savanna grassland,
Texas, U.S.A.
Shrubs
Prosopis glandulosa
FE, M
Callaway, R.M., DeLucia, E.H., Moore, D., Nowak, R., &
Schlesinger, W.H. (1996) Competition and facilitation:
contrasting effects of Artemisia tridentata on desert vs.
montane pines. Ecology, 77, 2130-2141.
Shrub steppe - montane
forest ecotone, Great
Basin, U.S.A.
Pinus monophylla
Artemisia tridentata
A, FE, M
Callaway, R.M. & King, L. (1996) Temperature-driven
variation in substrate oxygenation and the balance of
competition and facilitation. Ecology, 77, 1189-1195.
Pothole Wetlands,
Montana, U.S.A.
Salix exigua, Myosotis
laxa
Typha latifolia
M, Lab
Casper, B.B. (1996) Demographic consequences of drought in
the herbaceous perennial Cryptantha flava: effects of density,
associations with shrubs, and plant size. Oecologia, 106, 144152.
Desert, northeastern
Utah, U.S.A.
Cryptantha flava
Shrubs
FE
Dawson, T.E. (1996) Determining water use by trees and
forests from isotopic, energy balance, and transpiration
analyses: the roles of tree size and hydraulic lift. Tree
Physiology, 16, 263-272.
Abandoned fields, Ithaca, Acer saccharum
U.S.A.
Acer saccharum
FE, M
Franco-Pizana, J.G., Fulbright, T.E., Gardiner, D.T., & Tipton,
A.R. (1996) Shrub emergence and seedling growth in
microenvironment created by Prosopis glandulosa. Journal of
Vegetation Science, 7, 257-264.
Grassland-woodland
transition, southern
Texas, U.S.A.
Celtis pallida
Prosopis glandulosa
A, FE, M
Greenlee, J.T. & Callaway, R.M. (1996) Abiotic stress and the
relative importance of interference and facilitation in montane
bunchgrass communities in western Montana. American
Naturalist, 148, 386-396.
Xeric rocky slopes,
western Montana, U.S.A.
Lesquerella carinata
Bunchgrass spp.
A, FE, M
Haase, P., Pugnaire, F., Clark, S.C., & Incoll, L.D. (1996)
Spatial patterns in a two-tiered semi-arid shrubland in
southeastern Spain. Journal of Vegetation Science, 7, 527-534.
Semi-arid shrubland,
southeastern Spain
Shrubs
Retama sphaerocarpa
A
Harley, C.D.G. & Bertness, M.D. (1996) Structural
interdependence: an ecological consequence of morphological
responses to crowding in marsh plants. Functional Ecology,
10, 654-661.
Salt marsh, Rhode
Island, U.S.A.
Salt marsh plants
Salt marsh plants
FE, M
Hoffmann, W.A. (1996) The effects of fire and cover on
seedling establishment in a neotropical savanna. Journal of
Ecology, 84, 383-393.
Cerrado savanna, Brazil
Shrubs, Trees
Trees
FE, M
Humberto, S., Nabhan, G.P., & Patten, D.T. (1996) The
importance of Olneya tesota as a nurse plant in the Sonoran
Desert. Journal of Vegetation Science, 7, 635-644.
Sonoran Desert, Arizona,
U.S.A.
Lophocereus schottii,
perennial plants
Olneya tesota
A, M
Kikvidze, Z. (1996) Neighbour interaction and stability in
subalpine meadow communities. Journal of Vegetation
Science, 7, 41-44.
Subalpine meadow,
central Caucasus,
Georgia
Meadow species
Meadow species
FE, M
Maron, J.L. & Connors, P.G. (1996) A native nitrogen-fixing
shrub facilitates weed invasion. Oecologia, 105, 302-312.
Coastal prairie,
California, U.S.A.
Invasive and native
grassland species,
Bromus dyandrus
Lupinus arboreus
FE, M, Lab
O'Connor, T.G. (1996) Hierarchical control over seedling
recruitment of the bunch-grass Themeda triandra in a semiarid savanna. Journal of Applied Ecology, 33, 1094-1106.
Semi-arid savanna,
eastern Cape, South
Africa
Themeda triandra
General
FE, M
Pennings, S.C. & Callaway, R.M. (1996) Impact of a native
parasitic plant on salt marsh vegetation structure and
dynamics. Ecology, 77, 1410-1419.
Salt marsh, California,
U.S.A.
Limonium californicum
Cuscuta salina
A, FE, M
Pugnaire, F.I., Hasse, P., & Puidefabregas, J. (1996a)
Facilitation between higher plant species in a semiarid
environment. Ecology, 77, 1420-1426.
Semi-arid shrubland,
southeastern Spain
Marrubium vulgare
Retama sphaerocarpa
A, M
Pugnaire, F.I., Haase, P., Puigdefabregas, J., Cueto, M., Incoll,
L.D., & Clark, S.C. (1996b) Facilitation and succession under
the canopy of Retama sphaerocarpa (L.) Boiss. in a semi-arid
environment in South-east Spain. Oikos, 76, 455-464.
Semi-arid shrubland,
southeastern Spain
Herbs
Retama sphaerocarpa
A, M
Turkington, R. & Jolliffe, P.A. (1996) Interference in
Trifolium repens-Lolium perenne mixtures: short- and longterm relationships. Journal of Ecology, 84, 563-571.
Sown pastures,
Gwynedd, north Wales
Trifolium repens
Lolium perenne
FE
Verdú, M. & García-Fayos, P. (1996) Nucleation processes in
a Mediterranean bird-dispersed plant. Functional Ecology, 10,
275-280.
Abandoned orchards,
Valencia, eastern Spain
Trees, shrubs
Pistachia lentiscus
A, M
Brewer, J.S., Levine, J.M., & Bertness, M.D. (1997) Effects of
biomass removal and elevation on species richness in a New
England salt marsh. Oikos, 80, 333-341.
Salt marsh, New
England, U.S.A.
General
General
FE, M
Dzwonko, Z. & Loster, S. (1997) Effects of dominant trees
and anthropogenic disturbances on species richness and
floristic composition of secondary communities in southern
Poland. Journal of Applied Ecology, 34, 861-870.
Abandoned grasslands,
southern Poland
Nitrophilous, heathland
and woodland species
Pinus sylvestris, Robinia
pseudacacia
A, M
Hjalten, J. & Price, P.W. (1997) Can plants gain protection
from herbivory herbivory by association with unpalatable
neighbors?: a field experiment in a willow-sawfly system.
Oikos, 78, 317-322.
Riparian willow scrub,
Arizona, U.S.A.
Salix lasiolepis
Salix lasiolepis
FE, M
Høgh-Jensen, H. & Schjoerring, J.K. (1997) Interactions
between white clover and ryegrass under contrasting nitrogen
availability: N2 fixation, N fertilizer recovery, N transfer and
water use efficiency. Plant and Soil, 197, 187-199.
Mixed clover-ryegrass
pasture, Denmark
Lolium perenne
Trifolium repens
FE, M
Jackson, J.T. & Van Auken, O.W. (1997) Seedling survival,
growth and mortality of Juniperus ashei (Cupressaceae) in the
Edwards Plateau region of central Texas. Texas Journal of
Science, 49, 267-278.
Upland savanna, central
Texas, U.S.A.
Juniperus ashei
seedlings
Juniperus ashei adults
A
Martens, S.N., Breshears, D.D., Meyer, C.W., & Barnes, F.J.
(1997) Scales of above-ground and below-ground competition
in a semi-arid woodland detected from spatial pattern. Journal
of Vegetation Science, 8, 655-644.
Pinus edulis-Juniperus
monosperma woodland,
New Mexico, U.S.A.
Trees
Trees
A
Moro, M.J., Pugnaire, F.I., Hasse, P., & Puigdefabregas, J.
(1997) Mechanisms of interaction between Retama
sphaerocarpa and its understory layer in a semi-arid
environment. Ecography, 20, 175-184.
Semi-arid shrubland,
southeastern Spain
Understory herbs
Retama sphaerocarpa
A, FE, M
Roll, J., Mitchell, R.J., Cabin, R.J., & Marshall, D.L. (1997)
Reproductive success increases with local density of
conspecifics in a desert mustard (Lesquerella fendleri).
Conservation Biology, 11, 738-746.
Range of desert
communities, new
Mexico, U.S.A.
Lesquerella fendleri
Lesquerella fendleri
A
Simard, S.W., Perry, D.S., Jones, M.D., Myrold, D.D., Durall,
D.M., & Molina, R. (1997) Net transfer of carbon between
ectomycorrhizal tree species in the field. Nature, 388, 579582.
Woodland
Pseudotsuga menziesii
Betula papyrifera
FE, M
Takahashi, K. (1997) Regeneration and coexistence of two
subalpine conifer species in relation to dwarf bamboo in the
understory. Journal of Vegetation Science, 8, 529-536.
Subalpine forests,
northern Japan
Picea glehnii, Abies
sachalinensis
Trees
A, M
Tielbörger, K. & Kadmon, R. (1997) Relationships between
shrubs and annual communities in a sandy desert ecosystem: a
three year study. Plant Ecology, 130, 191-201.
Desert community,
Negev, Israel
Annuals
Shrubs
A
Adler, P.B., D'Antonio, C.M., & Tunison, J.T. (1998)
Understory successsion following a dieback of Myrica faya in
Shrubland, Hawai'i
Volcanoes National Park,
General
Myrica faya
A, M
Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park. Pacific Science, 52, 69-78.
U.S.A.
Blennow, K., Lang, A.R.G., Dunne, P., & Ball, M.C. (1998)
Cold-induced photoinhibition and growth of snow gum
(Eucalyptus pauciflora) under differing temperature and
radiation regimes in fragmented forests. Plant, Cell and
Environment, 21, 407-416.
Fragmented forest tree
islands, Namadgi
National Park,
southeastern Australia
Eucalyptus pauciflora
Trees
FE, M
Buckley, D.S., Sharik, T.L., & Isebrands, J.G. (1998)
Regeneration of northern red oak: positive and negative effects
of competitor removal. Ecology, 79, 65-78.
Woodlands (natural and
planted), Lower
Michigan, U.S.A.
Quercus rubra
Trees
FE, M
Caccia, F.D. & Ballare, C.L. (1998) Effects of tree cover,
understory vegetation, and litter on regeneration of Douglas-fir
(Pseudotsuga menziesii) in southwestern Argentina. Canadian
Journal of Forest Research, 28, 683-692.
Woodlands,
southwestern Argentina
Pseudotsuga menziesii
Trees
A, FE, M
Callaway, R.M. (1998) Competition and facilitation on
elevation gradients in subalpine forests of the northern Rocky
Mountains, USA. Oikos, 82, 561-573.
Subalpine forests,
northern Rocky
Mountains, U.S.A.
Abies lasiocarpa
Pinus albicaulis
A, M
Callaway, R.M. & Davis, F.W. (1998) Recruitment of Quercus Woodland, sage scrub,
agrifolia in central California: the importance of shrubgrassland, chaparral,
dominated patches. Journal of Vegetation Science, 9, 647-656. California, U.S.A.
Quercus agrifolia
Shrubs
A
Cavieres, L.A., Penaloza, A., Papic, C., & Tambutti, M.
(1998) Nurse effect of Laretia acaulis (Umbelliferae) in the
high Andes of central Chile. Revista Chilena de Historia
Natural, 71, 331-341.
High altitude alpine
system, high Andes,
Chile
General
Laretia acaulis
A, M
Fischer, M. & Matthies, D. (1998) Effects of population size
on performance in the rare plant Gentianella germanica.
Journal of Ecology, 86, 195-204.
Calcareous grassland,
Jura Mountains,
Switzerland/Germany
Gentianella germanica
Gentianella germanica
A, M, Lab
Ghazoul, J., Liston, K.A., & Boyle, T.J.B. (1998) Disturbanceinduced density-dependent seed set in Shorea siamensis
(Dipterocarpaceae), a tropical forest tree. Journal of Ecology,
86, 462-473.
Tropical forest, western
Thailand
Shorea siamensis
Shorea siamensis
A, FE, M
Godinez-Alvarez, H., Valiente-Banuet, A., & Banuet, L.V.
(1998) Biotic interactions and the population dynamics of the
long-lived columnar cactus, Neobuxbaumia tetetzo in the
Tehuacan Valley, Mexico. Canadian Journal Botany, 77, 203208.
Tetechera, Tehuacan
Valley, Mexico
Neobuxbaumia tetetzo
Mimosa luisiana, Trees,
Shrubs
A, FE
Groom, M.J. (1998) Allee effects limit population viability of
an annual plant. American Naturalist, 151, 487-496.
Roadside vegetation,
California, U.S.A.
Clarkia concinna
Clarkia concinna
A, M
Hietz, P. & Briones, O. (1998) Correlation between water
relations and within-canopy distribution of epiphytic ferns in a
Mexican cloud forest. Oecologia, 114, 305-316.
Cloud forest, Mexico
Ferns
Trees
A, M
Jumpponen, A., Mattson, K., Trappe, J.M., & Ohtonen, R.
(1998) Effects of established willows on primary succession
on Lyman Glacier forefront, North Cascade Range,
Washington, U.S.A.: evidence for simultaneous canopy
inhibition and soil facilitation. Arctic and Alpine Research, 30,
31-39.
Glacier foreground,
North Cascade Range,
Washington, U.S.A.
Pinus contorta
Salix commutata, Salix
phylicifolia
A, FE, M
Jurena, P.N. & Van Auken, O.W. (1998) Woody plant
recruitment under canopies of two Acacias in a southwestern
Texas grassland. Southwestern Naturalist, 43, 195-203.
Shrubland, southwestern
Texas, U.S.A., and
northern Mexico
Woody and succulent
species
Acacia rigidula
A, M
Levine, J.M., Hacker, S.D., Christopher, H.D.G., & Bertness,
M.D. (1998) Nitrogen effects on an interaction chain in a salt
marsh community. Oecologia, 117, 266-272.
Salt marsh, New
England, U.S.A.
Iva frutescens
Juncus gerardi
FE, M
Li, X. & Wilson, S.D. (1998) Facilitation among woody plants
establishing in an old field. Ecology, 79, 2694-2705.
Grasslands
Symphoricarpos
occidentalis, Picea
Symphoricarpos
occidentalis, Picea glauca
FE, M
glauca
Man, R. & Lieffers, V.J. (1998) Seasonal photosynthetic
responses to light and temperature in white spruce (Picea
glauca) seedlings planted under an aspen (Populus
tremuloides) canopy and in the open. Tree Physiology, 17,
437-444.
Populus woodlands and
clearings, near
Edmonton, Canada
Picea glauca
Clarkia concinna
FE, M
Meiners, S.J. & Gorchov, D.L. (1998) Effects of distance to
Juniperus virginiana on the establishment of Fraxinus and
Acer seedlings in old fields. American Midland Naturalist,
139, 353-364.
Old fields, Ohio, U.S.A.
Acer saccharum,
Fraxinus americana
Juniperus virginiana
A, FE, M
Menges, E.S. & Dolan, R.W. (1998) Demographic viability of
populations of Silene regia in midwestern prairies:
relationships with fire management, genetic variation,
geographic location, population size and isolation. Journal of
Ecology, 86, 63-78.
Prairie, various states,
U.S.A.
Silene regia
Silene regia
A
Miller, E.A. & Halpern, C.B. (1998) Effects of environment
and grazing disturbance on tree establishment in meadows of
the central Cascade Range, Oregon, USA. Journal of
Vegetation Sciences, 9, 265-282.
Meadows, Oregon,
U.S.A.
Invasive trees
Trees
A
O'Connell, L.M. & Johnston, M.O. (1998) Male and female
pollination success in a deceptive orchid, a selection study.
Ecology, 79, 1246-1260.
Heaths, Nova Scotia
Cypripedium acaule
Cypripedium acaule,
Ericaceous shrubs
A, FE, M
Pickart, A.J., Miller, L.M., & Duebendorfer, T.E. (1998)
Yellow bush lupine invasion in northern California coastal
dunes. I. Ecological impacts and manual restoration
techniques. Restoration Ecology, 6, 59-68.
Coastal dunes,
California, U.S.A.
Lupinus arboreus,
Non-native grasses
Lupinus arboreus
FE, M
Quinos, P.M., Insausti, P., & Soriano, A. (1998) Facilitative
effect of Lotus tenuis on Paspalum dilatatum in a lowland
grassland of Argentina. Oecologia, 114, 427-431.
Lowland grassland,
Argentina
Paspalum dilatatum
Lotus tenuis
FE, M
Raffaele, E. & Veblen, T.T. (1998) Facilitation by nurse
shrubs of resprouting behavior in a post-fire shrubland in
northern Patagonia, Argentina. Journal of Vegetation Science,
9, 693-698.
Post-fire shrubland,
northern Patagonia,
Argentina
Herbs, Wood plants
Schinus patagonicus,
Berberis buxifolia
FE, M
Sans, F.X., Escarre, J., Gorse, V., & Lepart, J. (1998)
Persistence of Picris hieracioides populations in old fields: an
example of facilitation. Oikos, 83, 283-292.
Vineyards, Montpellier,
France
Picris hieracioides
General
FE, M
Tewksbury, J.J., Nabhan, G.P., Norman, D., Suzan, H.,
Tuxhill, J., & Donovan, J. (1998) In situ conservation of wild
chillies and their biotic associates. Conservation Biology, 13,
1-10.
Desert, Arizona, U.S.A.
Wild chillies
Fleshy-fruited shrubs
A, M
Thomas, B.D. & Bowman, W.D. (1998) Influence of N2fixing Trifolium on plant species composition and biomass
production in alpine tundra. Oecologia, 115, 26-31.
Dry meadow alpine
tundra, Colorado, U.S.A.
General
Trifolium dasyphyllum
A, M
Wied, A. & Galen, C. (1998) Plant parental care: conspecific
nurse effects in Frasera speciosa and Cirsium scopulorum.
Ecology, 79, 1657-1668.
Alpine meadow,
Colorado, U.S.A.
Frasera speciosa,
Cirsium scopulorum
Frasera speciosa, Cirsium
scopulorum
A, FE, M
Barnes, P.W. & Archer, S. (1999) Tree-shrub interactions in a
subtropical savanna parkland: competition or facilitation?
Journal of Vegetation Science, 10, 525-536.
Grasslands and savannas,
southern Texas, U.S.A.
Zanthoxylum fagara,
Berberis trifoliolata
Prospois glandulosa
FE, M
Camarero, J.J. & Gutiérrez, E. (1999) Structure and recent
recruitment at alpine forest-pasture ecotones in the Spanish
central Pyrenees. Ecoscience, 6, 451-464.
Forest-pasture ecotones,
Central Pyrenees, Spain
Pinus uncinata
Krummholz vegetation
A
Carrillo-Garcia, A., de la Luz, J.L.L., Bashan, Y., &
Bethlenfalvay, G.J. (1999) Nurse plants, mycorrhizae, and
plant establishment in a disturbed area of the Sonoran Desert.
Restoration Ecology, 4, 321-335.
Sonoran Desert, Baja
California Sur, Mexico
Cacti, Trees, Shrubs
Prosopis articulata, Olneya
tesota
A
Chapman, A.S. & Chapman, A.R.O. (1999) Effects of
cordgrass on saltmarsh fucoids: reduced desiccation and light
availability, but no changes in biomass. Journal Experimental
Marine Biology, 238, 69-91.
Salt marsh, eastern
Canada
Fucoid mats
Spartina alterniflora
A, M
Dunne, J.A. & Parker, V.T. (1999) Species-mediated soil
moisture availability and patchy establishment of Pseudotsuga
menziesii in chaparral. Oecologia, 119, 36-45.
Chaparral - forest
ecotone, California,
U.S.A.
Pseudotsuga menziesii
Arctostaphylos montana, A.
glandulosa
FE, M
Dupraz, C., Simorte, V., Dauzat, M., Bertoni, G., Bernadac,
A., & Masson, P. (1999) Growth and nitrogen status of young
walnuts as affected by intercropped legumes in a
Mediterranean climate. Agroforestry Systems, 43, 71-80.
Agricultural systems,
Montpellier, France
Juglans nigra
Medicago sativa,
Onobrychis sativa
FE, M
Eccles, N.S., Esler, K.J., & Cowling, R.M. (1999) Spatial
pattern analysis in Namaqualand desert plant communities:
evidence for general positive interactions. Plant Ecology, 142,
71-85.
Desert communities,
Namaqualand, South
Africa
General
General
A
Fike, J. & Niering, W.A. (1999) Four decades of old field
vegetation development and the role of Celastrus orbiculatus
in the northeastern United States. Journal of Vegetation
Science, 10, 483-492.
Post-agricultural site,
southern New England,
U.S.A.
Vitis labrusca
Celastrus orbiculatus
A
Gerard, V.A. (1999) Positive interactions between cordgrass,
Spartina alterniflora, and the brown alga, Ascophyllum
nodosum ecad scorpioides, in a mid-Atlantic coast salt marsh.
Journal Experimental Marine Biology, 239, 157-164.
Salt marsh, Long Island,
U.S.A.
Spartina alterniflora,
Ascophyllum nodosum
ecad scorpioides
Spartina alterniflora,
Ascophyllum nodosum ecad
scorpioides
FE, M
Hacker, S.D. & Bertness, M.D. (1999) Experimental evidence
for factors maintaining plant species diversity in a New
England salt marsh. Ecology, 80, 2064-2073.
Salt marsh, New
England, U.S.A.
Atriplex patula, Iva
frutescens, Limonium
nashii, Solidago
sempervirens
Juncus gerardi
FE, M
Holzapfel, C. & Mahall, B.E. (1999) Bi-directional facilitation
and interference between shrubs and associated annuals in the
Mojave Desert. Ecology, 80, 1747-1761.
Mojave desert,
California, U.S.A.
Annuals
Ambrosia dumosa
FE, M
Horton, T.R., Bruns, T., & Parker, V.T. (1999)
Ectomycorrhizal fungi in Arctostaphylos patches contribute to
the establishment of Pseudotsuga menziesii. Canadian Journal
of Botany, 77, 93-102.
Chaparral - forest
ecotone, California,
U.S.A.
Pseudotsuga menziesii
Arctostaphylos montana, A.
glandulosa
FE, M
Levine, J.M. (1999) Indirect facilitation: evidence and
predictions from a riparian community. Ecology, 80, 17621769.
Riparian system,
northern California,
U.S.A.
General
Carex nudata
FE, M
Maron, J.L. & Jefferies, R.L. (1999) Bush lupine mortality,
altered resource availability, and alternative vegetation states.
Ecology, 80, 443-454.
Coastal prairie,
California, U.S.A.
Invasive grasses
Lupinus arboreus
FE, M
Nunez, C.L., Aizen, M.A., & Ezcurra, C. (1999) Species
associations and nurse plant effect in patches of high-Andean
vegetation. Journal of Vegetation Science, 10, 357-364.
High-elevation
communities, southern
Andes, Argentina
General
Mulinum leptacanthum,
Oreopolus glacialis,
cushions
A
Rousset, O. & Lepart, J. (1999) Shrub facilitation of Quercus
humilis regeneration in succession on calcareous grasslands.
Journal of Vegetation Science, 10, 493-502.
Calcareous grassland,
southern France
Quercus humilis
Buxus sempervirens,
Juniperus communis
A, M
Suding, K.N. & Goldberg, D.E. (1999) Variation in the effects
of vegetation and litter on recruitment across productivity
gradients. Journal of Ecology, 87, 436-449.
Sand barrens, prairies,
fens, southeastern
Michigan & northern
Ohio, U.S.A.
General
Vegetation and litter
FE, M
Toh, I., Gillespie, M., & Lamb, D. (1999) The role of isolated
trees in facilitating tree seedling recruitment at a degraded subtropical rainforest site. Restoration Ecology, 7, 228-237.
Abandoned farmland,
southern Queensland,
Australia
Trees
Trees
A, M
Vlok, J.H.J. & Yeaton, R.I. (1999) The effect of overstorey
proteas on plant species richness in South African mountain
fynbos. Diversity and Distributions, 5, 213-222.
Mountain fynbos,
western Cape, South
Africa
General
Protea spp.
A, M
Walker, L.R. & Powell, E.A. (1999) Regeneration of the
Mauna Kea silversword Argyroxiphium sandwicense
(Asteraceae) in Hawaii. Biological Conservation, 89, 61-70.
High elevation cinder
deserts, Mauna Kea,
Hawaii, U.S.A.
Argyroxiphium
sandwicense
Trees, Shrubs
A
Weltzin, J.F. & McPherson, G.R. (1999) Facilitation of
conspecific seedling recruitment and shifts in temperate
savanna ecotones. Ecological Monographs, 69, 513-534.
Savannas and grasslands,
southwestern U.S.A. and
northwestern Mexico
Quercus emoryi
seedlings
Quercus emoryi trees
A, FE, M
Zahawi, R.A. & Augspurger, C.K. (1999) Early plant
succession in abandoned pastures in Ecuador. Biotropica, 31,
540-552.
Abandoned pastures,
northwestern Ecuador
General, trees
Psidium guajava
FE, M
Bruno, J.F. (2000) Facilitation of cobble beach communities
Cobble beach, New
through habitat modification by Spartina alterniflora. Ecology, England, U.S.A.
81, 1179-1192.
General
Spartina alterniflora
A, FE, M
Bruno, J.F. & Kennedy, C.W. (2000) Patch-size dependent
habitat modification and facilitation on New England cobble
beaches by Spartina alterniflora. Oecologia, 122, 98-108.
Cobble beach, New
England, U.S.A.
Suaeda linearis,
Salicornia europaea,
general
Spartina alterniflora
A, FE, M
Callaway, R.M., Kikodze, D., & Kikvidze, Z. (2000)
Facilitation by unpalatable weeds may conserve plant diversity
in overgrazed meadows in the Caucasus Mountains. Oikos, 89,
275-282.
Subalpine meadow,
central Caucasus,
Georgia
General
Cirsium obvalatum,
Veratrum lobelianum
A, M
Callaway, R.M. & Pennings, S.C. (2000) Facilitation may
buffer competitive effects: indirect and diffuse interactions
among salt marsh plants. American Naturalist, 156, 416-424.
Salt marsh, central
California, U.S.A.
Winter annuals,
Limonium californicum
Arthrocnemum
subterminale
FE, M
Carrillo-Garcia, A., Bashan, Y., & Bethlenfalvay, G.J. (2000a)
Resource-island soils and the survival of the giant cactus,
cardon, of Baja California Sur. Plant and Soil, 218, 207-214.
Sonoran Desert, Baja
California Sur, Mexico
and Greenhouse
Pachycereus pringlei
Prosopis articulata
M, Lab
Carrillo-García, A., Bashan, Y., Rivera, E.D., &
Sonoran Desert, Baja
Bethlenfalvay, G.J. (2000b) Effects of resource-island soils,
California Sur, Mexico
competition, and inoculation with Azospirillum on survival and and Greenhouse
growth of Pachycereus pringlei, the Giant Cactus of the
Sonoran Desert. Restoration Ecology, 8, 65-73.
Pachycereus pringlei
Prosopis articulata, Olnea
testosa
M.Lab
Couteron, P., Mahamane, A., Ouedraogo, P., & Seghieri, J.
(2000) Differences between banded thickets (tiger bush) at two
sites in West Africa. Journal of Vegetation Science, 11, 321328.
Banded thicket scrub,
West Africa
Seedlings
Shrubs
A
Dolch, R. & Tscharntke, T. (2000) Defoliation of alders (Alnus
glutinosa) affects herbivory by leaf beetles on undamaged
neighbours. Oecologia, 125, 504-511.
Experimental stands
Alnus glutinosa
Alnus glutinosa
M, Lab
Facelli, J.M. & Brock, D.J. (2000) Patch dynamics in arid
lands: localized effects of Acacia papyrocarrpa on soils and
vegetation of open woodlands of South Australia. Ecography,
23, 479-491.
Arid systems, south
Australia
Enchylaena tomentosa
Acacia papyrocarpa
A, M, Lab
Fischer, M., van Kluenen, M., & Schmid, B. (2000) Genetic
allee effects on performance, plasticity, and genetic stability in
a clonal plant. Ecology Letters, 3, 530-539.
Sandy gravel shore,
European lake
Ranunculus reptans
Ranunculus reptans
A, M, Lab
Gerdol, R., Brancaleoni, L., Menghini, M., & Marchesini, R.
(2000) Response of dwarf shrubs to neighbor removal and
nutrient addition and their influence on community structure in
Subalpine heathland,
northern Apennines, Italy
Empetrum
hermaphroditum
Vaccinium uliginosum
FE
a subalpine heath. Journal of Ecology, 88, 256-266.
Hambäck, P.A., Agren, J., & Ericson, L. (2000) Associational
resistance: insect damage to purple loosestrife reduced in
thickets of sweet gale. Ecology, 81, 1784-1794.
Shrub heaths, northern
Sweden
Lythrum salicaria
Myrica gale
A, FE, M
Hoffmann, W.A. (2000) Post-establishment seedlings success
in the Brazilian Cerrado: a comparison of savanna and forest
species. Biotropica, 32, 62-69.
Savanna and forests,
Brazil
Trees
Trees
A
Holmgren, M., Segura, A.M., & Fuentes, E.R. (2000) Limiting
mechanisms in the regeneration of Chilean matorral. Plant
Ecology, 147, 49-57.
Matorral, Chile
Quillaja saponaria
seedlings
Shrubs
A
Jordano, P. & Schupp, E.W. (2000) Seed disperser
effectiveness: the quantity component and patterns of seed rain
for Prunus mahaleb. Ecological Monographs, 70, 591-615.
Mediterranean montane
scrub, Jaen province,
southeastern Spain
Prunus mahaleb
Trees, Shrubs
A, M
Karban, R., Baldwin, I.T., Baxter, K.J., Laue, G., & Felton,
G.W. (2000) Communication between plants: induced
resistance in wild tobacco plants following clipping of
neighboring sagebrush. Oecologia, 125, 66-71.
Sagebrush scrub,
California, U.S.A.
Nicotiana attenuata
Artemisia tridentata
FE, M
Kery, M., Matthies, D., & Spillman, H. (2000) Reduced
fecundity and offspring performance in small populations of
the declining grassland plants Primula veris and Gentiana
lutea. Journal of Ecology, 88, 17-30.
Artificial communities
Primula veris,
Gentiana lutea
Primula veris, Gentiana
lutea
M, Lab
Kitzberger, T., Steinaker, D.F., & Veblen, T.T. (2000) Effects
of climatic variability on facilitation of tree establishment in
northern Patagonia. Ecology, 81, 1914-1924.
Forest-steppe ecotone,
northern Patagonia,
Argentina
Austrocedrus chilensis
Shrubs
A, FE, M
Kruess, A. & Tscharntke, T. (2000) Species richness and
parasitism in a fragmented landscape: experiments and field
studies with insects on Vicia sepium. Oecologia, 122, 129-137.
Meadows, Kraichgau,
southwestern Germany
Vicia sepium
Vicia sepium
A, FE, M
Levine, J.M. (2000) Complex interactions in a streamside
plant community. Ecology, 81, 3431-3444.
Streamside community,
northern California,
U.S.A.
Mimulus guttatus,
Mimulus cardinalis,
Juncus covillei,
Epipactis gigantea,
Conocephalum
conicum,
Brachythecium
frigidum
Carex nudata
FE, M
Lookingbill, T.R. & Zavala, M.A. (2000) Spatial pattern of
Quercus ilex and Quercus pubescens recruitment in Pinus
halepensis dominated woodlands. Journal of Vegetation
Science, 11, 607-612.
Mediterranean
abandoned farmland,
eastern Catalonia, Spain
Quecus ilex, Quercus
pubescens
Pinus halepensis
A
Pugnaire, F.I. & Lazaro, R. (2000) Seed bank and understorey
species composition in a semi-arid environment: the effect of
shrub age and rainfall. Annals of Botany, 86, 807-813.
Semi-arid shrubland,
southeastern Spain
General
Retama sphaerocarpa
A
Rebele, F. (2000) Competition and coexistence of rhizomatous
perennial plants along a nutrient gradient. Plant Ecology, 147,
77-94.
Artificial communities
Calamagrostis
epigejos, Solidago
canadensis, Tanacetum
vulgare
Calamagrostis epigejos,
Solidago canadensis,
Tanacetum vulgare
M, Lab
Rousset, O. & Lepart, J. (2000) Positive and negative
interactions at different life stages of a colonizing species
(Quercus humilis). Journal of Ecology, 88, 401-412.
Grassland, Causse du
Larzac plateau, southern
France
Quercus humilis
Buxus sempervirens,
Juniperus communis
A, FE, M
Shumway, S.W. (2000) Facilitative interactions between a
sand dune shrub and species growing beneath the shrub
canopy. Oecologia, 124, 138-148.
Sand dunes,
Masachusetts, U.S.A.
Solidago sempervirens,
Ammophila
breviligulata
Myrica pensylvanica
A, FE, M
Thomas, F.I.M., Cornelisen, C.D., & Zande, J.M. (2000)
Effects of water velocity and canopy morphology on
ammonium uptake by seagrass communities. Ecology, 81,
2704-2713.
Artificial communities
Halodule wrightii,
Thalassia testudinum
Halodule wrightii,
Thalassia testudinum
M, Lab
Tielbörger, K. & Kadmon, R. (2000) Temporal environmental
variation tips the balance between facilitation and interference
in desert plants. Ecology, 81, 1544-1553.
Desert community,
western Negev, Israel
General
Shrubs
A
Tuittila, E.-S., Rita, H., Vasander, H., & Laine, J. (2000)
Vegetation patterns around Eriophorum vaginatum L. tussocks
in a cut-away peatland in southern Finland. Canadian Journal
of Botany, 78, 47-58.
Cut-away peatland,
southern Finland
General
Eriophorum vaginatum
A
Anderson, L.J., Brumbaugh, M.S., & Jackson, R.B. (2001)
Water and tree-understory interactions: a natural experiment in
a savanna with oak wilt. Ecology, 82, 33-49.
Savanna grassland,
Texas, U.S.A.
Prosopis glandulosa
Quercus fusiforme
FE
Bellingham, P.J., Walker, L.R., & Wardle, D.A. (2001)
Differential facilitation by a nitrogen-fixing shrub during
primary succession influences relative performance of canopy
tree species. Journal of Ecology, 89, 861-875.
Artificial communities
Griselinia littoralis,
Metrosideros
umbellata,
Weinmannia
racemosa
Carmichaelia odorata
Lab
Callaway, R.M., Newingham, B., Zabinski, C.A., & Mahall,
B.E. (2001) Compensatory growth and competitive ability of
and invasive weed are enhanced by soil fungi and native
neighbors. Ecology Letters, 4, 1-5.
Artificial communities
Centaurea maculosa
Nasella pulchra
Lab, M
Callaway, R., M., Reinhart, K.O., S.C., T., & Pennings, S.C.
(2001) Effects of epiphytic lichens on host preference of the
vascular epiphyte Tillandsia usneoides. Oikos, 94, 433-441.
Forest, Sapelo
Island, Georgia, U.S.A.
Tillandsia
usneoides
General (lichens)
FE, Lab
Choler, P., Michalet, R., & Callaway, R.M. (2001) Facilitation
and competition on gradients in alpine plant communities.
Ecology, 82, 3295-3308.
Alpine grassland,
Grenoble, France
Alchemilla vulgaris
Geum montanum
Lotus corniculatus
Polygonum viviparum
Agrostis alpina
Helianthemum
nummularium
Androsace vitaliana
Geum montanum
Veronica allionii
Alchemilla hybrida
Leucanthemum
adustum
Phyteuma orbiculare
Geum montanum
Poa alpina
Ranunculus kuepferi
Sibbaldia procumbens
Oxytropis helvetica
Petrocallis pyrenaica
Phyteuma
pedemontana
General
FE
de Viana, M.L., Sühring, S., & Manly, B.F.J. (2001)
Application of randomization methods to study the association
of Trichocereus pasacana (Cactaceae) with potential nurse
plants. Plant Ecology, 156, 193-197.
Semi-arid shrubland,
Salta province, Argentina
Trichocereus pasacana
General
A
Goldberg, D.E., Turkington, R., Olsvig-Whittaker, L., & Dyer,
A.R. (2001) Density dependence in an annual plant
community: variation among life history stages. Ecology, 71,
423-446.
Artificial communities
General
General
Lab
Ibáñez, I. & Schupp, E.W. (2001) Positive and negative
interactions between environmental conditions affecting
Cercocarpus ledifolius seedling survival. Oecologia, 129, 543550.
Forest, northeastern
Utah, U.S.A.
Cercocarpus ledifolius,
Artemisia tridentata
Cercocarpus ledifolius
FE
Jackson, J. & Ash, A.J. (2001) The role of trees in enhancing
soil nutrient availability for native perennial grasses in open
Eucalypt woodlands of north-east Queensland. Australian
Journal of Agricultural Research, 52, 377-386.
Artificial communities
Eucalyptus spp.
Chrysopogon
fallax,Heteropogon
contortus
Lab, M
Maestre, F.T., Bautista, S., Cortina, J., & Bellot, J. (2001)
Potential of using facilitation by grasses to establish shrubs on
a semiarid degraded steppe. Ecological Applications, 11,
1641–1655.
Semi-arid steppes,
Alicante province, Spain
Pistacia lentiscus,
Medicago arborea,
Quercus coccifera
Stipa tenacissima
FE, M
Pugnaire, F.I. & Luque, M.T. (2001) Changes in plant
interactions along a gradient of environmental stress. Oikos,
93, 42-49.
Semi-arid shrubland,
Almeria province, Spain
Artemisia barrelieri,
General
Retama sphaerocarpa
FE, M
Rubio-Casal, A.E., Castillo, J.M., Luque, C.J., & Figueroa,
Salt marshes, Huelva
M.E. (2001) Nucleation and facilitation in salt pans in
province, Spain
Mediterranean salt marshes. Journal of Vegetation Science, 12,
761-770.
Salicornia ramosissima
Arthrocnemum
macrostachyum
FE
Slocum, M. (2001) How tree species differ as recruitment foci
in a tropical pasture. Ecology, 82, 2547-2559.
Tropical wet forest,
Costa Rica
Cordia alliodora,
Cecropia spp., Ficus
spp., Pentaclethra
macroloba
General
FE
Tewksbury, J.J. & Lloyd, J.D. (2001) Positive interactions
under nurse-plants: spatial scale, stress gradients and
benefactor size. Oecologia, 127, 425-434.
Desert shrubland,
Sonora, Mexico
Olneya tesota
General
FE
Walker, L.R., Thompson, D.B., & Landau, F.H. (2001)
Experimental manipulations of fertile islands and nurse plant
effects in the Mojave Desert, USA. Western North American
Naturalist, 61, 25-35.
Mojave Desert, Nevada,
U.S.A.
Ambrosia dumosa
Coleogyne ramosissima,
Andrea dumosa, Larrea
tridentata
FE, M
Bertness, M.D. & Ewanchuk, P.J. (2002) Latitudinal and
climate-driven variation in the strength and nature of
biological interactions in New England salt marshes.
Oecologia, 132, 392-401.
Salt marshes, Maine and
Rhode Island, U.S.A.
Spartina alterniflora,
Spartina patens,
Distichlis spicata,
Juncus gerardi,
Salicornia europaea,
Atriplex patula,
Solidago sempervirens,
L. nashii, Iva
frutescens.
General
FE, M
Callaway, R.M., Brooker, R.W., P‡, C., Kikvidze, Z., Lortie,
C.J., Michalet, R., Paolini, L., Pugnaire, F.I., Cook, B.J.,
Aschehoug, E.T., Armas, C., & Newingham, B. (2002)
Positive interactions among alpine plants increases with stress:
a global experiment. Nature, 417, 844-848.
Alpine shrublands and
grasslands of Canada,
Spain, Scotland,
Argentina, Italy, France,
U.S.A., Georgia and
Sweden
General
General
FE
Carino, D.A. & Daehler, C.C. (2002) Can inconspicuous
legumes facilitate alien grass invasions? Partridge peas and
fountain grass in Hawai'i. Ecography, 25, 33-41.
Artificial communities
Chamaecrista nictitans
Pennisetum setaceum
Lab, M
Castro, J., R. Zamora, J.A. Hodar and J.M. Gomez (2002) Use
of shrubs as nurse plants: a new technique for reforestation in
Mediterranean mountains. Restoration Ecology, 10, 297-305.
Alpine shrubland,
Granada province, Spain
Salvia oxyodon, Prunus
ramburii, Crataegus
granatensis
Pinus sylvestris, Pinus
nigra
FE
Cavieres, L.A., Arroyo, M.T.K., Penaloza, A., MolinaMontenegro, M., & C., T. (2002) Nurse effect of Bolax
gummifera cushion plants in the alpine vegetation of the
Chilean Patagonian Andes. Journal of Vegetation Science, 13,
547-554.
Alpine shrubland,
Patagonian Andes, Chile
Bolax gummifera
general
FE, M
Dormann, C.F. & Brooker, R.W. (2002) Facilitation and
competition in the high Arctic: the importance of the
experimental approach. Acta Oecologia, 23, 297-301.
Artic heath, Svalbard,
Sweden
Luzula confusa,Salix
polaris
Luzula confusa,Salix
polaris
FE
El-Bana, M.I., Nijs, I., & Kockelbergh, F. (2002)
Microenvironmental and vegetational heterogeneity induced
by phytogenic nebkhas in an arid coastal ecosystem. Plant and
Soil, 247, 283-293.
Desert shrubland, Sinai
Peninsula, Egypt
Retama raetam
General
FE, M
Espinar, J.L., García, L.V., García Murillo, P., & Toja, J.
(2002) Submerged macrophyte zonation in a Mediterranean
salt marsh: a facilitation effect from established helophytes?
Journal of Vegetation Science, 13, 831-840.
Salt marshes, Huelva
province, Spain
Chara galioides,
C. aspera,
C. canescens,
C. connivens,
Nitella hyalina,
Ranunculus peltatus,
Damasomium alisma,
Callitriche truncata,
Ruppia drepanensis,
Zannichellia
obtusifolia
Arthrocnemum
macrostachyum,
Juncus subulatus,
Scirpus maritimus,
Scirpus litoralis
FE, M
Facelli, J. & Temby, A.M. (2002) Multiple effects of shrubs
control the distribution and performance of annual plants in
arid lands of South Australia. Austral Ecology, 27, 422-432.
Open woodland,
Whyalla, Australia
Atriplex vesicaria,
Maireana sedifolia
General
FE, M
Foster, B.L. (2002) Competition, facilitation, and the
distribution of Schizachryium scoparium along a topographicproductivity gradient. Ecoscience, 9, 355-363.
Grassland, Kansas,
U.S.A.
Schizachyrium
scopartum
General
FE
Franks, S.J. & Peterson, C.J. (2002) Burial disturbance leads
to facilitation among coastal dune plants. Plant Ecology, 168,
13-21.
Coastal dunes, Florida
U.S.A.
General
General
FE
Germino, M.J., Smith, W.K., & Resor, C. (2002) Conifer
seedling distribution and survival in an alpine-treeline ecotone.
Alpine-treeline ecotone,
Wyoming, U.S.A.
Picea engelmannii
General
A, FE, M
Plant Ecology, 162, 157-168.
Ibáñez, I. & Schupp, E.W. (2002) Effects of litter, soil surface
conditions, and microhabitat on Cercocarpus ledifolius Nutt.
seedling emergence and establishment. Journal of Arid
Environments, 52, 209-221.
Forest, northeastern
Utah, U.S.A.
Cercocarpus ledifolius,
Artemisia tridentata
Cercocarpus ledifolius
FE
Joy, D.A. & Young, D.R. (2002) Promotion of midsuccessional seedling recruitment and establishment by
Juniperus virginiana in a coastal environment. Plant Ecology,
160, 125-135.
Coastal shrubland,
Virginia, U.S.A.
Prunus serotina,
Sassafras albidum
Juniperus virginiana
FE, M
Lortie, C.J. & Turkington, R. (2002) The facilitative effects of
seeds and seedlings on emergence from the seed bank of a
desert annual plant community. Ecoscience, 9, 106-111.
Artificial communities
Erodium laciniatum,
Erucaria pinnata
General
Lab
Maestre, F.T., Bautista, S., Cortina, J., Díaz, G., Honrubia, M.
& Vallejo, V.R. 2002. Microsite and mycorrhizal inoculum
effects on the establishment of Quercus coccifera in a semiarid degraded steppe. Ecological Engineering, 19, 289-295.
Semi-arid steppes,
Alicante province, Spain
Quercus coccifera
Stipa tenacissima
FE
Michalet, R., Rolland, C., Joud, D., Gafta, D., & Callaway,
R.M. (2002) Spatial associations between canopy and
understory species increase along a rainshadow gradient in the
Alps. Plant Ecology, 165, 145-160.
Forests, European Alps
General
General
A
Pusenius, J. & Ostfeld, R.S. (2002) Mammalian predator scent, Grassland, New York,
vegetation cover and tree seedling predation by meadow voles. U.S.A.
Ecography, 25, 481-487.
Acer rubrum
Cornus racemosa
FE
Rigg, L.S., Enright, N.J., Perry, G.L.W., & Miller, B.P. (2002)
The role of cloud combing and shading by isolated trees in the
succession from maquis to rain forest in New Caledonia.
Biotropica, 34, 199-210.
General
Araucaria laubenfelsii
FE, M
Montane shrublandmaquis, New Caledonia
Rousset, O. & Lepart, J. (2002) Neighbourhood effects on the
risk of an unpalatable plant being grazed. Plant Ecology, 165,
197-206.
Forest, France
Buxus sempervirens
Aphyllanthes
monspeliensis, Bromus
erectus, Carex humilis,
Festuca christianiibernardii, Stipa pennata,
Brachypodium
pinnatum, Prunus spinosa
FE, M
Sans, F.X., Escarré, J., Lepart, J., & Hopkins, F. (2002)
Positive vs. negative interactions in Picris hieracioides L., a
mid-successional species of Mediterranean secondary
succession. Plant Ecology, 162, 109-122.
Old field, Montpellier,
France
Picris hieracioides
General
FE, M
Schenk, H.J. & Mahall, B.E. (2002) Positive and negative
plant interactions contribute to a north-south-patterned
association between two desert shrub species. Oecologia, 132,
402-410.
Mojave Desert,
California, U.S.A.
Ambrosia dumosa,
Acamptopappus
sphaerocephalus
Ambrosia dumosa,
Acamptopappus
sphaerocephalus
A
Toft, C. & Elliott-Fisk, D. (2002) Patterns of vegetation along
a spatiotemporal gradient on shoreline strands of a desert basin
lake. Plant Ecology, 158, 21-39.
Sand dunes, California,
U.S.A.
General
General
A
Totland, Ø. & Esaete, J. (2002) Effects of willow canopies on
plant species performance in a low-alpine community. Plant
Ecology, 161, 157-166.
Alpine grassland,
Norway
Salix lapponum
General
FE
Arroyo, M.T.K., Cavieres, L.A., Peñaloza, A., & ArroyoKalin, M.A. (2003) Positive associations between the cushion
plant Azorella monantha (Apiaceae) and alpine plant species
in the Chilean Patagonian Andes. Plant Ecology, 169, 12-129.
Alpine communities,
Patagonian Andes, Chile
General
Azorella monantha
A, M
Christie, D.A. & Armesto, J.J. (2003) Regeneration microsites
and tree species coexistence in temperate rain forests of Chiloé
Island, Chile. Journal of Ecology, 91, 776-784.
Temperate rain forest,
Chiloé Island, Chile
Trees
Trees (fallen logs)
A
Figeroa, M.E., Castillo, J.M., Redondo, S., Luque, T.,
Castellanos, E.M., Nieva, F.J., Luque, C.J., Rubio-Casal, A.E.,
& Davy, A.J. (2003) Facilitated invasion by hybridization of
Sarcocornia species in a salt-marsh succession. Journal of
Ecology, 91, 616-626.
Salt marsh, Atlantic
coast, southwest
Spain
Sarcocornia perennis
Spartina maritima
A, M
García, D. & Obeso, J.R. (2003) Facilitation by herbivoremediated nurse plants in a threatened tree, Taxus baccata:
local effects and landscape level consistency. Ecography, 26,
739-748.
Cantabrian range (NW
Spain)
Taxus baccata
Ilex aquifolium
A, M
Hambäck, P.A., Pettersson, J., & Ericson, L. (2003) Are
associational refuges species-specific? Functional Ecology,
17, 87-93.
Rocky shoreline
communities, Umea and
Uppland, Sweden,
Artificial communities
Lythrum salicaria
Galerucella calmariensis,
G.pusilla, Nanophyes
marmoratus
FE, M, Lab
Johnson, S.D., Peter, C.I., Nilsson, L.A., & Agren, J. (2003)
Pollination success in a deceptive orchid is enhance by cooccurring rewarding magnet plants. Ecology, 84, 2919-2927.
Grazed meadows, Olands
Skogsby, Sweden
Anacamptis morio
Geum rivale, Allium
schoenoprasum
FE, M
Lee, T.D., Reich, P.B., & Tjoelker, M.G. (2003) Legume
presence increases photosynthesis and N concentrations of cooccurring non-fixers but does not modulate their
responsiveness to carbon dioxide enrichment. Oecologia, 137,
22-31.
Artificial communities
Nine-species plots of
differing plant
composition
Lupinus perennis
FE, M
Lenz, T.I. & Facelli, J.M. (2003) Shade facilitates an invasive
stem succulent in a chenopod shrubland in South Australia.
Austral Ecology, 28, 480-490.
Chenopod shrubland,
Whyalla, South Australia
Orbea variegata
Atriplex vesicaria
FE, M
López-Pintor, A., Espigares, T., & Rey Benayas, J.M. (2003)
Spatial segregation of plant species caused by Retama
sphaerocarpa influence in a Mediterranean pasture: a
perspective from the soil seed bank. Plant Ecology, 167, 107116.
Mediterranean pasture,
Torote, central Spain
Species in seedbank
Retama sphaerocarpa
A, M
Maestre, F.T., Bautista, S., & Cortina, J. (2003) Positive,
negative, and net effects in grass-shrub interactions in
Mediterranean semiarid grasslands. Ecology, 84, 3186-3197.
Mediterranean semi-arid
grassland, southeastern
Spain
Pistacia lentiscus
Stipa tenacissima
FE, M
Martínez, M.L. (2003) Facilitation of seedling establishment
by an endemic shrub in tropical coastal sand dunes. Plant
Ecology, 168, 333-345.
Tropical dune system,
Gulf of Mexico
Trachypogon
plumosus,
Schizachyrium
scoparium
Chamaecrista
chamaecristoides
A, FE, M
Matthies, D. (2003) Positive and negative interactions among
individuals of a root hemiparasite. Plant Biology, 5, 79-84.
Grassland, Zurich,
Switzerland
Rhinanthus
alectorolophus
(seedlings)
Rhinanthus alectorolophus
(seedlings)
FE, M
Muñoz, A.A., Chacón, P., Pérez, F., Barnert, E.S., & Armesto, Temperate rainforest,
J.J. (2003) Diversity and host tree preferences of vascular
southern Chile
epiphytes and vines in a temperate rainforest in southern Chile.
Australian Journal of Botany, 51, 381 - 391.
Epiphytes
Trees
A
Page, J.P. & Michalet, R. (2003) A test of the indirect
facilitation model in a temperate hardwood forest of the
northern French Alps. Journal of Ecology, 91, 932-940.
Hardwood forest, Alps,
France
Picea abies, Abies
alba, Fagus sylvatica,
Acer pseudoplatanus,
Quercus petraea
Molinia caerulea
FE, M
Peek, M.S. & Forseth, I.N. (2003) Microhabitat dependent
responses to resource pulses in the aridland perennial,
Cryptantha flava. Journal of Ecology, 91, 457-466.
Sandy desert ecosystem,
Utah, U.S.A.
Cryptantha flava
Shrubs
A, FE, M
Pennings, S.C., Selig, E.R., Houser, L.T., & Bertness, M.D.
(2003) Geographic variation in positive and negative
interactions among salt marsh plants. Ecology, 84, 1527-1538.
Salt marsh, Maine,
Rhode Island, Georgia,
and Alabama, U.S.A.
Nine species of salt
marsh plants
General
FE, M
Rudgers, J.A. & Maron, J.L. (2003) Facilitation between
coastal dune shrubs: a non-nitrogen fixing shrub facilitates
Coastal dunes,
California, U.S.A.
Lupinus arboreus
Baccharis pilularis
A, FE, M
establishment of a nitrogen-fixer. Oikos, 102, 75-84.
Schade, J.D., Sponseller, R., Collins, S.L., & Stiles, A. (2003)
The influence of Prosopis canopies on understorey vegetation:
effects of landscape position. Journal of Vegetation Science,
14, 743-750.
Sonoran Desert, U.S.A.
Understory vegetation
Prosopis velutina
A, M
Schenk, H.J., Holzapfel, C., J.G., H., & Mahall, B.E. (2003)
Spatial ecology of a small desert shrub on adjacent geological
substrates. Journal of Ecology, 91, 383-395.
Mojave Desert, U.S.A.
Ambrosia dumosa,
Acamptopappus
sphaerocephalus
Ambrosia dumosa
A
Siemann, E. & Rogers, W.E. (2003) Changes in light and
nitrogen availability under pioneer trees may indirectly
facilitate tree invasions of grasslands. Journal of Ecology, 91,
923-931.
Grassland, Texas, U.S.A.
Sapium sebiferum
Celtis laevigata
FE, M
Stiling, P., Rossi, A.M., & Cattell, M.V. (2003) Associational
resistance mediated by natural enemies. Ecological
Entomology, 28, 587-592.
Coastal communities,
Florida, U.S.A.
Iva frutescens
Borrichia frutescens
A, FE, M
Tirado, R. & Pugnaire, F. (2003) Shrub spatial aggregation
and consequences for reproductive success. Oecologia, 136,
296-301.
Arid systems, Almeria,
Spain
Asparagus albus
Ziziphus lotus
FE, M
Titus, J.H. & Tsuyuzaki, S. (2003) Influence of a non-native
invasive tree on primary succession at Mt. Koma, Hokkaido,
Japan. Plant Ecology, 169, 307-315.
Successional woodland,
Mt. Koma, Japan
Salix reinii, General
Larix kaempferi, Betula
ermanii
A
Cappuccino, N. (2004) Allee effect in an invasive alien plant,
pale swallow-wort Vincetoxicum rossicum (Asclepiadaceae).
Oikos, 106, 3-8.
Old fields, Ontario,
Canada
Vincetoxicum rossicum
Vincetoxicum rossicum
FE, M
Castro, J., R. Zamora, J.A. Hodar and J. Gomez (2004)
Seedling establishment of a boreal tree species (Pinus
sylvestris) at its southernmost distribution limit: consequences
of being in a marginal Mediterranean habitat. Journal of
Ecology, 92, 266-277.
Mediterranean forests,
Spain
Pinus sylvestris
Shrubs
A, FE, M
Castro, J., Zamora, R., Hódar, J.A., & Gomez, J.M. (2004)
Benefits of using shrubs as nurse plants for reforestation in
Mediterranean mountains: a 4-year study. Restoration
Ecology, 12, 352-358.
Mediterranean forests,
Sierra Nevada, southeast
Spain
Pinus sylvestris, Pinus
nigra
Salvia lavandulifolia
FE, M
Cleavitt, N. (2004) Comparative ecology of a lowland and a
subalpine species of Mnium in the northern Rocky Mountains.
Plant Ecology, 174, 205-216.
Alppine communities,
Rocky Mountains,
Alberta, Canada.
Mnium spinulosum
Hylocomium splendens
FE, M
Davis, H.G., Taylor, C.M., Civille, J.C., & Strong, D.R. (2004) Salt marsh, Washington,
An Allee effect at the front of a plant invasion: Spartina in a
U.S.A.
Pacific estuary. Journal of Ecology, 92, 321-327.
Spartina alterniflora
Spartina alterniflora
A
Ehlers, B.K. & Thompson, J. (2004) Do co-occurring plant
species adapt to one another? The response of Bromus erectus
to the presence of different Thymus vulgaris chemotypes.
Oecologia, 141, 511-515.
Artificial communities
Bromus erectus
Thymus vulgaris
M, Lab
Fensham, R.J. & Butler, D.W. (2004) Spatial pattern of dry
rainforest colonizing unburnt Eucalyptus savanna. Austral
Ecology, 29, 121-128.
Savanna, north
Queensland, Australia
Rainforest trees
Large savanna eucalypt
trees
A
Fogel, B.N., Crain, C.M., & Bertness, M.D. (2004)
Community level engineering effects of Triglochin maritima
(seaside arrowgrass) in a salt marsh in northern New England,
USA. Journal of Ecology, 92, 589-600.
Salt marsh, Maine,
U.S.A.
General
Triglochin maritima
A, FE, M, Lab
Gómez-Aparicio, L., Zamora, R., Gómez, H.M., Hódar, J.A.,
Castro, J., & Baraza, E. (2004) Applying plant facilitation to
forest restoration: a meta-analysis of the use of shrubs as nurse
plants. Ecological Applications, 14, 1128-1138.
Alpine communities,
Sierra Nevada, Spain
11 woody species
16 different nurse shrubs
A, FE, M
Klanderud, K. & Totland, Ø. (2004) Habitat dependent nurse
effects of the dwarf-shrub Dryas octopetala on alpine and
arctic plant community structure. Ecoscience, 11, 410-420.
Alpine heath, Finse and
Svalbard, Norway
Vascular plants,
Bryophytes, Lichens
Dryas octopetala
FE, M
Ludwig, F., de Kroon, H., Berendse, F., & Prins, H.H.T.
(2004) The influence of savanna trees on nutrient, water and
light availability and the understorey vegetation. Plant
Ecology, 170, 93-105.
East African savanna,
Kenya
Grass spp.
Acacia tortilis
A, M
Maestre, F.T., Cortina, J., & Bautista, S. (2004) Mechanisms
underlying the interaction between Pinus halepensis and the
native late-successional shrub Pistacia lentiscus in a semi-arid
plantation. Ecography, 27, 776-786.
Plantation woodland,
Alicante, SE Spain
Pistacia lentiscus
Pinus halepensis
A, FE, M
Martinez, M.L., Perez-Maqueo, O., & Vasquez, V.M. (2004)
Facilitative interactions on coastal dunes in response to
seasonal weather fluctuations and benefactor size. Ecoscience,
11, 390-398.
Mobile dune system,
Gulf of Mexico
Trachypogon
plumosus,
Schizachyrium
scoparium
Chamaecrista
chamaecristoides
A
Moeller, D.A. (2004) Facililtative interactions among plants
via shared pollinators. Ecology, 85, 3289-3301.
Sierra Nevada,
California, U.S.A.
Clarkia xantiana ssp.
xantiana
Congeneric spp.
A, M
Nara, K. & Hogetsu, T. (2004) Ectomycorrhizal fungi on
established shrubs facilitate subsequent seedling establishment
of successional plant species. Ecology, 85, 1700-1707.
Volcanic desert, Mt. Fuji, Betula ermanii, Larix
Japan
kaempferi
Salix reinii
A, M
Oesterheld, M. & Oyarzábal, M. (2004) Grass-to-grass
protection from grazing in a semi-arid steppe. Facilitation,
competition, and mass effect. Oikos, 107, 576-582.
Semi-arid steppe,
Patagonia, Argentina
Less preferred tussock
grasses
A, FE, M
Bromus pictus
Olofsson, J. (2004) Positive and negative plant-plant
interactions in two contrasting arctic-alpine plant
communities. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research, 36, 464467.
Tundra heathlands,
northern Sweden
Carex bigelowii
Dwarf shrubs
A, FE, M
Pugnaire, F., Armas, C., & Valladares, F. (2004) Soil as a
mediator in plant-plant interactions in a semi-arid community.
Journal of Vegetation Science, 15, 85-92.
Savanna grasslands,
Spain
Stipa tenacissima,
Lygeum
spartum
Arthrocnemum
macrostachyum,
Launaea arborescens,
Lycium intricatum, Retama
sphaerocarpa, Salsola
oppositifolia, Thymus
hyemalis
A, M
Reinhart, K.O. & Callaway, R.M. (2004) Soil biota facilitate
exotic Acer invasions in Europe and North America.
Ecological Applications, 14, 1737-1745.
Woodlands: Madison,
Wisconsin, U.S.A. and
Rhone River near
Sablons, France
Acer negundo, Acer
platanoides
Acer negundo, Acer
platanoides
A, M, Lab
Robinson, M.D. (2004) Growth and abundance of desert
annuals in an arid woodland in Oman. Plant Ecology, 174,
137-145.
Alluvial plain - desert,
Oman
Ephemeral plant
community
Acacia tortilis
A, M
Russell, F.L. & Fowler, N.L. (2004) Effects of white-tailed
Forest, Texas, U.S.A.
deer on the population dynamics of acorns, seedlings and
small saplings of Quercus buckleyi. Plant Ecology, 173, 59-72.
Quercus buckleyi
Juniperus ashei
FE, M
Verdú, M., Villar-Salvador, P., & García-Fayos, P. (2004)
Gender effects on the post-facilitation performance of two
dioecious Juniperus species. Functional Ecology, 18, 87-93.
High-mountain
shrublands, eastern Spain
Juniperus communis
Juniperus sabina
A, M
Wilby, A. & Sachak, M. (2004) Shrubs, granivores and annual
plant community stability in an arid ecosystem. Oikos, 106,
209-216.
Negev desert, Israel
Annuals
Dwarf shrubs
FE
Zvereva, E.L. & Kozlov, M.V. (2004) Facilitative effects of
top-canopy plants on four dwarf shrub species in habitats
severely disturbed by pollution. Journal of Ecology, 92, 288296.
Forests, Kola Peninsula
(NW Russia)
Vaccinium myrtillus, V.
uliginosum, V. vitisidaea, Empetrum
nigrum ssp.
hermaphroditum
Trees
A, FE, M
Armas, C., & Pugnaire, F. (2005) Plant interactions govern
population dynamics in a semiarid plant community. Journal
of Ecology, 93, 978-989.
Semiarid savanna
grasslands, Spain
Stipa tenacissima
Cistus clusii
FE, M
Callaway, R.M., Kikodze, D., Chiboshvili, M., & Khetsuriani,
L. (2005) Unpalatable plants protect neighbors from grazing
and increase plant community diversity. Ecology, 86, 18561862.
Subalpine meadow,
central Caucasus,
Georgia
Anthoxanthum
odoratum, Phleum
alpinum, General
Cirsium obalatum,
Veratrum lobelianum
A, FE, M
Cavieres, L.A., Quiroz, C.L., Molina-Montenegro, M.A.,
Munoz, A.A., & Pauchard, A. (2005) Nurse effect of the
native cushion plant Azorella monantha on the invasive nonnative Taraxacum officinale in the high-Andes of central
Chile. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and
Systematics, 7, 217-226.
Alpine communities,
central Chilean Andes
Taraxacum officinale
Azorella monantha
A, FE, M
Christian, S., Béguin, D., Buttler, A., & Müller-Schärer, H.
(2005) Safe sites for tree regeneration in wooded pastures: A
case of associational resistance? Journal of Vegetation
Science, 16, 209-214.
Wooded pastures, Jura
mountains, Switzerland
Picea abies
Unpalatable plants
A, M
Dickie, I.A., Schnitzer, S.A., Reich, P.B., & Hobbie, S.E.
(2005) Spatially disjunct effects of co-occurring competition
and facilitation. Ecology Letters, 8, 1191-1200.
Old-field woodland
succession, Cedar Creek
LTER, Minnesota,
U.S.A.
Quercus macrocarpa
Quercus ellipsoidalis
A, M
Eckstein, R.L. (2005) Differential effects of interspecific
interactions and water availability on survival, growth and
fecundity of three congeneric grassland herbs. New
Grassland, Giessen,
Germany
Viola spp.
General
FE, M
Phytologist, 166, 525-536.
Eckstein, R.L. & Donath, T.W. (2005) Interactions between
litter and water availability affect seedling emergence in four
familial pairs of floodplain species. Journal of Ecology, 93,
807-816.
Artificial communities
General
General
M, Lab
Gómez, J.M. (2005) Long-term effects of ungulates on
performance, abundance and spatial distribution of two
montane herbs. Ecological Monographs, 75, 231-258.
Mixed scrub woodland,
Mediterranean
mountains, southeastern
Spain
Erysimum
mediohispanicum,
Erysimum baeticum
Shrubs
FE, M
Gómez-Aparicio, L., Gómez, J.M., & Zamora, R. (2005)
Microhabitats shift rank in suitability for seedling
establishment depending on habitat type and climate. Journal
of Ecology, 93, 1194-1202.
Mediterranean forests,
Sierra Nevada and Sierra
De Baza National Parks,
southern Spain
Acer opalus
Trees, shrubs
A
Gómez-Aparicio, L., Gómez, J.M., Zamora, R., & Boettinger,
J.L. (2005) Canopy vs. soil effects of shrubs facilitating tree
seedlings in Mediterranean montane ecosystems. Journal of
Vegetation Science, 16, 191-198.
Mediterranean montane
shrublands, Sierra
Nevada National Park,
southeastern Spain
Trees
Shrubs
FE, M
Gómez-Aparicio, L., Valladares, F., Zamora, R., & Quero, J.L.
(2005) Response of tree seedlings to the abiotic heterogeneity
generated by nurse shrubs: an experimental approach at
different scales. Ecography, 28, 757-768.
Mediterranean montane
shrublands, Sierra
Nevada National Park,
southeastern Spain
Acer opalus, Quercus
pyrenaica, Quercus
ilex
Shrubs
A
Gómez-Aparicio, L., Zamora, R., & Gómez, J.M. (2005) The
regeneration status of the endangered Acer opalus subsp.
granatense throughout its geographical distribution in the
Iberian Peninsula. Biological Conservation, 121, 195-206.
Iberian peninsula
Acer opalus subspp.
granatense
Shrubs
A, FE, M
Henriquez, J.M. & Lusk, C.H. (2005) Facilitation of
Nothofagus antarctica (Fagaceae) seedlings by the prostrate
shrub Empetrum rubrum (Empetraceae) on glacial moraines in
Patagonia. Austral Ecology, 30, 877-882.
Glacial moraines,
Patagonia, Chile
Nothofagus antarctica
Empetrum rubrum
A, FE, M
Klanderud, K. (2005) Climate change effects on species
interactions in an alpine plant community. Journal of Ecology,
93, 127-137.
Alpine dwarf shrub
heath, Finse, southern
Norway
Carex vaginata,
Thalictrum alpinum
Dryas octopetala
FE
Klanderud, K. & Totland, Ø. (2005) The relative importance
of neighbours and abiotic environmental conditions for
population dynamic parameters of two alpine plant species.
Journal of Ecology, 93, 493-501
Alpine dwarf shrub
heath, Finse, southern
Norway
Carex vaginata,
Thalictrum alpinum
Dryas octopetala
FE
Lloret, F., Peñuelas, J., & Estiarte, M. (2005) Effects of
vegetation canopy and climate on seedling establishment in
Mediterranean shrubland. Journal of Vegetation Science, 16,
67-76.
Mediterranean shrubland, General
Barcelona, Spain
General
FE, M
Lortie, C.J., Ellis, E., Novoplansky, A., & Turkington, R.
(2005) Implications of spatial pattern and local density on
community-level interactions. Oikos, 109, 495-502.
Desert annual
community,
General
General
FE
Maher, E.L., Germino, M.J., & Hasselquist, N.J. (2005)
Interactive effects of tree and herb cover on survivorship,
physiology, and microclimate of conifer seedlings at the alpine
tree-line ecotone. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 35,
567-574.
Alpine tree-line ecotone,
Wyoming, U.S.A.
Pinus albicaulis, Picea
engelmannii, Abies
lasiocarpa
Herbs, Trees
A, FE, M
Petit, S. & Dickson, C.R. (2005) Grass tree (Xanthorrhoea
semiplana, Lliliaceae) facilitation of the endangered pink
lipped spider orchid (Caladenia syn. Arachnorchis behrii,
Orchidaceae) varies in south Australia. Australian Journal of
Botany, 53, 455-464.
Northern Adelaide
region, Australia
Caladenia syn.
Arachnorchis behrii
Xanthorrhoea semiplana
A, M
Proffitt, C.E., Chiasson, R.L., Owens, A.B., Edwards, K.R., &
Travis, S.E. (2005) Spartina alterniflora genotype influences
facilitation and suppression of high marsh species colonizing
an early successional salt marsh. Journal of Ecology, 93, 404416.
Salt marsh, Louisiana,
U.S.A.
Multiple species
Spartina alterniflora
A, M
Riginos, C., Milton, S.J., & Wiegand, T. (2005) Contextdependent interactions between adult shrubs and seedlings in a
semi-arid shrubland. Journal of Vegetation Science, 16, 331340.
Succulent Karoo,
Western Cape, South
Africa
Shrubs
Shrubs
A, FE, M, Lab
Zou, C.B., Barnes, P.W., Archer, S., & McMurtry, C.R. (2005)
Soil moisture redistribution as a mechanism of facilitation in
savanna tree-shrub clusters. Oecologia, 145, 32-40.
Subtropical savanna
parkland, texas, U.S.A.
Shrubs
Trees
A, FE, M
Alados, C.L., Gotor, P., Ballester, P., Navas, D., Escos, J.M.,
Navarro, T., & Cabezudo, B. (2006) Association between
competition and facilitation processes and vegetation spatial
patterns in alpha steppes. Biological Journal of the Linnean
Society, 87, 103-113.
Semiarid Mediterranean
matorral
General
Shrubs
A
Badano, E.I. & Cavieres, L.A. (2006) Impacts of ecosystem
engineers on community attributes: effects of cushion plants at
different elevations of the Chilean Andes. Diversity and
Distributions, 12, 388-396.
High-Andean alpine
plant community, Chile
General
Azorella compacta, Laretia
acaulis, Silene acaulis
A
Baumeister, D. & Callaway, R.M. (2006) Facilitative effects
of Pinus flexilis during succession: a hierarchy of mechanisms
benefits other plant species. Ecology, 87, 1816-1930.
Forest-grassland ecotone,
Montana, U.S.A.
Pseudotsuga menziesii,
Ribes cereum
Pinus flexilis
FE, M
Brooker, R.W., Scott, D., Palmer, S.C.F., & Swaine, E. (2006)
Transient facilitative effects of heather on Scots pine along a
grazing disturbance gradient in Scottish moorland. Journal of
Ecology, 94, 637-645.
Heather moorland,
Cairngorm Mountains,
Scotland
Pinus sylvestris
Calluna vulgaris
FE, M
Cavieres, L.A., Badano, E.I., Sierra-Almeida, A., GómezAlpine communities,
González, S., & Molina-Montenegro, M.A. (2006) Positive
central Chilean Andes
interactions between alpine plant species and the nurse cushion
plant Laretia acaulis do not increase with elevation in the
Andes of central Chile. New Phytologist, 169, 59-69.
General
Laretia acaulis
A, M
Holzapfel, C., Tielbörger, K., Paragb, H.A., Kigel, J., &
Sternberga, M. (2006) Annual plant-shrub interactions along
an aridity gradient. Basic and Applied Ecology, 7, 268-279.
Desert to mesic
Mediterranean regions,
Israel
Annuals
Shrubs
A
Kikvidze, Z., Khetsuriani, L., Kikodze, D., & Callaway, R.M.
(2006) Seasonal shifts in competition and facilitation in
subalpine plant communities of the central Caucasus. Journal
of Vegetation Science, 17, 77-82.
Subalpine meadow,
central Caucasus,
Georgia
Hordeum violaceum,
Trifolium ambiguum
General
FE
Kost, C. & Heil, M. (2006) Herbivore-induced plant volatiles
induce an indirect defence in neighbouring plants. Journal of
Ecology, 94, 619-628.
Roadside vegetation,
Oaxaca, Mexico
Phaseolus lunatus
Phaseolus lunatus
FE, M, Lab
Kunstler, G., Curt, T., Bouchaud, M., & Lepart, J. (2006)
Indirect facilitation and competition in tree species
colonization of sub-Mediterranean grasslands. Journal of
Vegetation Science, 17, 379-388.
Grassland, Causse du
Larzac plateau, southern
France
Fagus sylvatica,
Quercus pubescens
Shrubs
FE, M Lab
Milbrandt, E.C. & Tinsley, M.N. (2006) The role of saltwort
(Batis maritima L.) in regeneration of degraded mangrove
forests. Hydrobiologia, 568, 369-377.
Fringe mangrove forests,
southwest Florida,
U.S.A.
Avicennia germinans
Batis maritima
FE, M
Miriti, M.N. (2006) Ontogenetic shift from facilitation to
competition in a desert shrub. Journal of Ecology, 94, 973979.
Colorado Desert,
California, U.S.A.
Ambrosia dumosa
Ambrosia dumosa
A
Nara, K. (2006a) Pioneer dwarf willow may facilitate tree
succession by providing late colonizers with compatible
ectomycorrhizal fungi in a primary successional volcanic
Volcanic desert, Mount
Fuji, Japan
Betula ermanii, Larix
kaempferi
Salix reinii
A, M
desert. New Phytologist, 171, 187-198.
Ramirez, J.M., Rey, P.J., Alcantara, J.M., & SanchezLafuente, A.M. (2006) Altitude and woody cover control
recruitment of Helleborus foetidus in a Mediterranean
mountain area. Ecography, 29, 375-384.
Mixed oak - spiny shrub
vegetation, Jaen
province, southeastern
Spain
Helleborus foetidus
Woody species
A, FE
Reinhart, K.O., Gurnee, J., Tirado, R., & Callaway, R.M.
(2006) Invasion through quantitative effects: intense shade as a
driver of invasive success and native decline. Ecological
Applications, 16, 1821-1831.
Riparian system in mixed
deciduous forest,
Montana, U.S.A.
Acer platanoides
Acer platanoides
A, FE
Schiffers, K. & Tielbörger, K. (2006) Ontogenetic shifts in
interactions among annual plants. Journal of Ecology, 94, 336341.
Desert rainfall gradient,
Israel
Biscutella didyma,
Hymenocarpos
circinnatus
General
A, FE
Smit, C., Den Ouden, J., & Müller-Schärer, H. (2006)
Unpalatable plants facilitate tree sapling survival in wooded
pastures. Journal of Ecology, 43, 305-312.
Wooded pastures,
Switzerland
Picea abies
Gentiana lutea, Cirsium
acaule
FE, M
Sthultz, C.M., Gehring, C.A., & Whitham, T.G. (2006) Shifts
from competition to facilitation between a foundation tree and
a pioneer shrub across spatial and temporal scales in a
semiarid woodland. New Phytologist, 173, 135-145.
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