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During the Middle Ages, the Catholic Church was the dominant religion in Western Europe Without a common government in Europe, the Catholic Pope became an important political leader On the manor, priests were powerful because the controlled peoples’ access to heaven by delivering the sacraments & absolving sins The Catholic Church taught that people could gain access to heaven (called salvation) by having faith in God & doing good works for others Practices of the Catholic Church The church taught that Christians could gain more of God’s grace through a series of spiritual rituals called the Holy Sacraments Sacraments included Baptism, Confirmation, Communion, Confession, Marriage, Ordination of Priests, Last Rites for the Dying But, the church was also growing corrupt Some Clergy members sold indulgences Priests were required to go through rigorous training in a Sometimes, feudal monastery…but lords would use some their church positions were influence to have sold to the highest friends or children bidder called simony named as priests, called lay investiture One of the most corrupt church practices was the selling of indulgences Indulges began as a way for people to repent for their sins through good works These practices went unquestioned during the Middle Ages But rather than requiring good deeds, church leaders began selling indulgence certificates as a way of raising money By the time of the Renaissance, some Christians began criticizing church corruptions & questioned Catholic teachings Christian humanists believed that they could help reform the Catholic Church. This movement to reform Church corruption was known as the Protestant Reformation In the 1300s, Reformers like John Wycliffe attacked corruptions like indulges, said that the Bible (not the Pope) was the ultimate authority on Christianity, & wanted church teachings in the vernacular (local language) not Latin CatholicTitle leaders responded to these criticisms by executing Wycliffe ■ Text In 1509, Christian humanist Erasmus published Praise of Folly which called for an end of corruptions and reduction of the Pope’s growing power over nonreligious areas of life like government and economics (secular power ) As a result of Johann Gutenberg’s invention of the moveable-type printing press in 1453, Erasmus’ book spread throughout Europe & increased calls for church reform The Protestant Reformation By the early 1500s, the Catholic Church was in turmoil over the controversy of corruption & its unwillingness to adopt reforms In Germany, a Catholic monk named Martin Luther became involved in a serious dispute with the Catholic Church Martin Luther’s break from the Catholic Church began the Protest Protestant Reform Reformation Reformation & inspired a series of new Christian denominations During the Protestant Reformation, reformers protested church corruptions & practices in hopes of reforming Christianity Martin Luther After studying the Bible as a monk, Martin Luther became a priest & scholar During his studies of the Bible, Luther became convinced that salvation could not be achieved by good works & sacraments Instead, Luther was inspired by St. Paul’s Epistle to the Romans: “A person can be made good by having faith in God’s mercy” Martin Luther Martin Luther believed that salvation was gained though having faith in God; He called this idea Justification by Faith Martin Luther was also deeply troubled by the church’s selling of indulgences, which he saw as false salvation In 1517, Martin Luther wrote a list of arguments against church practices called the “Ninety-Five Theses” He posted the Ninety-Five Theses on the church door in the town of Wittenberg & welcomed debate of his ideas The “Ninety-Five Theses” spread quickly through Europe causing an incredible controversy Many people, especially in Northern Europe, were excited about his ideas But the Catholic Church condemned Luther & rejected his ideas In 1521, Luther was called before the Diet of Worms, a meeting of church & political leaders The Church Luther refused, argued that the demanded that Bible was the only source of Luther take back religious authority, & encouraged his teachings Christians to study the Bible for themselves At the Diet of Worms, Martin Luther was excommunicated from the Catholic Church Martin Luther’s stand against the Catholic Church led to the formation of a new Christian denomination known as Lutheranism Lutheranism was the first of a series of “Protestant” Christian faiths that broke from the Catholic Church and power of the Pope Calvinism taught predestination, the idea that God determines In 1530, the Protestant beforehand (He has movement gave way to the pre-determined,) teachings of John Calvin. who will be saved.. Calvin wrote an important book that gave structure to Protestant beliefs. He taught that people are sinful by nature. As Protestant churches grew all over Europe, the Catholic Church took steps to change itself. This was called the Catholic Reformation or CounterThe Jesuits… Reformation. One Catholic reformer was •started across Europe Ignatiusschools (later St. Ignatius) who founded a new group •they missionaries to convert people to in sent the Catholic Church Catholicism based on deep devotion to Jesus. Members of this •tried to stop thecalled spread group, were theof Protestantism Jesuits. (Think McQuiad This was called the Counter-Reformation HS…the Jesuits) Movement Protestant Reformation During the Protestant Reformation, religious reformers called protestants broke from the Catholic Church & started new Christian denominations Protestant Martin Luther began the Reformation Reformation & believed in Justification by Faith John Calvin believed in predestination & not the Henry VIII, a strict code of living Pope, was the head of the Anglican Church the 1500s, the new protestant But,Inmost Europeans, especially in Spain, faiths spread,&especially into France, Portugal, Italy stayed with the northern Europe which in areas away from Catholic Church remained the the power ofin the Catholic largest religion Europe butChurch it had lost much of its power & influence How did leaders of the Catholic Church respond to the Reformation? ■Assume the role of a Catholic bishop attending the Council of Trent in 1545 & develop a response to the Reformation –Brainstorm solutions to this problem –Identify positive & negative consequences of each possible solution –Rank order your solutions –Be prepared to discuss The response of the Catholic Church to the The Catholic Protestant ReformationReformation became known as the Counter-Reformation (or the Catholic Reformation) One of the first reformers in the Catholic Church was Ignatius of Loyola who formed the Society of Jesus in 1540 Members of the Society of Jesus were called Jesuits & focused on three goals: Jesuits formed Jesuits tried schools to to stop the better educate spread of Catholic priests Protestantism Jesuits sent missionaries around the world to convert non-Christians to Catholicism In 1545, Pope Paul III created a committee of Catholic leaders to review church practices, known as the Council of Trent The Catholic Church stopped selling false indulgences Over the next 18 years, New schools were the Council of Trent made a series of reforms created to educate priests The Council of Trent also reaffirmed several core Catholic beliefs & practices Salvation is gained through faith in God & good works All seven Holy Sacraments are legitimate means to gain God’s grace The Church’s interpretation of the Bible is final & all others who interpret the Bible are heretics (non-believers) To enforce these beliefs, the Church used the Inquisition to accuse, hold trials, & punish heretics The Church banned & burned all offensive books, including Protestant bibles The Impact of the Reformation The Protestant Reformation left Europe religiously divided Numerous religious wars were fought between Catholics & Protestants The weakened authority of the Pope helped kings gain power & form nations The Reformation encouraged education & the questioning of long-held beliefs Missionaries converted non-Christians throughout the world Closure Activity