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Test 2 Things to Know IN A NUTSHELL A. Weaknesses in the national government under The Articles of Confederation led to the Constitutional Convention in which a new and more powerful central government was created. B. In the 1790’s George Washington presided over the creation of a new government. C. Although Washington warned against the “spirit of party”, political parties were created during his presidency. D. Party division, territorial growth, and a war in Europe shaped U.S. history in the early 19th century. E. A period of strong nationalism emerged in 1815 after the end of a second war with Great Britain What significant battles led to the American victory over English forces? The Battles at Trenton and Princeton helped keep the revolution alive. The American victory at Saratoga, New York inspired the French to actively help Americans. The American Revolution ended in 1781 when General George Washington’s led troops defeated the British at Yorktown, Virginia. The Treaty of Paris, in which Britain recognized American Independence, was signed in 1783. What were the articles of Confederation? The Articles provided the United States with its first constitution. Under the Articles the central government had no power to tax, to regulate commerce, to raise an army, or to enforce laws. Each state had one vote in the Confederation Congress and it took a unanimous vote to amend the Articles of Confederation. In short, the Articles created a weak government that many leaders wanted to strengthen. What event prompted delegates to write a new constitution? Daniel Shays led a rebellion of debtor farmers against the Massachusetts government in the winter of 1786-87. Although the rebellion was unsuccessful, it made many prominent Americans aware that the Continental Congress was powerless to protect the nation from invasion or domestic violence. Who attended the Constitutional Convention? Although Rhode Island boycotted the convention, 55 delegates from 12 states attended the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in 1787. George Washington of Virginia was chosen to preside. Delegates to the Convention included Alexander Hamilton of New York, who spoke in favor of a strong central government, Ben Franklin of Pennsylvania who gave prestige to the convention, and James Madison of Virginia who was considered the “Father of the Constitution”. Several notable leaders such as John Adams, Thomas Jefferson and Patrick Henry did not attend. What was the Virginia Plan? Edmund Randolph of Virginia introduced a plan to create a new central government with a bicameral (two house) legislature, an executive elected by the legislature, and a separate judiciary. In Randolph’s plan the lower house would be elected by the people and the upper house would be elected by the lower house. Representation in both houses of legislation would be based on population of the state. What was the New Jersey Plan? William Paterson of New Jersey introduced a plan expressing the desire of the small states for equal representation in a unicameral legislature. What was the Great Compromise? Delegates from Connecticut (Roger Sherman) introduced a compromise to settle the argument between the large states and the small states over representation in Congress. By the terms of the compromise the federal legislature would be bicameral with an upper house (the Senate) based on equal representation from each state and a lower house (the House of Representatives) based on population. What was the Three-Fifths Compromise? Delegates decided to count slaves as 3/5’s of a person for both taxation and representation. What form of government was created by the U.S. Constitution? A republican form of government based on separation of powers between three branches of government (Executive, Legislative, and Judicial). In addition, the Constitution created a federal system of government that separated powers between a national and state government. What arguments were presented in the debate over ratification of the US Constitution? AntiFederalist who opposed the Constitution, believed the new government would destroy the power of the states and would not protect individual rights. Federalist, who supported the Constitution, believed that strengthening the central government would provide stability and power to prevent foreign domination and domestic rebellion. In addition, Federalist believed that by creating a republican government with limited power, the rights of the people could not be violated. When was the US Constitution ratified? By 1788 nine out of the thirteen states voted for adopting the new form of government. Only two states – Rhode Island and N. Carolina – voted against ratification. New government begins in 1789. What were the major achievements of President Washington and the First Congress? They established the executive departments (State, Treasury, and War) and created a federal court system with a Supreme Court, and passed a revenue tariff. The also passed the first ten amendments (The Bill of Rights) in 1791. What policies did Alexander Hamilton adopt to strengthen the nation’s finances? To fund the federal debt Hamilton, the first Secretary of Treasury, raised money through excise taxes, tariffs, and the sale of western lands. He proposed that the federal government take over the states’ debts. To create a strong national currency Hamilton created a Bank of the United States, a private bank in which the federal government deposited federal funds. By showing that the new government was financially responsible, Hamilton’s policies strengthened the power of the federal government. What criticisms were leveled at Hamilton’s policies? The tariffs created higher prices and some states resented having to pay debts of other states. Farmers in western Pennsylvania protested the excise tax on whiskey. The protest ended when Washington sent in federal troops. Critics of the Bank of the United States said that it favored the wealthy, northerners, and was unconstitutional. How did the French Revolution affect the United States? At first most American supported the French Revolution that began in 1789. By 1793, American attitudes had changed when France declared war on England, Spain, and Holland. Washington proclaims neutrality. Why were political parties created? The differences between Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson led to the formation of two political parties. Federalist, supporters of Hamilton, supported a strong federal government. A loose interpretation of the Constitution, the Bank, England and revenue tariffs. Democratic-Republicans, followers of Jefferson, opposed the Federalist on all of the issues and supported France. What were the important issues during John Adams’ presidency? As second president, Adams faced great divisions between political parties and a potential war with France. To silence opponents, Federalist passed the Alien and Sedition Acts. The Importance of the election of 1800 – it was a peaceful transition of power between the Federalist and the Democratic-Republicans. Why did the U.S. go to war in 1812? In 1810, new generations of political leaders known as the War Hawks were elected to Congress. They pressured President Madison to go to war with England. England had violated the freedom of the seas and armed and encouraged Indian outrages. The U.S. wanted to annex Canada. The war ended with the Treaty of Ghent with status quo antebellum. What was the Era of Good Feelings? A period after the War of 1812 that was characterized by strong nationalism and only one major political party. What was the American System? Henry Clay introduced a proposal to make the U.S. economically self-sufficient. His plan included a 2nd Bank of the United States, protective tariffs, and internal improvements at federal expense. What were the most important issues during Monroe’s presidency? The U.S. obtained Florida from Spain and issued the Monroe Doctrine. Significant events 1. 5. George Washington’s Inauguration Annapolis Convention 1789 2. Shays’ Rebellion 1786-1787 3. Constitutional Convention 1787 4. Ratification of the Constitution 6. Judiciary Act 1789 7. First Bank of the United States 8. Proclamation of Neutrality 35. Thomas Jefferson 9. Whiskey Rebellion 36. John Adams 10. Jay’s Treaty 37. James Madison 11. Pinckney’s Treaty 38. James Monroe 12. Washington’s Farewell Address 39. Aaron Burr 13. XYZ Affair 40. Edmont Genet 14. Alien and Sedition Acts 41. John Marshall 15. Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions 42. Sacajewea 16. midnight judges 43. Henry Clay 17. Marbury v. Madison (1803) 44. William Henry Harrison 18. Louisiana Purchase 45. Tecumseh 19. Lewis and Clark Expedition 46. Andrew Jackson 20. Jefferson’s Embargo 47. John Quincy Adams 21. Battle of Tippecanoe Additional Information 22. War of 1812 48. Virginia Plan 23. The Hartford Convention 49. New Jersey Plan 24. Treaty of Ghent 50. Great Compromise 25. Battle of New Orleans 51. 3/5th Compromise 26. The American System 52. republican form of government 27. Adams Onis Treaty 1819 53. federal system 28. Monroe Doctrine 54. separation of powers 29. Second Great Awakening 55. The Federalist Papers Important People 56. excise tax 30. George Washington 57. loose versus strict interpretation 31. Alexander Hamilton 58. Federalist 32. Ben Franklin 59. Democratic-Republican 33. James Madison 60. 12th amendment 34. John Jay 61. impressments 62. protective tariff 63. internal improvements 64. Virginia Dynasty 65. corrupt bargain