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Flame Test Colors Li+ Na+ K+ Ca2+ Sr2+ Ba2+ Cu2+ Deep red (crimson) Yellow Violet Orange-red Red Green Blue-green Aqueous Ion Colors Cu1+ Cu2+ Fe Green Blue Yellow to red-orange (depending on anion and charge of Fe); in rare cases, can form complex ion with a deep blue color yellow-green (depending on the anion) orange-red (depending on the anion) Pink Violet (Cr(NO3)3 to Green (CrCl3) Green Pink blue-green (Pb2+ and Pb4+ are colorless) violet blue-green Purple (Mn w/ +7 oxidation state is purple) Yellow Orange Dark Blue; produced when ammonia is added to Cu2+ solutions Red-brown, Wine-red to dark orange Blue (Co2+ with HCl will form a CoCl42- complex that is blue) Purple Fe2+ Fe3+ Co2+ Cr3+ Ni2+ Mn2+ Pb3+ V2+ V3+ MnO4CrO42Cr2O72Cu(NH3)42+ FeSCN2+ CoCl42Ti(H2O)63+ Al, K, Li, Mg, Na, Ca, Ba, Sr, Zn are colorless aqueous ions and most of their solid salts are white. Transition element ions with partially filled d orbitals tend to release colored light. Assorted Compounds F2 Cl2 Br2 I2 S8 NO NO2 PbI2 Metallic sulfides Fe2O3 Metallic oxides Pale-yellow gas Green-yellow gas Red-brown liquid Dark-violet vapor & dark metallic looking solid Yellow, odorous solid Colorless gas; associated with reactions between metals and dilute HNO3 Brown gas; associated with reactions between metals and concentrated HNO 3 Bright yellow precipitate Sulfides of transition metals tend to be black Reddish brown (rust) Oxides of colored transition metal ions tend to be colored Acid-Base Indicators Phenolphthalein Red Litmus (paper) Blue Litmus (paper) Colorless (pH<7) to Pink (pH>8 ; when OH- is present) Turns purple in alkaline solution Turns pink in acidic solution