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Name ____________________________________________ Period __________ Date _____________ Chapter 6 -- Photosynthesis Obtaining Energy Autotroph: energy (______________________) from _______________________ 6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight C6H12O6 + 6O2 Heterotroph: energy from ___________________ Why is Photosynthesis important? Makes ________________________ molecules out of ___________________________ materials It begins all food chains & ____________________ All life is supported by this process It also makes __________________________ _________________! _______________________________– starts ecological food webs! Photosynthesis = “putting together with light” Plants use _________________________ to turn water and _________________________ _________________________ into glucose. Plants use _________________________ as food _________________________ make glucose and _________________________ are _________________________ of it. 1 Overview of Photosynthesis Light Reactions _________________________ is absorbed and converted to chemical energy Chemical energy is temporarily stored in plants as ______________ and _________________________ Calvin Cycle ______________, ______________, and _________________________ make organic compounds 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 Carbon dioxide + water glucose + oxygen Capturing Light Energy During light reactions, the plant’s _________________________ absorb the sunlight Why are plants green? The light we see from the sun is _________________________ light, but its way more than white! Colors that we see are _________________________ from the object Why do we see green? Green color from white light _________________________ NOT absorbed by the chlorophyll in the chloroplast 2 Converting Light Energy to Chemical Energy Absorbing light energy to make _________________________ energy Pigments: Absorb different colors of white light (ROY G BIV) Main pigment: ______________________________ Accessory pigments: ______________________________ and _________________________ These pigments absorb all wavelengths (light) EXCEPT green Light Energy Reactions Photosystems Each photosystem is light _________________________ Photosystem II is occurs _________________________ Occurs on the membrane of the _________________________ sacs in the chloroplasts 1. _________________________ is split and _________________________ are passed to a protein 2. Once light is absorbed the _________________________ are excited and move to the following protein in the membrane 3. The primary electron acceptor _________________________ the electron to the ______________________ _____________________ __________________ Photosystem I occurs _________________________ 4. The _________________________ from the ______________________ _____________________ __________________ are transferred to the primary acceptor protein once light is absorbed 3 5. Primary electron acceptor _________________________ to another electron transport chain (towards the stroma) 6. The electrons are _________________________ once last time to a molecule NADP+ (low energy) and this become NADPH (higher energy) How do you get an electron from water? There is an _________________________ that can break water molecules into 3 products One of the final products is electrons 2H2O 4H+ + 4e- + O2 For every 2 molecules of _________________________, you get 4 electrons and _________________________ ______________ This is the oxygen we breathe! 4 Making ATP! The _________________________ has its membrane and proteins throughout H+ ions are _________________________ concentration ___________ the cell ATP _________________________: protein in membrane that _________________________ H+ ions via _________________________ diffusion This process give the needed _________________________ to combine ADP + extra P in the cell to make ______________ Calvin Cycle Named after American biochemist __________________ _________________ Most commonly used pathway by most plants Calvin cycle is used by plants that are called C3 because of the _________________________ _________________________ that are made Light-independent reaction (____________________ _____________________) Does _______________ require light Occurs in _________________________ of chloroplast Requires ____________ Uses ____________ and __________________ as fuel to run Makes _________________________ sugar from CO2 and Hydrogen Uses _________________________ from the light reactions + CO2 to make _________________________ and other compounds 5 What are the products of the light reactions? Where does the CO2 come from? Step 1 CO2 is diffused into the _________________________ of the chloroplast A 5-Carbon molecule named ________________ combines to the CO2 The Enzyme that catalyzes this reaction is _________________________ This becomes a 6-Carbon molecule that is very _________________________ Split to become _____________ 3-Carbon molecules called 3phosphoglycerate (_________________) 6-Carbon Sugar 3-PGA + 3-PGA Step 2 3-PGA is still _________________________ 3-PGA glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (_________________) For this to occur, each 3-PGA molecule gets a _________________________from ATP and a _________________ from NADPH Once the molecule receives the P and proton it converts into _______________ 3-PGA + P + H G3P 6 Where did the P and H come from? *ATP ADP + P *NADPH NADP+ + H Step 3 One G3P molecule leaves the Calvin cycle This will be used to make a _________________________ later Step 4 The other G3P molecule gets converted _____________ to ______________ due to an addition of another _________________________ from ATP G3P + P RuBP This RuBP goes back to the Calvin cycle to be fixed again 7 Stoma This opening how plants exchange gases! Stoma Open CO2 can _________________________ O2 will _________________________ and leave cells Stoma Closed CO2 _________________________ O2 _________________________ C4 Pathway Plants that use this are called ____________ plants and have stomata _________________________ during hot part of _______________ Enzyme fixes CO2 to a _____________________________________ compound when CO2 is low and O2 is high Corn, sugar cane, & crab grass Usually _________________________ climates CAM Pathway Water _________________________ pathway _______________ _______________climates Stoma _____________________ during day & _________________ at night Opposite of ordinary plants Pineapples & cacti During the day Stoma are _________________________ CO2 is _________________________from compounds and enters Calvin cycle 8 During the night Stoma are _________________________ Take in CO2 and _____________ into carbon compounds What affects photosynthesis? Light intensity: as _________________________increases, rate of photosynthesis _________________________ Carbon Dioxide: As ___________ increases, rate of photosynthesis _________________________ Temperature: Temperature _____________ = Rate of photosynthesis ___________ Temperature _________________________= Rate of photosynthesis _________________________ If temperature is ______________ ___________, rate _________________________ 9