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World History and Cultures
Fighting
Conquistador
Columbus Extra Notes
► Columbus
made 4 trips to the New World –
Discovering the major islands of the
Caribbean – Haiti, San Salvador, Puerto
Rico, Jamaica and Cuba.
► Till his death in 1506, Columbus believed
that he reached a set of islands off the
coast of India – which were connected to
Japan.
Columbus Extra Notes 3
► Columbus
along with later conquistadors
accidentally brought a number of germs and
diseases like Small Pox which helped to
destroy the Native population.
► Columbus and the Spanish conquistadors
forced labor in gold mines, disease and
starvation rapidly killed off the Tainos and
the natives
Columbus’s Extra Notes 4
► This
depletion of slave labor forced the Spanish to
look for other areas for slave labor – namely
Africa.
► Columbus’ trip also gave Spanish Missionaries the
perfect opportunity to spread Christianity to the
New World and convert Natives from the cultural
religions.
► After his first trip (his most successful trip),
Columbus would bring back a number of spices,
foods, some riches and primarily slaves.
Columbus Extra Notes 2
►
►
►
By reaching these lands off of India – Christopher
Columbus would be promised a portion of all of the riches
that he brought back – this caused him to constantly
search for means to bring riches back to Spain.
After meeting the natives of San Salvador, the Tainos, he
believed thought that they were animals and less than
humans--- even though the natives gave him a warm
reception
Columbus believed that he had found his means to getting
his riches and would soon enslave the tainos and other
natives in his pursuit of gold and riches in the New World
Columbus’s Extra Notes 5
► His
stories of riches and success prompted
Spain to go to Rome and have the pope at
the time Alexander VI, help them sign a
peace treaty with Portugal called the Treaty
of Tordesillas in 1494, which gave them
complete claim to the islands that were to
be discovered by Columbus and all land in
the Western part of South America.
What role did Marco Polo having Europeans
countries begin making voyages to new
lands?
► In
going to China – he
wrote an account of
his experiences called
THE TRAVELS
► The book fascinated
many Europeans by
what they thought of
the Exotic East
Identify each Explorers – List what
each explorer accomplished -- List
the date of their accomplishments
Bartholemeu Dias
► 1488
► First
to go around
the Tip of Africa –
Discovered the Cape
of Good Hope
Vasco Da Gama
► 1498
► First
to go Around
Africa and actually
reach India – in the
port of Calicut
Ferdinand Magellan
1519-1522
► First explorer to get
credit for circling the
globe
►
Magellan’s Trip
John Cabot
► 1497
► Explored
the New
England coastline of
the Americas on Behalf
of England
Pedro Alvares Cabral
► 1500
► Attempted
to go east
around Africa to get to
India and ended up
discovering Brazil –
South America
Amerigo Vespucci
► Went
along on several
voyages – his letters
describing the lands he
sees which led to the
use of the name
America for the new
lands
Conquistadors

Name for the Spanish
explorers who
claimed lands in the
Americas for Spain in
the 1500’s and 1600’s
Cortes and the Aztecs
The Aztec treated
their king like he was
a God – Most people
weren’t allowed to
touch him or look
directly at him when
they were in his
presence
Cortes and the Aztecs
One important thing
that the Spanish had
which helped them
against the Aztecs were
horses
The Aztecs had never
seen horses before –
they said that by seeing
the Spanish on
horseback – was like
seeing a half-man- half
beast monster
Cortes and the Aztecs
In order to fight the
Aztecs, Cortes
increased his army by
making allies with
neighboring tribes
that had been
destroyed by the
Aztecs
Malinche
she was a young
Indian woman who
served as the
translator and
adviser for Cortes –
later named Dona
Marina meaning
traitor
Tenochtitlan
Cortes and the Aztecs
When Cortes came in
Tenochtitlan – he actually
was treated by the Aztec
king (Moctezuma) like a
god
He was believed to be the
Aztec God Quetzalcoatl –
he was showed with gifts
and gold
Cortes returned the Aztec
hospitality by imprisoning
Moctezuma no more than
a week later
What does Motecuhzuma mean when
he says to Cortes “Now you have
arrived on the earth”?
The Aztec king thinks
that Cortes is a god
predicted in legend
who was come down
to earth from heaven
What details show the great
wealth of the Aztec Empire?
Descriptions about
the treasure house –
and the King’s own
treasure – they
mention things like
gold shields, crowns
and golden leg armor
Why did the other Aztec chiefs lose respect for
Motecuhzuma after he ordered them to provide the
Spaniards with Supplies? Why did they obey his
orders?
They did not think that
the Spaniards
especially Cortes was
a god
They obeyed the king
because they were
loyal to him.
What advantages did Cortes have in his attempt to
conquer the Aztec? What were Aztecs’
weaknesses? Could the Spaniards have
conquered the Mexicans as easily if Motecuhzoma
had not been so trusting?
Spanish – guns, cannon, ruthless attitude,
perhaps the help of Malinche and others
who objected to Aztec rule
Aztec – trust in Spaniards, lack of
firearms, willingness to obey
Motecuhzuma
??????
Cortes and the Aztecs
The Aztecs would eventually rise up
against the Conquistadors on June 29,
1520 – During this rebellion by the Aztecs
– Moctezuma was killed
The story behind the death of Moctezuma
varies by the teller of the story
Cortes
According to the Spanish – Moctezuma attempted to
help calm the rebellion down and in the fury of Aztec
crowd – one of them threw a rock– which struck the king
in the head causing his eventual death – Before he died
he was baptized and made into a Christian
According to the Aztecs – Cortes pushed the Aztec King
in front of the Crowd in order to calm down – the crowd
was not responsive to the king – When Cortes realized
this he killed Moctezuma and in the back which killed
him
Cortes and the Aztecs
In a desperate attempt to escape the city –
Many of Cortes’ conquistadors drowned in
the canals that ran throughout the city in
the canals that ran throughout the city
They drowned because they were
weighed down by the gold they were trying
to take with them in their escape
What was Pizzaro able to do? How
did he do it? What did he do in
1535?
Defeated the Incas – He
captured and later
executed the Incan
emperor – Atahualpa
They fought the Incas –
but the Incas’ stones,
arrows and light spears
could match the steel of
the Spanish
He would go on to
establish a new capital
called Lima – in their new
Spanish Empire
Pizarro and Atahualpa
The taking of Atahualpa
The killing of Atahualpa
•
•
•
•
WHO ESTABLISHED NEW NETHERLANDS? HOW
LARGE WAS NEW NETHERLANDS? WHY DID
FLOURISH? WHO EVENTUALLY TOOK IT OVER?
WHAT WAS IT RENAMED TOO?
Dutch
It extended from the
mouth of present day
Hudson River as far
north as present day
Albany
It never flourished
because of the West
India Co. did not
encourage settlement
English Renamed it –
New York
 1608
 Founded Quebec on the
banks of St. Lawrence
river
 This area was settled
for France
What total are and holdings did the
English control?



The English had established control over
most of the Eastern seaboard of North
America
They had set-up sugar plantations on
several Caribbean islands
They also settled Virginia and
Massachusetts
Explorer Timeline Activity
 Leif Ericson
 Landed in New
Foundland
 1000
. In terms of the Pacific Ocean, did the
same person who discovered give the
ocean its current name? If not, who
discovered the Pacific Ocean and who gave
it its current name?
 No
 Balboa
–
Discovered
the Pacific –
Magellan
Named it
Based on the timeline, why is it logical that the
citizens of Puerto Rico
predominantly speak Spanish today?
• Because it was founded by two
explorers representing Spain –
Columbus and Ponce De Leon
Identify the major French explorers who founded
places and made discoveries in the New
World? What were their accomplishments?


Cartier, Champlain and
La Salle
Cartier - explored the
St.Lawrence River
(Founded Montreal) –
Champlain founded
Quebec on the banks of
St. Lawrence river --- La
Salle explored the Great
Lakes, Mississippi River
and Gulf of Mexico
Identify 2 major achievement of
Giovanni Verrazano
Explored the East
coast to North
Carolina
He also discovered
Manhattan
He was the first
European to enter
New York Bay
What 4 American states were founded and
explored by the explorers in this timeline?







New Mexico
Texas
Florida
Alaska
California
North Carolina
New York
List the all of the explorers who
explored the land in these states –
When did each of these men go
these places?
► Vitus
Bering – Explored Alaska
► Walter Raleigh backed the first colony in North
Carolina
► Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo was the first European
explorer to navigate the coast of present day
California in the United States
► Pedro Menendez de Aviles, Hernando de Soto,
Juan Ponce de Leon all explored Florida
► Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca the first European to
explore Texas
► Giovanni Verrazano discovered Manhattan – New
York
What are the 3 Mythical places that the explorers on this
timeline came to New World to find? Who were the
explorers who came looking for these places and when
did they come to New World?



Francisco Vasquez de
Coranado – Mythical 7
Cities of Gold – (15401542)
Fray Marco de Niza – 7
Golden Cities of Cibola
– (1536-1539)
Juan Ponce de Leon –
Mythical – Fountain of
Youth (1513)