Download structure and function

Section 1 – The body
Concept/sub-concept
How oxygen is breathed
in/reaches working
muscles.
2 Mark Definition
1 Mark Definition
 Air is breathed through
the mouth, into the lungs.
 Air is breathed into the
mouth/lungs.
 Oxygen is extracted from
the air, by the lungs.
 The blood carries oxygen
around the body.
 Oxygen is carried in the
blood/red blood
cells/haemoglobin.
 The heart pumps
blood/oxygen.
 The blood is pumped
around the body/to the
working muscles, by the
heart.
Ways to increase oxygen
intake.

N/A
 Breathe faster/increase the
rate of breathing.
 Breathe deeper.
Reasons for deeper
breathing during
strenuous exercise

N/A
 Your body needs more
oxygen.
 Too much carbon dioxide in
the body.
What is meant by oxygen
debt?
 Repaying the body back
oxygen, after strenuous
exercise.
 Giving the body back oxygen.
Waste products
produced
 N/A
 Carbon dioxide is breathed
out.
 Lactic acid builds up in the
muscles.
Concept/sub-concept
Why the body needs
more oxygen during
warm-up/exercise/
participation.
2 Mark Definition
1 Mark Definition
 Body needs to use more
energy/fuel/oxygen in the
muscles.
 Body uses more energy.
 The body is using more
muscles which need
oxygen.
 More muscles are being used.
 The body increases its
work rate, which requires
more oxygen.
 Increase in work rate.
Concept/sub-concept
2 Mark Definition
1 Mark Definition
Body structure.
Purpose of:

Cartilage.
 Fibrous tissue between
bones, which reduces
friction.
 Cartilage reduces friction
between bones.

Ligaments.
 Ligaments keep joints
stable, limiting the amount
of movement.
 Ligaments hold a joint in
place.
 Ligaments join bone to bone.

Tendons.
 Tendons attach muscles to
bones.
 Tendons attach the muscles.

Muscles.
 Muscles contract/relax,
causing movement
 Muscles cause movement.
 Muscles contract and /or
relax, to produce
movement.
 Muscles attach to tendon,
to pull on the bone.
Name the hinge joints in
the body.
 N/A
 Elbow/knee.
Name the ball and socket
joints in the body.
 N/A
 Hip/shoulder.
Concept/sub-concept
2 Mark Definition
1 Mark Definition
Description of how
muscles work to bend the
leg/arm.
 The quadriceps lengthens/
relaxes, as the hamstring
shortens/contracts.
 One muscle shortens, as the
other lengthens.
Description of how
muscles work to
straighten the leg/arm.
 The hamstring lengthens/
relaxes, as the quadriceps
shortens/contracts.
 One muscle shortens, as the
other lengthens.
Describe the range of
movement of a hinge
joint.
 The knee/elbow moves
back and forward, in one
plane of movement.
 It moves back and forward.
Describe the range of
movement of a ball and
socket joint.
 The hip/shoulder can
move in a full circle/360º
in all directions
 360º/all around in a circle.
 It can move in all directions.
Concept/sub-concept
2 Mark Definition
1 Mark Definition
Name the ball and socket
joints in the upper body.
 N/A
 Shoulder.
Name a skill where a ball
and socket joint is
important to
performance.
 N/A
 Tennis/serve.
Describe how this ball
 The joint rotates, to allow
and socket joint moves as
the arm to be dropped
you perform this skill.
behind the shoulder.
 The joint allows the arm to
move back/forward,
during the serve.
 The joint moves freely in
all directions, when the
racquet is thrown
forward.
 It moves in all directions.
 It rotates in all directions.
Explain the effect that
movement of this ball
and socket joint has on
performance.
 I can get a big swing of the
racquet.
 I can take the racquet back
far.
 It allows me to take the
racquet back far, to get a
long lever action/build up
speed on the racquet
head/to hit the shuttle
hard.
Concept/sub-concept
2 Mark Definition
1 Mark Definition
Name the ball and socket
joints in the lower body.
 N/A
 Hip.
Name a skill where a ball
and socket joint is
important to
performance.
 N/A
 Football/shot.
Describe how this ball
 The joint rotates, to allow
and socket joint moves as
the leg to be pulled back
you perform this skill.
fully.
 The joint allows the leg to
move back/forward,
during the shot.
 The joint moves freely in
all directions, when the leg
is brought forward.
 It moves in all directions.
 It rotates in all directions.
Explain the effect that
movement of this ball
and socket joint has on
performance.
 I can get a big swing of my
leg.
 I can take my leg back far.
 I can hit the ball hard.
 It allows me to take the leg
back far, to get a long
lever action/build up speed
on the foot/to hit the ball
hard.
Concept/subconcept
Name a jumping
skill where a hinge
joint is important
to performance.
3 Mark Definition
2 Mark Definition
1 Mark Definition
 N/A
 N/A
Describe how the
hinge joint moves
as you perform this
jumping action.
 N/A
 The joint allows the leg
 It moves in one
to bend at the knee,
direction.
before straightening
when jumping.
 The knee bends, then
straightens.
 The knee joint bends, as
the player begins to
jump. The knee then
 The knee joint closes
extends quickly/
and opens during the
straightening the leg and
jump.
driving the player
upwards.
Describe how the
muscles work in
pairs to move this
joint as you jump.
 N/A
Describe how
 The quadriceps
muscles, tendons
muscle relaxes,
and bones work
allowing the knee to
together to produce
bend in preparation
this jumping
for the jump. This
movement.
muscle then contracts
quickly. The muscle
pulls on the tendon,
which is attached to
the shin bone, to
extend the knee joint
and straighten the
leg.
 Football/shooting/knee.
 The quadriceps
contracts/ pulls/shortens
as the hamstring
relaxes/ stretches/
lengthens/ extends when
the leg straightens.
 One shortens as the
other lengthens.
 The hamstring
contracts/pulls/shortens,
to bend the knee/leg.
 As the hamstring
contracts/pulls/shortens,
the quadriceps relaxes/
stretches/lengthens/
extends.
 The quadriceps
contracts/pulls/shortens,
to straighten the leg.
 The hamstring relaxes/
stretches/lengthens/
extends, as the
quadriceps shortens/
pulls/ contracts
 As the quadriceps
contracts/ pulls/
shortens, the tendon
which attaches it to the
bone, pulls on the bone
causing movement.
 The tendon pulls on the
bone.
 One muscle shortens,
as/and the other
lengthens.
Concept/sub-concept
Explain the effect that
movement of this hinge
joint has on
performance.
2 Mark Definition
 I can powerfully
straighten my legs, to
jump higher/to grab the
ball before my opponents.
1 Mark Definition
 I can powerfully straighten
my legs.
 I can jump high.
Concept/sub3 Mark Definition
concept
Name a striking
 N/A
skill where a hinge
joint is important to
performance.
Describe how the
 N/A
hinge joint moves as
you perform this
striking action.
Describe how the
 N/A
muscles work in
pairs to move this
joint as you kick the
ball.
Describe how
muscles, tendons
and bones work
together to produce
this kicking
movement.
 The quadriceps
muscle relaxes,
allowing the knee to
bend in preparation
for the kick. This
muscle then contracts
quickly. The muscle
pulls on the tendon,
which is attached to
the shin bone, to
extend the knee joint
and straighten the leg.
2 Mark Definition
 N/A
 The joint allows the leg
to bend at the knee,
before straightening
when kicking.
 The knee joint bends as
the player pulls the leg
back, then extends
quickly/ straightens the
leg powerfully towards
the ball.
1 Mark Definition
 Football/shooting/knee.
 It moves in one
direction.
 The knee bends then
straightens.
 The knee joint closes
and opens during the
kick.
 The quadriceps
contracts/pulls/
shortens, as the
hamstring relaxes/
stretches/ lengthens/
extends when the leg
straightens.
 One shortens, as the
other lengthens.
 The hamstring
contracts/pulls/shortens,
to bend the knee/leg.
 As the hamstring
contracts/pulls/shortens,
the quadriceps relaxes/
stretches/lengthens/
extends.
 The quadriceps
contracts/pulls/shortens,
to straighten the leg.
 The hamstring relaxes/
stretches/lengthens/
extends, as the
quadriceps
shortens/pulls/ contracts
 As the quadriceps
contracts/ pulls/
shortens, the tendon
which attaches it to the
bone, pulls on the bone
causing movement.
 The tendon pulls on
the bone.
 One muscle shortens,
as/and the other
lengthens.
Concept/sub-concept
Explain the effect that
movement of this hinge
joint has on
performance.
2 Mark Definition
 I can powerfully
straighten my leg to hit the
shot hard, so that I score/it
is difficult for the keeper
to save.
1 Mark Definition
 I can powerfully straighten
my leg.
 I can hit the shot hard.