Download SNC 1D1 Exam Review 2016 Chemistry: Define the following terms

SNC 1D1 Exam Review 2016
Chemistry:
1.
Define the following terms:
a. Malleability: The ability of a metal to be hammered into thin sheets
b. Ductility: A solid material’s ability to deform under tensile stress (stretched into a
wire)
c. Density: The measure of the quantity of mass per unit of length, area or volume
d. Viscosity: Describes how a liquid pours.
2.
Name the signs that a chemical reaction has occurred.
-Colour change
-Formation of a precipitate
-Formation of a gas (bubbles)
-Odour change
-Temperature change
-The change is difficult to reverse
3.
List the location, charge and whether it moves or is stable for the 3 sub-atomic particles.
Particle
Location
Charge
Stable or Moving
Proton
Nucleus
Positive
Stable
Neutron
Nucleus
Neutral
Stable
Electron
Orbits the Nucleus
Negative
Moving
4.
Name the element and amount of each element in the following molecules:
5.
a. Na6Cl12
Sodium – 6
b. Ca8Hg18
Calcium – 8 Mercury - 18
c. Cs9S11
Caesium – 9 Sulfur - 11
d. C8H18
Carbon – 8
Chlorine - 12
Hydrogen - 18
How does a Heterogeneous mixture differ from a solution?
-Different compounds can be seen in a heterogeneous mixture but not in a solution.
6.
Define the shape and volume of the 3 states of matter.
Liquid: Indefinite shape & definite volume
Solid: Definite shape & definite volume
Gas: Indefinite shape & indefinite volume
7.
What determines the order of elements in the modern periodic table?
-Number of protons
8.
Which of the following always have the same number in a neutral atom of an element:
Protons, neutrons, electrons.
-Protons and Electrons
9.
Name the postulates for the Particle Theory of Matter.
1. All matter is made up of particles
2. All particles in a pure substance are identical (no two different pure substances have
the same particles)
3. All particles have space between them
4. All particles are always moving – more energy (heat) produces more movement
5. All particles are attracted to one another
10. Name the following changes in matter:
a. Solid to Liquid: Melting/Fusion
b. Liquid to Gas: Vaporization/Boiling
c. Liquid to Solid: Freezing
d. Gas to Liquid: Condensation
11. What is an ion?
-When an atom becomes charged by gaining or losing electrons
12. When an atom loses an electron, what charge does it now have?
-Positive (because electrons are negative)
13. Name the following elements:
a. Na - Sodium
b. K - Potassium
c. Au - Gold
d. Hg - Mercury
e. S - Sulfur
14. Find the element Calcium on the periodic table. From its position in the periodic table,
answer the following questions:
a. Is Calcium a metal or a non-metal? Metal
b. Is Calcium more or less reactive than Potassium? Less
c. Is Calcium more or less reactive than Argon? More
d. What is the formula when Calcium and Sulphur combine? CaS
e. What is the name of the molecule from d)? Calcium Sulfide
f. What type of molecule is formed when Calcium and Sulphur combine? Ionic Compound
15. Complete the table below:
Atomic
Atomic #
Symbol
Mass #
# protons
# electrons
# neutrons
Be
4
9.01
4
4
5
Cl
17
35.45
17
17
18
16. Draw a Bohr-Rutherford diagram for:
a) Chlorine
b) an Chlorine ion
Electricity:
1.
What type of electricity is lightning?
-Static Electricity
2.
Define Grounding.
-The process of connecting a wire to the Earth for excess electrons to flow
3.
Define and give some examples of an electrical Load.
-An electrical component or portion of a circuit that consumes electric power
-Ex: Light Bulb, Motor, Toaster, etc.
4.
What is the Law of Electric Charges?
-Like charges repel and opposite charges attract
5.
Name 3 renewable and 3 non-renewable sources of energy
Renewable
Non-Renewable
-Solar
-Nuclear
-Tidal
-Fossil Fuels
-Hydroelectric
-Natural Gas
-Geothermal
6.
What is an insulator and what are some examples?
-A material whose internal electric charges do not flow freely, and therefore make it
nearly impossible to conduct an electric current.
-Ex: Rubber, Plastic, etc.
7.
Describe charging by:
a. Induction: One objects passes electrons to another without contact
b. Conduction: One objects passes electrons to another by touching it
c. Friction: Rubbing 2 objects together to transfer electrons
8.
What are the advantages of a parallel circuit over a series circuit?
-You can remove a light bulb and the others will stay lit (Parallel)
-Light bulbs will stay the same level of brightness (Parallel)
9.
Define Ohm’s Law.
The “potential difference between two points on a conductor is proportional to the
electric current flowing through the conductor”, in other words: V=I x R
10. What unit is used to measure the following:
a. Voltage - Volts
b. Resistance - Ohms
c. Current - Amperes
11. Draw a circuit that has a two cell battery and three light bulbs connected so that they can
each be controlled by their own switch. There is an ammeter measuring the current of one
of the light bulbs.
12. A battery in a circuit provides 40 volts and each light bulb (3 of them) provides 7.0 ohms of
resistance. Calculate the current flowing through this circuit. (Use GRASS)
G – V = 40 Volts
R = 7 Ω x 3 = 21 Ω
R–I=?
A – I = V/R
S – I = 40V / 21Ω
I = 1.9A
S – The current flowing through the circuit is 1.9 Amperes
13. A hair dryer is plugged into a wall outlet: (Use GRASS)
a. The resistance of the hair dryer is 15 Ω. How much current is being used if the outlet
voltage is 120 V?
G – V = 120 Volts
R = 15Ω
R–I=?
A – I = V/R
S – I = 120V / 15Ω
I = 8.0A
S – The hair dryer is using 8.0 Amperes of current
b. If the hair dryer uses 80 watts per hour and is only on one hour a day, how many watts
will be used in a year?
G – w/hour = 80 watts
Hours/Day = 1
Days/year = 365
R – Watts / Year = ?
A – Watts / Year = w/hour x Hours/day x Days/year
S – Watts / Year = 80w x 1 x 365
I = 29 200 Wh = 29.2kWh per year
S – The hair dryer will use 29.2 Kilowatts per year
14. A comb becomes negatively charged when it is brushed through hair. Using a diagram (or
diagrams), please depict what will happen (with respect to electrons), when the negatively
charged comb is brought close to a neutrally charged pith ball.
-As the comb comes close to the pith ball, it will repel the pith pall’s negative charges
and cause a separation of charges
-Once the negative charges are repelled, the positive charges will be close to the comb
-The positive pith ball charges will be attracted to the negative comb charges
Space
1.
Compare and contrast revolution and rotation.
-Rotation: The spinning of the Earth on it’s axis
-Revolution: The orbiting of the Earth around the Sun
2.
How are the seasons caused?
-Caused by the Earth’s tilt towards or away from the Sun.
3.
What is an Astronomical Unit (AU)?
-A unit of measure equal to the distance between the Earth and the Sun (1 AU = 1.5 x
108 km)
-Used to measure distances in the solar system
4.
What is a light year?
-A measure of the distance that light travels in a year (9.46 x 1012 km)
5.
Define the term Constellation.
-A group of stars that make a recognizable shape
6.
What is the main factor that influences the colour of a star?
-Temperature
7.
Which planet rotates on its side, in relation to its revolutionary path?
-Uranus
8.
Compare a planet (other than Earth) and a star in terms of temperature, distance to us, and
size.
-Planets are closer to us, cooler and much smaller than a star
9.
Define the term Galaxy.
-A galaxy consists of about 200 billion stars, dust, gas, and solid matter that may form
planets.
10. Name the 3 types of galaxy shapes.
-Spiral
-Elliptical
-Irregular
11. Name and describe the different parts of the Sun.
Core: Where there is high pressure and temperatures reaching 15 million°C
Convective Zone: Where there is constant circulation of plasma from hot to cooler
regions
Chromosphere: A thin red layer that is only seen during a solar eclipse
Photosphere: The yellow part of the Sun with temperatures of about 5500°C
Corona: The hot outer layer of the Sun
Solar Flare: Large bright streams of particles going out from the photosphere Solar
Prominences: Explosions at the surface that send hot plasma into space.
12. If you were asked to travel to Mars tomorrow, what are three things that you would need to
make sure you had sorted out or at least understood (all science related) before you left?
-Atmosphere
-Distance from us
-Temperature
-Growing conditions
-Can you build on the land, etc.
13. An astronomical unit is equal to the average distance between the Sun and the Earth, about
150 000 000 km.
a. How far away is next nearest star from the Sun in astronomical units if the distance
between them is 80 000 000 000 000 km?
= 80 000 000 000 000 km / 150 000 000 km
= 80 000 000 / 150
=533 333.33 AU
b. NASA just discovered a new planet. It is 5.7 AU from the Sun. Draw a labelled diagram
that shows the distance between the Sun and the new planet using the scale 1AU = 3cm.
-If 1 AU = 3cm, then 5.7 AU = (3 x 5.7) = 17.1 cm
-Draw the diagram
14. Draw diagrams to show the difference in the positioning of celestial bodies for solar and
lunar eclipses.
Solar Eclipse
Ecology:
1.
What’s the difference between a food web and a food chain?
-A food chain shows one path for energy, a food web shows multiple paths for energy
in an ecosystem
2.
What is the difference between Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification?
-Bioaccumulation is the buld-up of toxins in one organism
-Biomagnification is the build-up of pollutants as they pass through a food chain
3.
Name the process that converts nitrogen in the air to nitrates.
-Nitrification
4.
Define the term Niche.
-The specific role an organism plays in its environment
5.
What happens during Photosynthesis?
-Plants use sunlight to produce glucose
6.
Give examples of the organisms that fit into the following categories:
a. Producers: Grass, wheat, tree
b. Primary Consumers: Mouse, deer, squirrel
c. Secondary Consumers: Fox, wolf
7.
Define Biodiversity.
-The differences that exist in the variety of organisms in an ecosystem
8.
What type of organisms (herbivore, omnivore, carnivore, not applicable) are predominant at
the following trophic levels?
a. First: Not Applicable
b. Second: Herbivore
c. Third: Omnivore
d. Fourth: Carnivore
9.
Define Community.
- A group of organisms of different species living together.
10. Define Population. (This is what you want to know, not “Ecosystem”)
-A group of organisms of the same species living together.
11. How might abiotic factors be different under a log than on top of it?
-Above the log sunlight is more intense, there is less moisture, more wind exposure and
it’s warmer
-Below the log sunlight is less intense, there is more moisture, less wind exposure and
it’s colder
12. Compare Heterotrophs and Autotrophs.
-Autotrophs crease their own food through photosynthesis
-Heterotrophs need to eat other organisms for food.
13. Define Equilibrium and what is that the key to in Ecology?
-Equilibrium is the ability of an ecosystem to adapt to stay balanced.
-It is the key to sustainability in ecology
14. Define Carrying Capacity.
-The maximum number of individuals than an ecosystem can support indefinitely
15. In the following graph, what will happen to the population size of the rabbits after year 10.
Rabbit Growth Curve
-It has exceeded its carrying capacity,
but should start to rise again as the high
number of predators die out because of
lack of food.
Population Size
30
25
20
15
Population
10
5
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Year
a. What are 2 biotic and 2 abiotic factors that could influence the rabbits’ population
growth?
-Biotic: Number of predators, abundance/lack of resources, biotic potential (births)
-Abiotic: Temperature, fire, flood, amount of water
16. Name and give THREE specific examples for how humans have negatively impacted the
biodiversity and ecosystems of the Burlington/Hamilton land and water area.
-Shoreline development
-Steel companies polluting Hamilton Harbour
-Deforestation to build houses, etc.
17. Use the following information to construct a food web.
In a particular ecosystem, the producers are carrots and lettuce. There are also dead leaves.
Grasshoppers eat lettuce and dead leaves. Rabbits eat Carrots and grasshoppers (they must be
hungry). Blue Jays only eat Grasshoppers. Racoons eat Lettuce. Hawks eat Blue Jays and
Rabbits. Coyotes only eat Rabbits.