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Chapter 7 The Cell
Microscopy
Light microscopy
Brightfield (unstained)
Brightfield (stained)
Phase-contrast
Differential-interference-contrast (Nomarski)
Fluorescence
Confocal (Fig 7.0)
Electron microscopy (Fig 7.2)
Transmission (TEM)
Scanning (SEM)
Magnification vs. Resolution (Fig 7.1)
Magnification is how much larger an object appears compared to its real size.
Resolution is the minimum distance two points can be separated and still be distinguished
as two separate points.
Cell Fractionation -takes cells apart, separating the major organelles so that their functions can
be studied (Fig 7.3)
Cells
Prokaryotic (Fig 7.4) - No nucleus or other organelles
Eukaryotic (Fig 7.7 & 7.8) – Nucleus and other organelles
Common to all Cells
Plasma membrane (Fig 7.6) – Lipid bilayer
Cytoplasm - Cytosol
Eukaryotic Cells and Organelles
Nucleus (Fig 7.9)
Nuclear lamina
Chromatin
Chromosomes
Nucleolus
Ribosomes (Fig 7.10)
Endoplasmic Reticulum (Fig 7.11)
Smooth ER
Lipid synthesis
Metabolism of carbohydrates
Detoxification of drugs and poisons
Rough ER
Protein production
Membrane production
Golgi Apparatus (Fig 7.12)
Modification of glycoproteins
Polysaccharide production
Product sorting and distribution
Lysosomes (Fig 7.13)
Macromolecule digestion
Vacuoles (Fig 7.15)
Food vacuole
Contractile vacuole
Central vacuole
Mitochondria (Fig 7.17)
Energy production
Cristae
Matrix
Chloroplast (Fig 7.18)
Plastids
ThylakoidsGrana
Stroma
Peroxisomes
Cytoskeleton - a network of fibers found throughout the cell
Microtubules
Centrosomes and centrioles
Cilia and flagella
Microfilaments (Actin)
Intermediate filaments
Cell Surfaces and Junctions
Plant cell walls
Extracellular matrix
Cell junctions
Tight junction
Desmosomes
Gap junctions