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Microbiology Final Review Presentations Viruses 1. Ebola Virus -Gram Staining: -None because it is a virus -Morphology: -Long, Filamentous -Surrounded by a protein/lipid viral envelope -Pleomorphic (many shapes) -Virus family filoviridae -Disease: -Causes Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever -No known vaccine -Transmission: -Humans: By direct contact with infected body fluids, or to a lesser extent, skin or mucous membrane contact -Generally confined to Africa -Very lethal, Research is limited, Dangerous to handle, thus can’t use in terrorism -Unknown Reservoir -Replicate by budding on surface of the cell 2. HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) -Gram Staining: -None because it is a virus -Morphology: -Two strains: HIV1 (more virulent) and HIV2 -Technical Name: Retroviridae lentivirus -Disease: -HIV is a retrovirus that can lead to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), a condition in humans in which the immune system begins to fail -Symptoms don't show up frequently so it’s dangerous -No known vaccine/cure because it mutates quickly -Transmission: -Sexual route -Blood -Mother to child -Prevention: Abstinence is safest way and use sterilized needles -Rampant in South Africa -One of most destructive pandemics in history -Virus can stay in body for long time 3. Herpes simplex -Gram Staining: -None because it is a virus -Morphology: -Virions enveloped -Two Strains: HSV-1 and HSV-2 -Pleomorphic (many shapes) -Disease: -Orofacial infection, genital infection, Herpes whitlow, Herpes gladiatorum, ocular herpes, encephalitis, meningitis, Bell’s palsy, Alzheimer’s disease -No known cure (disease with you for life) -Resides as life-long, latent viruses and can be reactivated. -Symptoms: last for short periods of time and then disappear and reappear (can also show no symptoms) -Transmission: -Sexual route -Humans: by direct contact with a sore or body fluid of an infected individual, or to a lesser extent, skin-to-skin contact when no symptoms are present -Prevention: abstain from sexual contact and long-term mutually monogamous relationship with a partner who has been tested and is known to be uninfected Foods 1. Yeast -Gram Staining: -None because it is a fungus, not a bacteria -Morphology: -Round to ovoid -Technical Name: Saccharomyces cerevisiae -Disease: -None -Transmission: -None -Usage: -Breads and beer -One of the most used eukaryotic model organisms in studies similar to E. coli 2. Lactobacillus -Gram Staining: -Gram-Positive -Morphology: -Facultative anaerobe -Lactic acid bacteria -Disease: -Some can cause dental caries -Transmission: -None -Usage: -Industrially for the production of yogurt, cheese, sauerkraut, pickles, beer, wine, cider, kimchi and other fermented food Pathogens 1. Mycobacterium tuberculosis -Gram Staining: -Gram-Positive -Acid-Fast staining to retain dye since it has mycolic acid -Morphology: -Slender, straight bacillus -Mycolic Acid (waxy material) -Non-motile -Obligate aerobe -No outer cell membrane -Non-spore forming -Disease: -Important to keep taking medicine or disease will come back -Mostly affects the lungs -Caused many deaths in the past -Transmission: -Airborne (Ingested by milk or meat) -Reservoir is humans -Facultative intracellular parasite 2. Treponema pallidum -Gram Staining: -Gram-Negative -Difficult to stain (very thick, highly invasive) -Morphology: -Spirochaete (Helical, spiral shape) -Disease: -Causes Syphilis (STD) -Treat with antibiotics (penicillin) -No vaccine -Transmission: -Person to person disease -Sexual contact -Mother to infant -Can’t culture (too dangerous) 3. Staphylococcus aureus -Gram Staining: -Gram-Positive -Morphology: -Coccus (grape-like clusters) -Known as Golden Staph -Non-motile -Non-spore forming -Facultative anaerobe -Disease: -Causes pimples, boils, bacterial infections, pneumonia, meningitis, septicemia -Treatment: used penicillin then Methicillin then vancomycin -Found antibiotic resistant strain (MRSA- methocillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus) - serious situation, trying to create a new antibiotic -Transmission: -Contact -Easy to spread/contaminate (found and can survive everywhere) 4. Escherichia coli -Gram Staining: -Gram-Negative -Non-pigmented -Morphology: -Bacilli -Motile -Disease: -Symptoms: Nausea, severe abdominal cramps, fatigue, watery or bloody diarrhea, low grade fever -Most strains are harmless. -When they do cause an infection, it usually occurs in the intestinal and urinary tracts but it can occur at different parts of the body -O157:H7 is a common strain that causes food poisoning -Treatment: without treatment, infections will go away within 5 to 10 days, drink a lot of fluids to keep from dehydration -Antibiotics: amoxicillin, cephalosporin, carbapenems, Aztreonam -Transmission: -Live on a wide variety of substrates -Found to be in intestinal tracts of human and other warm-blooded animals -Humans: undercooked or raw beef, lettuce, unpasteurized milk or apple juice -Contaminated well water, lakes, swimming pools -Prevention: eat thoroughly cooked beef, avoid unpasteurized milk and juices, wash fresh fruits and vegetables, wash hands, and know where source of water -Grow as fermenting colonies (growth occurs at 37ºC) -Usage: -Helps to protect from bacterial infection, produces minute amounts of Vitamins B12 and K. -Biotechnology (abundant in the intestinal tract, thus good candidate for research) -Isolated to produce human insulin -Used as fecal contamination indicator -Model Organism 5. Salmonella typhi -Gram Staining: -Gram-Negative -Morphology: -Bacillus -Motile; Has flagella -Facultative Anaerobe -Non-spore forming -Disease: -Typhoid Fever, Enteric Fever -Antibiotic treatment -Transmission: -Only reservoir is humans -Food-born or fecal-oral route or person to person contact -Multiply in intestine and spread to surrounding organs 6. Streptococcus pyogenes -Gram Staining: -Gram-Positive -Morphology: -Coccus -Protein capsule (for defense) -Grow in chains/pairs -Aero-tolerant anaerobe -Non-motile -Non-spore forming -Disease: -Strep throat, Scarlet Fever, Erysipelas, Necrotizing facitis, internal flesh-eating disease -Transmission: -Found in human throat/skin or respiratory tract -Prevention: washing Extra 1. Bacillus anthrasis -Gram staining: -Gram-Positive -Morphology: -Facultative anaerobe (with or without oxygen) -Endospore (protein coat to protect) -Disease: -Causes anthrax -Symptoms: flu-like -Treatment: Use bleach/boil/antimicrobial soap/ antibiotics such as penicillin -Transmission: -Doesn’t usually affect humans -Lives in soil -Inhale by eating -Usage: -Why is it used for bioterrorism? -It can produce endospores and survive in the soil for decades in this state -What material produced by it?- endospores and some can produce toxins