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VI. Bones and Skeletal Tissue
1) Parts of the skeletal system
a) Bones (skeleton)
b) Joints
c) Cartilage
d) Ligaments
e) Subdivisions of the skeleton
i) Axial – central “core”
ii) Appendicular – parts that stick out
2) Functions of the bones
a) Support the body
b) Protect soft organs
c) Allow movement due to attachment to skeletal muscles
d) Store minerals and fats
e) Blood cell formation
3) Bones of the human body
a) Adult skeleton –
b) Two basic types of bone tissue
i) Compact bone
ii) Spongy bone
4) Classification of bones by shape
a) Long bones: femur, humerus
b) Short bones: carpals, tarsals
c) Flat bones: skull, ribs, sternum
d) Irregular: vertebrae, hip bones
5) Anatomy of long bones
a) Diaphysis - shaft
b) Epiphysis – knobby ends
c) Diaphysis features:
i) Periosteum
ii) Sharpey’s fibers
iii) Arteries & veins
iv) Medullary cavity
d) Epiphysis features
i) Articular cartilage
ii) Epiphyseal plate
iii) Epiphyseal line
6) Bone markings
a) Surface features
b) Categories of bone markings
i) Projections or processes
ii) Depressions or cavities
iii) Table 5.1
7) Microscopic anatomy of bones
a) Osteon = Haversian system
b) Central = Haversian canal
c) Perforating = Volkman’s canal
d) Lacunae: concentric rings
e) Lamellae: sites of lacunae
f) Canaliculi: tiny canals from central canal from lacunae
8) Formation of human skeleton
a) In embryos
b) During development
c) Cartilage remaining in isolated areas:
9) Bone growth
a) Lengthwise growth from epiphyseal plates
i) New cartilage
ii) Old cartilage
b) Bone remodeling
c) Appositional growth = growth in width
10) Types of bone cells
a) Osteocytes
b) Osteoblasts
c) Osteoclasts
11) Bone fractures
a) Types
i) Closed
ii) Open
b) Treatment
c) Table 5.2
d) Repair
i) Hematoma
ii) Fibrocartilage
iii) Bony callus
12) Axial skeleton – longitudinal axis of body
a) Skull
i) Cranium
ii) Facial bones
iii) Sutures
iv) Mandible
v) Bones of the skull
vi) Paranasal sinuses
(1) Functions
vii) Hyoid bone
13) Fetal skeleton
a) Skull proportions
b) Fontanel – cartilage between cranial bones
14) Vertebral column: 24 vertebrae separated by discs
a) Typical vertebrae structures
b) Cervical = neck
i) Atlas
ii) Axis
iii) C2 – C7
c) Thoracic = chest
d) Lumbar = lower back
e) Composite vertebrae
i) Sacrum
ii) Coccyx
f) Curvatures
i) Primary
ii) Secondary
iii) Abnormalities
(1) Scoliosis
(2) Lordosis
(3) Kyphosis
g) Bony thorax
i) Sternum
ii) Costal cartilage
iii) Ribs
(1) True
(2) False
(3) Floating
iv) Vertebrae – facets for ribs
15) Appendicular skeleton – 126 bones
a) Pectoral (shoulder) girdle
i) Clavicle
ii) Scapula
iii) Freedom of movement
b) Upper limbs
i) Humerus
ii) Ulna
iii) Radius
(1) Hand
(a) Carpals
(b) Metacarpals
(c) Phalanges (phalanyx)
c) Pelvic girdle = two coxal bones
i) Total weight
ii) Protects several organs
iii) Each coxal bone made of three fused bones:
(1) Illium
(2) Ischium
(3) Pelvis
iv) Gender differences: Compared to the male, the female pelvis:
(1) Inlet
(2) Pelvis as a whole
(3) Ilia
(4) Sacrum
(5) Ischial spines
(6) Pubic arch
d) Lower limbs
i) Upper leg
(1) Femur
ii) Lower leg
(1) Tibia
(2) Fibula
iii) Foot
(1) Tarsals
(2) Metatarsals
(3) Phalanges
(4) Three arches of the foot
16) Joints = articulations of bones
a) Functions of joints
b) Ways they are classified – Table 5.3
i) Functional classifications
(1) Synarthroses
(2) Amphiarthroses
(3) Diarthroses
ii) Structural classifications
(1) Fibrous
(a) Sutures, syndesmoses
(2) Cartilagaenous
(a) Pubic symphysis, intervertebral joints
(3) Synovial
(a) Joint cavity with fluid
(b) Features
(c) Structures
(i) Bursae
(ii) Tendon sheath
(d) Types – depend on type of movement allowed
c) Inflammatory conditions
i) Bursitis
ii) Tendonitis
iii) Arthritis
(1) Osteoarthritis
(2) Rheumatoid arthritis
(3) Gouty
d) Skeletal changes throughout life
i) Osteoporosis
ii) Posture
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