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VI. Bones and Skeletal Tissue 1) Parts of the skeletal system a) Bones (skeleton) b) Joints c) Cartilage d) Ligaments e) Subdivisions of the skeleton i) Axial – central “core” ii) Appendicular – parts that stick out 2) Functions of the bones a) Support the body b) Protect soft organs c) Allow movement due to attachment to skeletal muscles d) Store minerals and fats e) Blood cell formation 3) Bones of the human body a) Adult skeleton – b) Two basic types of bone tissue i) Compact bone ii) Spongy bone 4) Classification of bones by shape a) Long bones: femur, humerus b) Short bones: carpals, tarsals c) Flat bones: skull, ribs, sternum d) Irregular: vertebrae, hip bones 5) Anatomy of long bones a) Diaphysis - shaft b) Epiphysis – knobby ends c) Diaphysis features: i) Periosteum ii) Sharpey’s fibers iii) Arteries & veins iv) Medullary cavity d) Epiphysis features i) Articular cartilage ii) Epiphyseal plate iii) Epiphyseal line 6) Bone markings a) Surface features b) Categories of bone markings i) Projections or processes ii) Depressions or cavities iii) Table 5.1 7) Microscopic anatomy of bones a) Osteon = Haversian system b) Central = Haversian canal c) Perforating = Volkman’s canal d) Lacunae: concentric rings e) Lamellae: sites of lacunae f) Canaliculi: tiny canals from central canal from lacunae 8) Formation of human skeleton a) In embryos b) During development c) Cartilage remaining in isolated areas: 9) Bone growth a) Lengthwise growth from epiphyseal plates i) New cartilage ii) Old cartilage b) Bone remodeling c) Appositional growth = growth in width 10) Types of bone cells a) Osteocytes b) Osteoblasts c) Osteoclasts 11) Bone fractures a) Types i) Closed ii) Open b) Treatment c) Table 5.2 d) Repair i) Hematoma ii) Fibrocartilage iii) Bony callus 12) Axial skeleton – longitudinal axis of body a) Skull i) Cranium ii) Facial bones iii) Sutures iv) Mandible v) Bones of the skull vi) Paranasal sinuses (1) Functions vii) Hyoid bone 13) Fetal skeleton a) Skull proportions b) Fontanel – cartilage between cranial bones 14) Vertebral column: 24 vertebrae separated by discs a) Typical vertebrae structures b) Cervical = neck i) Atlas ii) Axis iii) C2 – C7 c) Thoracic = chest d) Lumbar = lower back e) Composite vertebrae i) Sacrum ii) Coccyx f) Curvatures i) Primary ii) Secondary iii) Abnormalities (1) Scoliosis (2) Lordosis (3) Kyphosis g) Bony thorax i) Sternum ii) Costal cartilage iii) Ribs (1) True (2) False (3) Floating iv) Vertebrae – facets for ribs 15) Appendicular skeleton – 126 bones a) Pectoral (shoulder) girdle i) Clavicle ii) Scapula iii) Freedom of movement b) Upper limbs i) Humerus ii) Ulna iii) Radius (1) Hand (a) Carpals (b) Metacarpals (c) Phalanges (phalanyx) c) Pelvic girdle = two coxal bones i) Total weight ii) Protects several organs iii) Each coxal bone made of three fused bones: (1) Illium (2) Ischium (3) Pelvis iv) Gender differences: Compared to the male, the female pelvis: (1) Inlet (2) Pelvis as a whole (3) Ilia (4) Sacrum (5) Ischial spines (6) Pubic arch d) Lower limbs i) Upper leg (1) Femur ii) Lower leg (1) Tibia (2) Fibula iii) Foot (1) Tarsals (2) Metatarsals (3) Phalanges (4) Three arches of the foot 16) Joints = articulations of bones a) Functions of joints b) Ways they are classified – Table 5.3 i) Functional classifications (1) Synarthroses (2) Amphiarthroses (3) Diarthroses ii) Structural classifications (1) Fibrous (a) Sutures, syndesmoses (2) Cartilagaenous (a) Pubic symphysis, intervertebral joints (3) Synovial (a) Joint cavity with fluid (b) Features (c) Structures (i) Bursae (ii) Tendon sheath (d) Types – depend on type of movement allowed c) Inflammatory conditions i) Bursitis ii) Tendonitis iii) Arthritis (1) Osteoarthritis (2) Rheumatoid arthritis (3) Gouty d) Skeletal changes throughout life i) Osteoporosis ii) Posture