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Name: _________________________ Per: _____ Ch. 11 and 12 Astronomy Study Guide What do you need to know from Ch. 11? 1) Name the order of planets from the Sun outward (pg. 486). Write the names of the planets. Mercury, Venus, Earthly, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune 2) What is used to measure the distance between the planets of our Solar System (pg. 466)? Astronomical units (AU) 3) Describe what one of these units is (p. 466): An AU is the distance from the Sun to the Earth (149, 600.000 kilometers) 4) How are the inner planets different from than outer planets? (Hint: describe size, temperature, and what they are made of; go to pg. 486 for help) Outer Planets - made of gas extremely cold temperatures have many moons and rings giants beyond the asteroid belt - Inner Planets made of rock cold, mild, and hot temperatures have 0-2 moons smaller in size between Sun and asteroid belt 5) How was the moon created according to the last theory (pg. 473)? The giant impact hypothesis states that a large object collided into the Earth and ejected a piece of the Earth out in to space. This piece of Earth stayed close to Earth, in its orbit, and eventually became the moon. 6) What is the source of light that causes the moon to be illuminated? The Sun 7) Describe these space objects and notice how they differ from one another (p. 489-492): Asteroids - rocky objects, that are found between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter Meteoroids - solid particles (rocks) that pass through the Earth’s atmosphere - friction vaporizes some of the meteoroid and it appears to shine (“shooting stars”) Comets - A small, icy body that orbits the Sun - has a “tail” What do you need to know from Ch. 12? 8) What is a star (pg. 508)? A star is a large ball of gas that emits energy produced by nuclear reactions in the star’s interior. 9) What is the structure of a star (pg. 508)? Draw and label the structure below: Look at the image to the right. 10) Describe the distances between stars. What is used to measure this distance (pg. 509)? Light-years are used to measure the distances between stars. A light year is the distance that light can travel in one year (9.5 trillion kilometers). 11) What do the colors of the stars indicate about those stars? Fill out the chart to the right (pg. 512): BLUE 3500 K WHITE 5000 K YELLOW 7000 K RED 25000 K 12) Look at the black H-R diagram on pg. 515. Which stars are the brightest according to this diagram? a) White dwarves b) Sun c) Red Giants d) Supergiants 13) Which stars have the hottest temperatures? a) White dwarves b) Sun c) Red Giants d) Supergiants 14) Which stars have the smallest size? a) White dwarves b) Sun c) Red Giants d) Supergiants 15) What is a nebula (pg. 519)? A nebula is a cloud of dust and gas in space. 16) The elements, hydrogen and helium, are the most common in nebulae. 17) What is nuclear fusion? Nuclear fusion is a reaction in which 2 atomic nuclei combine to form a large nucleus with a higher mass. Energy is released in these reactions, which is why stars emit light. 18) It is easy to confuse the processes of star formation, the Big Bang Theory, and the life cycle of a star. In the boxes, write down each process separately and remember how they are different. Be sure you know the different terms involved in each process (i.e. supernova, neutron star, black hole, nuclear fusion, etc.). The Big Bang Theory (pg. 532) The Formation of a Star (pg. 520) The Life-Cycle of High-Mass and Low-mass Stars (pg. 524) 14 billion years ago, the universe was a tiny, hot point which contained all the matter and energy in the universe. The point expanded and cooled down and eventually formed H and He. Clouds of H and He became dense in some regions due to gravity and those regions formed stars. Stars began to cluster together due to gravity and those groups became galaxies It stars with a nebula. Gravity causes parts of the nebula to clump together. As particles begin clumping together, they move faster and become hotter. As the clump contracts even more, it begins to take the shape of a sphere and gets even hotter. That spherical mass begins to spin and become a disk, which is hottest at its center. Then, the temperature becomes so hot in the center that nuclear fusion begins to occur and object begins to glow. It has become a star. Low-Mass Stars: A low-mass star will run out of H to fuse with helium its core cannot withstand the crushing force of gravity. The core collapses and H fusion begins to take place on the outside of the core. This causes the star to expand and cool, creating a red giant. Over time, the red giant loses mass from its surface. Then, only the core remains. The core is called a white dwarf. High-Mass Stars: A high-mass star will become a red supergiant because it will also run out of H. Heavier elements are produced in the star. Once iron is made (which cannot undergo fusion), the star will explode (supernova). All that is left of the star is a neutron star, which is what is left over from the supernova and is what remains from the core of the original star. Gravity was so strong that it fused electrons and protons together and created a dense neutron star. If gravity continues to contract the neutron star, it will become a black hole. 19) Draw the different galaxies below (pg. 529-530): Spiral Galaxy Barred Spiral Galaxy Elliptical Galaxy Irregular Galaxy (note: there are several ways to draw these) 20) Order these objects from smallest to largest: galaxy, universe, supercluster, star, gas/dust particles, cluster Gas/dust particles, star, galaxy, cluster, supercluster, universe