Download Ch. 11 and 12 Study Guide (ANSWERS)

Name: _________________________ Per: _____
Ch. 11 and 12 Astronomy Study Guide
What do you need to know from Ch. 11?
1) Name the order of planets from the Sun outward (pg. 486).
Write the names of the planets.
Mercury, Venus, Earthly, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune
2) What is used to measure the distance between the planets of our Solar System (pg. 466)?
Astronomical units (AU)
3) Describe what one of these units is (p. 466): An AU is the distance from the Sun to the Earth
(149, 600.000 kilometers)
4) How are the inner planets different from than outer planets? (Hint: describe size, temperature, and
what they are made of; go to pg. 486 for help)
Outer Planets
-
made of gas
extremely cold temperatures
have many moons and rings
giants
beyond the asteroid belt
-
Inner Planets
made of rock
cold, mild, and hot temperatures
have 0-2 moons
smaller in size
between Sun and asteroid belt
5) How was the moon created according to the last theory (pg. 473)?
The giant impact hypothesis states that a large object collided into the Earth and ejected a piece of the
Earth out in to space. This piece of Earth stayed close to Earth, in its orbit, and eventually became the
moon.
6) What is the source of light that causes the moon to be illuminated? The Sun
7) Describe these space objects and notice how they differ from one another (p. 489-492):
Asteroids
- rocky objects, that are found
between the orbits of Mars and
Jupiter
Meteoroids
- solid particles (rocks) that pass
through the Earth’s atmosphere
- friction vaporizes some of the
meteoroid and it appears to shine
(“shooting stars”)
Comets
- A small, icy body that orbits
the Sun
- has a “tail”
What do you need to know from Ch. 12?
8) What is a star (pg. 508)? A star is a large ball of gas that emits energy
produced by nuclear reactions in the star’s interior.
9) What is the structure of a star (pg. 508)? Draw and label the structure
below:
Look at the image to the right.
10) Describe the distances between stars. What is used to measure this distance (pg. 509)?
Light-years are used to measure the distances between stars. A light year is the distance that light can
travel in one year (9.5 trillion kilometers).
11) What do the colors of the stars indicate
about those stars? Fill out the chart to the
right (pg. 512):
BLUE
3500 K
WHITE
5000 K
YELLOW
7000 K
RED
25000 K
12) Look at the black H-R diagram on pg. 515. Which stars are the brightest according to this diagram?
a) White dwarves
b) Sun
c) Red Giants
d) Supergiants
13) Which stars have the hottest temperatures?
a) White dwarves
b) Sun
c) Red Giants
d) Supergiants
14) Which stars have the smallest size?
a) White dwarves
b) Sun
c) Red Giants
d) Supergiants
15) What is a nebula (pg. 519)? A nebula is a cloud of dust and gas in space.
16) The elements, hydrogen and helium, are the most common in nebulae.
17) What is nuclear fusion? Nuclear fusion is a reaction in which 2 atomic nuclei combine to form a large
nucleus with a higher mass. Energy is released in these reactions, which is why stars emit light.
18) It is easy to confuse the processes of star formation, the Big Bang Theory, and the life cycle of a
star. In the boxes, write down each process separately and remember how they are different. Be sure
you know the different terms involved in each process (i.e. supernova, neutron star, black hole, nuclear
fusion, etc.).
The Big Bang Theory (pg. 532)
The Formation of a Star (pg. 520)
The Life-Cycle of High-Mass and
Low-mass Stars (pg. 524)
14 billion years ago, the universe was a tiny,
hot point which contained all the matter and
energy in the universe. The point expanded
and cooled down and eventually formed H and
He. Clouds of H and He became dense in some
regions due to gravity and those regions
formed stars. Stars began to cluster
together due to gravity and those groups
became galaxies
It stars with a nebula. Gravity causes parts
of the nebula to clump together. As particles
begin clumping together, they move faster
and become hotter. As the clump contracts
even more, it begins to take the shape of a
sphere and gets even hotter. That spherical
mass begins to spin and become a disk, which
is hottest at its center. Then, the
temperature becomes so hot in the center
that nuclear fusion begins to occur and object
begins to glow. It has become a star.
Low-Mass Stars:
A low-mass star will run out of H to fuse with
helium its core cannot withstand the crushing
force of gravity. The core collapses and H
fusion begins to take place on the outside of
the core. This causes the star to expand and
cool, creating a red giant. Over time, the red
giant loses mass from its surface. Then, only
the core remains. The core is called a white
dwarf.
High-Mass Stars:
A high-mass star will become a red supergiant
because it will also run out of H. Heavier
elements are produced in the star. Once iron
is made (which cannot undergo fusion), the
star will explode (supernova). All that is left
of the star is a neutron star, which is what is
left over from the supernova and is what
remains from the core of the original star.
Gravity was so strong that it fused electrons
and protons together and created a dense
neutron star. If gravity continues to contract
the neutron star, it will become a black hole.
19) Draw the different galaxies below (pg. 529-530):
Spiral Galaxy
Barred Spiral Galaxy
Elliptical Galaxy
Irregular Galaxy (note: there
are several ways to draw
these)
20) Order these objects from smallest to largest: galaxy, universe, supercluster, star, gas/dust
particles, cluster
Gas/dust particles, star, galaxy, cluster, supercluster, universe