Download B3 NIACIN OR NIACINAMIDE

B3 NIACIN OR NIACINAMIDE
itamin B3 may Enhance the Function of these
Substances
Amino Acids
Vitamin B3 is essential for the formation of
endogenous Carnitine.
Vitamin B3 facilitates the transport of Proline
across the blood-brain barrier.
Vitamin B3 facilitates the synthesis of
endogenous Serine.
Vitamin B3 enhances the function of
Phenylalanine. references
Vitamin B3 is a cofactor for the conversion of
Tyrosine to L-Dopa.
Carbohydrates
Vitamin B3 is involved in the metabolism of
Carbohydrates.
Coenzymes - Electron Transport System
Vitamin B3 is an essential component of
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotides (NADs) and
supplemental Vitamin B3 (especially the
Niacinamide form of Vitamin B3) increases the
body’s level of NADs: references
- Approximately 33% of the body’s endogenous
NADH is produced from Vitamin B3. references
Digestive System
Vitamin B3 may stimulate the production of
Hydrochloric Acid (HCl).
Enzymes
Vitamin B3 is essential for the production of Delta-5
Desaturase.
Vitamin B3 is essential for the activity of
Poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase (PARP): references
- PARP requires Nicotinamide Adenine
Dinucleotide (NAD) as a substrate, and is very
sensitive to NAD concentrations. Vitamin B3 is
required for the production of NAD.
Vitamin B3 is a cofactor for production of.
Superoxide Dismutase (SOD).
Hormones
Vitamin B3 functions as a cofactor for the
production of Corticosteroid Hormones (via NADs).
Vitamin B3 stimulates the release of Human
Growth Hormone (hGH):
- hGH release peaks at four hours after ingestion
of Vitamin B3.
Vitamin B3 (Niacinamide form - 100 mg per night)
facilitates the production of Melatonin (this occurs
from the fact that the body uses some of its
Tryptophan for the production of Niacinamide
function - if preformed Niacinamide is provided, this “frees up”
more Tryptophan for its other function, the
production of Melatonin). references
Lipids
Vitamin B3 is a cofactor for the conversion of AlphaLinolenic Acid (LNA) into further endogenous Fatty
Acids.
Vitamin B3 is a cofactor for the production of
Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) from Dihomo-Gamma
Linolenic Acid (DGLA). references
Vitamin B3 (Niacinamide form applied
topically) increases the production of Ceramides in
the Stratum Corneum layer of the Skin. references
Vitamin B3 is a cofactor for the conversion of
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Superunsaturated
Fatty Acids to Prostaglandins:
- The Nicotinic Acid (Niacin) form of Vitamin B3
stimulates the release of Prostaglandin D2 in the
Skin (Prostaglandin D2 is the cause of the flushing of
the Skin that occurs with Nicotinic Acid
consumption). references
- Vitamin B3 is a cofactor for the production of
Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) from Dihomo-GammaLinolenic Acid (DGLA). references
Neurotransmitters
The Niacinamide form of Vitamin B3 is a cofactor
for Gamma Aminobutyric Acid's function of filling
the Benzodiazepine Receptors within the Brain.
Nucleic Compounds
Vitamin B3 (especially the Niacinamide form) may
help to repair damaged Deoxyribonucleic Acid
(DNA). references
Organic Acids
Vitamin B3 may stimulate the conversion of Lactic
Acid to Pyruvic Acid.
Vitamin B3 may stimulate the conversion of
Lactic Acid to Pyruvic Acid.
Proteins
Vitamin B3 may enhance the synthesis of
endogenous Proteins.
Quinones
The Niacinamide form of Vitamin B3 may be an
essential cofactor for the endogenous production of
Coenzyme Q10. references
Vitamins
The Niacinamide form of Vitamin B3 may increase
Choline levels in the Brain. references
A Vitamin B3 derivative (NADPH) is a cofactor
for the conversion of dietary Folic Acid to its active
form - Tetrahydrofolic Acid. references
Vitamin B3 is synergistic with Vitamin B12.
Vitamin B3 may Counteract these Potentially Toxic
Substances
Aldehydes
The Niacinamide form of Vitamin B3 may lower
Acetaldehyde levels by up to 50%. references
Neurotoxins
The Niacinamide form of Vitamin B3 may inhibit
the ability of MPTP to damage the Substantia
Nigra and subsequently cause Parkinson’s Disease.
references
Pharmaceutical Drugs
Vitamin B3 may alleviate the Drug Dependence
(withdrawal symptoms) caused by Benzodiazepines.
references
Vitamin B3 may inhibit the ability of the AntiCancer Pharmaceutical Drugs utilized in
Chemotherapy to damage the Chromosomes of
Bone Marrow. references
Recreational Drugs
The Nicotinic Acid form of Vitamin B3 (500 mg per
day) may reduce the craving for Alcohol (ethanol)
in persons afflicted with Alcoholism and the
Niacinamide form of Vitamin B3 may exert a
similar effect. references
- The Niacinamide form of Vitamin B3 may
reduce Acetaldehyde levels (Acetaldehyde is the
metabolite of Alcohol that causes most of the toxic
effects associated with Alcohol consumption).
references
- Niacinamide may inhibit the ability of Alcohol
(ethanol) to damage the Liver. references
These Substances may Enhance the function of
Vitamin B3
Amino Acids
Isoleucine may improve the retention of Vitamin B3.
Minerals
Phosphorus is involved in the conversion of
exogenous Vitamin B3 to its active endogenous
coenzyme form.
Vitamins
Biotin may enhance the function of Vitamin B3.
Inositol may stimulate Niacinamide to bind to
the Benzodiazepine Receptors in the Brain.
Vitamin B12 may enhance the function of
Vitamin B3.
These Substances may Interfere with Vitamin B3
Aldehydes
Acetaldehyde may cause Vitamin B3 deficiency.
references
Amino Acids
Leucine may increase the urinary excretion of
Vitamin B3.
Pharmaceutical Drugs
Penicillins may deplete the body's supplies of
Vitamin B3.
Minor Side Effects of Vitamin B3
These cautions apply to all forms of Vitamin B3.
Problems attributable to specific forms of Vitamin
B3 are described under separate entries.
Skin
Vitamin B3 may occasionally worsen some Skin
Allergies.
Dietary Sources of Vitamin B3 note
(mg of Vitamin B3 per 100 grams)
Cereal Grains:
White Rice 2 Brown Rice
6
Fish:
Cod 5 Mackerel
12
Herbs:
Rosehips
Hawthorn Berries
Licorice
Blue Cohosh
Catnip
Eyebright
Ginger
Dandelion
Legumes:
Miso
Peas - Green 0.3
Meats:
Liver
13 Beef
10
Kidneys 13
Nuts:
Almonds
0.8 Hazelnuts 0.1
Pecan Nuts 0.1 Pine Nuts 0.2
Peanuts 0.1 Chestnuts 0.2
Pistachio Nuts 0.2 Macadamia Nuts0.1
Brazil Nuts 0.1 Coconut 0.02
Cashew Nuts 0.2 Walnuts 0.1
Sea Vegetables:
Kelp
Seeds:
Sunflower Seeds 0.3
Vegetables:
Broccoli
Watercress
Yeasts:
Brewer's Yeast 100.0
Forms of Vitamin B3
Inositol Hexanicotinate is a specific form of the
Nicotinic Acid (Niacin) form of Vitamin B3 that does
not cause the flushing (from Histamine release) that
is normally associated with Nicotinic Acid ingestion.
Niacytin is a bound and unavailable form of
Vitamin B3 present in some foods, especially Cereals
and Grains.
Niacinamide (also known as Nicotinamide) is the
main form of Vitamin B3 present in dietary sources.
Chemically, it is the Amide of Nicotinic Acid.
Nicotinic Acid (Niacin) is the acid form of
Vitamin B3.
Xanthinol Nicotinate is a synthetic form of the
Nicotinic Acid form of Vitamin B3 that can pass
easily through Cell Membranes into Cells much more
readily than Niacin
Dosage Recommendations
RDA vs Optimal
The official RDA for Vitamin B3 is 18 mg per day.
Therapeutic Dosages
The optimal daily allowance (ODA) for Vitamin B3
(in either its Niacinamide or Nicotinic Acid forms)
(for adults) is 50 - 250 mg per day.
The dosage of Vitamin B3 used in laboratory
studies that have demonstrated the ability of
Vitamin B3 to reduce Aggressiveness is 1,000 mg per
day.
The dosage of Vitamin B3 (Niacinamide form)
used in clinical studies that have demonstrated the
ability of Niacinamide to treat Osteoarthritis is
3,000 mg per day.
Bioavailability
The Niacinamide and Nicotinic Acid forms of
Vitamin B3 are absorbed via the Small Intestines.
The Nicotinic Acid form of Vitamin B3 is also
absorbed via the Stomach.
Only 0.3% of ingested Vitamin B3 enters the
Brain.
Commercial Availability of Vitamin B3 Supplements
“Singular” Oral Vitamin B3 Products
Vitamin B3 is available from health food stores and
mail order supplement companies (worldwide) in
the form of:
- 100 - 500 mg Niacinamide capsules
- 15 - 1,500 mg Niacinamide tablets
- 100 - 1,000 mg Nicotinic Acid capsules
- 500 mg non-flush Nicotinic Acid capsules
- 250 - 500 mg sustained-release Nicotinic Acid
capsules
- 50 - 500 mg Nicotinic Acid tablets
- loose Nicotinic Acid powder
- 250 - 600 mg Inositol Hexanicotinate capsules
(mainly only sold in USA)
- liquid Inositol Hexanicotinate (mainly only sold
in USA)
- loose Inositol Hexanicotinate powder (mainly
only sold in USA)
Health Benefits of Niacinamide
The health benefits of Niacinamide are generally
representative of those listed for Vitamin B3 - other
health benefits of Niacinamide are listed in the topic
for Vitamin B3.
Aging Process
Niacinamide (2,000 - 3,000 mg per day) may help
to retard the Aging Process (at a cellular level)
references and may function as a Life Extension
agent. references The mechanism for this effect is
as follows:
1. Niacinamide increases levels of Nicotinamide
Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD).
2. NAD is a cofactor for the activity of Sir2p, an
enzyme that upregulates the deacetylation
(removal of Acetyl units) from Chromatin.
3. Chromatin (when deacetylated) provides a
“protective cover” to Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA).
4. Extrachromasomal rDNA Circles (ERCs) (which
stimulate a process known as Gene Silencing and
therefore accelerate the Aging Process) are unable
to issue “Cell strangulation and cellular death”
messages to DNA that is protected by deacetylated
Chromatin.
Cardiovascular System
Niacinamide may be an effective adjunct therapy
for the early treatment of Stroke. references
Cells
Niacinamide may help to counteract excessive
Oxidation (Free Radicals)-induced Apoptosis of
normal, healthy Cells. references
Excretory System
Niacinamide may retard the development of
Diabetic Nephropathy. references
Eyes/Vision
Niacinamide may help to prevent Retinopathy.
references
Immune System
Niacinamide may inhibit the growth of Leishmania.
references
Niacinamide (applied topically) may help to
prevent Skin Cancer caused by excessive exposure
to Ultraviolet Radiation (UV-B form). references
Metabolism
Niacinamide may exert potent Antioxidant effects
in the Brain. references
Niacinamide may lower elevated Blood Sugar
levels. references
Niacinamide may alleviate Hypoglycemia.
references
Niacinamide may retard the development of
Diabetic Nephropathy in Diabetes Mellitus patients.
references
Niacinamide (2,000 mg per day) may help to
prevent the onset of Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 (by
protecting the Beta Cells of the Islets of Langerhans
from destruction): references
- Daily administration of Niacinamide reduced
the incidence of Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 by from
20% of a test population to 7.1% of the test
population.
- Note that Niacinamide does not have any
effect on patients with established Diabetes Mellitus
Type 1 as its primary effect is to protect the Beta
Cells that have largely all been destroyed once
Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 becomes evident.
Niacinamide may stabilize Blood Sugar levels in
Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 patients. references
Niacinamide may inhibit the ability of Alcohol
(ethanol) to damage the Liver. references
Musculoskeletal System
Niacinamide (1,000 - 3,000 mg per day) may be
an effective treatment for Osteoarthritis Niacinamide therapy may improve the global
impact of Osteoarthritis, may improve Joint
flexibility, may reduce Inflammation and may
permit Osteoarthritis patients to reduce their
dosage of Anti-Inflammatory Drugs. references
Niacinamide may be useful for the treatment
of Rheumatoid Arthritis. references
Nervous System
Niacinamide (1,000 mg per day) may reduce
Aggressiveness (by stimulating the conversion of
Lactic Acid to Pyruvic Acid). references
Niacinamide may inhibit the damage to the
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) content of Neurons
that occurs during the progression of Alzheimer's
Disease. references
Niacinamide (1,000 - 6,000 mg per day) may
alleviate Anxiety (by enhancing the ability of GABA
to bind to the Benzodiazepine Receptors within the
Brain). references
Niacinamide (1,000 - 3,000 mg per day) may
help to treat Autism. references
Niacinamide may exert potent Antioxidant
effects in the Brain. references
Niacinamide may help to prevent Parkinson's
Disease (by inhibiting the ability of MPTP to
damage the Substantia Nigra). references
Niacinamide (500 - 800 mg per day) may
reduce the symptoms of Phobias. references
Niacinamide (1,500 – 3,000 mg per day per
day) may alleviate Schizophrenia. references
Niacinamide (200 - 1,000 mg administered at
bedtime) may improve the quality of Sleep (by
binding to the Benzodiazepine Receptors of the
Brain). references
Respiratory System
Niacinamide may alleviate Asthma (it protects
against Histamine-induced bronchoconstriction).
references
Skin
Niacinamide (gel containing 4% applied topically
twice per day) may alleviate Acne. references
Niacinamide (cream applied topically) may
lighten hyperpigmented areas of the Skin in
Chloasma patients. references
Niacinamide (applied topically) may alleviate
Dry Skin (by increasing the production of Ceramides
in the Stratum Corneum layer of the Skin).
references
Niacinamide (3,000 mg per day) may alleviate
Polymorphous Light Eruption. references
Niacinamide may be useful for the treatment
of Psoriasis. references
Niacinamide (applied topically) may increase
the production of Ceramides in the Stratum
Corneum layer of the Skin. references
Niacinamide (5% cream applied topically) may
reduce Wrinkles. references
Niacinamide may Enhance the Function of these
Substances
Coenzymes
Supplemental Niacinamide increases the body’s
production of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide
(NAD): references
- Supplemental Niacinamide increases the body’s
production of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide
Phosphate (NADP).
Hormones
Niacinamide (100 mg per night) may facilitate the
production of Melatonin (this occurs from the fact
that the body uses some of its Tryptophan for the
production of Niacinamide - if pre-formed
Niacinamide is provided, this “frees up” more
Tryptophan for its other function, the production of
Melatonin). references
Lipids
Niacinamide (applied topically) may increase the
production of Ceramides in the Skin. references
Nucleic Compounds
Niacinamide may help to prevent damage to the
body’s endogenous Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA).
references
Quinones
Niacinamide is an essential cofactor for the
endogenous production of Coenzyme Q10.
references
Vitamins
Niacinamide may increase Brain Choline levels.
references
Niacinamide can be converted within the body
to Nicotinic Acid (however Nicotinic Acid cannot be
reconverted back to Niacinamide). references
Niacinamide may Counteract these Potentially
Toxic Substances
Aldehydes
Niacinamide may lower Acetaldehyde levels by up
to 50%. references
Electromagnetic Radiation
Niacinamide (applied topically) may help to
prevent Skin Cancer caused by excessive exposure
to the UV-B form of Ultra-Violet Radiation.
references
Lipids
Niacinamide may counteract the toxic effects
associated with Lipopolysaccharides. references
Neurotoxins
Niacinamide may inhibit the ability of MPTP to
damage the Substantia Nigra and subsequently
cause Parkinson’s Disease. references
Recreational Drugs
Niacinamide may inhibit the ability of Alcohol
(ethanol) to damage the Liver. references
Niacinamide may reduce the craving for
Alcohol in persons afflicted with Alcoholism:
references
- Niacinamide may lower Acetaldehyde levels by
up to 50%. references
These Substances may Enhance the Function of
Niacinamide
Amino Acids
Approximately 66% of the body’s Niacinamide
content is derived from the metabolism of
Tryptophan.
Bioavailability references
Niacinamide is absorbed only via the Small
Intestines.
After its oral absorption, Niacinamide is present
in the Blood plasma and is converted to its
coenzyme form in Blood Cells, the Kidneys, the Brain
and the Liver.
Commercial Availability of Niacinamide
“Singular” Oral Niacinamide Products
Niacinamide is available from health food stores
and mail order supplement companies (worldwide)
in the form of:
-
100 mg capsules
250 mg capsules
500 mg capsules
-
1,500 mg tablets
Topical Niacinamide Products
Topical Niacinamide is available from some
internet-based suppliers in the form of:
- cream containing 4% Niacinamide (designed
for the treatment of Acne)
- gel containing 5% Niacinamide (designed for
the treatment of Acne) (Metazene)
Oral Formulas
Niacinamide is an ingredient in many multi-vitamin
formulas and other specific purpose formulas.
Chemical Data
Chemically, Niacinamide is the active Amide of
Nicotinic Acid.
Chemical Names
Pyridine-3-carboxamide
3-Pyridinecarboxamide
Pyridine-3-carboxylic acid amide
3-pyridine carboxylic acid amide
Molecular Formula
C6H6N2O
Health Benefits of Nicotinic Acid
These beneficial actions are attributable specifically
to the Nicotinic Acid form of Vitamin B3 - other
beneficial actions of Nicotinic Acid are listed in the
topic for "Vitamin B3".
Aging & Life Extension
Nicotinic Acid may possess Life Extension properties.
references
Cardiovascular System
Nicotinic Acid may help to reverse Atherosclerosis.
references
Nicotinic Acid may improve Blood Circulation.
references
Nicotinic Acid may help to prevent abnormal
Blood Clotting (by lowering elevated Fibrinogen
levels). references
Nicotinic Acid (25 mg per day) may help to treat
Chilblains. references
Nicotinic Acid (by improving Blood Circulation
to limbs) may sometimes eliminate the need for the
amputation of limbs in Gangrene cases. references
Nicotinic Acid may reduce Blood Pressure in
Hypertension patients. references
Nicotinic Acid may help to prevent Heart Attacks
and may reduce the recurrence rate for second
Heart Attacks by 30%. references
Nicotinic Acid (especially the Inositol
Hexanicotinate form - 4,000 mg per day for at
least three months) may alleviate Intermittent
Claudication by improving Blood Circulation to the
legs. references
Nicotinic Acid (especially the Inositol Hexanicotinate
form) may alleviate Raynaud’s Disease by
improving Blood Circulation to the hands and feet.
references
Nicotinic Acid may help to prevent Stroke.
references
Digestive System
Nicotinic Acid may alleviate Hypochlorhydria.
references
Excretory System
Nicotinic Acid may inhibit the ability of Candida
glabrata to cause Urinary Tract Infections (by
inhibiting the ability of Candida glabrata to adhere
to the epithelial cells of the Urinary Tract).
references
Hair
Nicotinic Acid (applied topically to the Scalp) may
help to improve Blood Circulation to the Scalp (and
may thereby help to retard Hair Loss). Oral
administration of 35 mg of Nicotinic Acid per day
may also help to retard Hair Loss. references
Immune System
Nicotinic Acid may reduce the mortality rate of
Cancer patients and may help to prevent some
forms of Cancer: references
- Nicotinic Acid may reduce the rate of
recurrence of Bladder Cancer in people treated with
GammaRays in Radiation Therapy. [more info]
- Nicotinic Acid may help to prevent Endometrial
Cancer. references
Nicotinic Acid may inhibit the ability of Candida
glabrata to cause Urinary Tract Infections (by
inhibiting the ability of Candida glabrata to adhere
to the epithelial cells of the Urinary Tract).
references
Metabolism
Nicotinic Acid (2,000 - 3,000 mg per day) may
lower serum Cholesterol: references
- Nicotinic Acid may increase HDL Cholesterol by
33%. references
- Nicotinic Acid may lower elevated LDL
Cholesterol levels. references
- The Cholesterol lowering effect of Nicotinic Acid
is achieved by interfering with a Liver enzyme that
helps to produce endogenous Cholesterol.
- Nicotinic Acid may reduce the body's levels of
VLDL Cholesterol. references
Nicotinic Acid may inhibit Cross-Linking. references
Nicotinic Acid may lower elevated Lipoprotein
(a) levels by up to 35%. references
Nicotinic Acid (1,200 - 2,000 mg per day) may
lower serum levels of Triglycerides (by up to 52%).
references
Musculoskeletal System
Nicotinic Acid may alleviate Muscle Cramps that
are caused by poor Blood Circulation. references
Nervous System
Nicotinic Acid (1,000 - 3,000 mg) may terminate
the Hallucinations and other symptoms of LSD
"trips" within one hour of Nicotinic Acid ingestion.
references
Nicotinic Acid may improve Memory in normal,
otherwise-healthy, middle-aged adults by 10% to
40%: references
- Nicotinic Acid may improve Short-Term
Memory. references
Nicotinic Acid may alleviate the symptoms of
Meniere’s Disease. references
Nicotinic Acid (administered by IV injection)
may improve the condition of Multiple Sclerosis
(MS) patients. references
Nicotinic Acid is highly beneficial for the
treatment of (the Trigeminal Neuralgia form of)
Neuralgia. references
Nicotinic Acid may be useful for the treatment of
Restless Legs Syndrome. references
Nicotinic Acid may alleviate Schizophrenia (it
functions as a methyl scavenger and may therefore
deactivate Adrenochrome - a compound that has
been implicated in Schizophrenia). references
Respiratory System
Nicotinic Acid may help to control Asthma attacks.
references
Sexual System
Nicotinic Acid may enhance Sexual Performance
(by triggering the Histamine release that occurs
during Orgasm). references
Nicotinic Acid may Enhance the Function of these
Substances
Factors
Two molecules of Nicotinic Acid are essential
components of Glucose Tolerance Factor (GTF).
Hormones
Nicotinic Acid prevents the degradation of
Adrenaline to Noradrenochrome (due to its role in
the production of Nicotinamide Adenine
Dinucleotide).
Nicotinic Acid (taken on an empty stomach)
stimulates the release of Human Growth Hormone
(hGH) from the Pituitary Gland: references
- This effect does not occur when Nicotinic Acid is
consumed with Food or on a full Stomach.
Lipids
Nicotinic Acid stimulates the release of
Prostaglandin D2 in the Skin (Prostaglandin D2 is
the cause of the flushing of the Skin that occurs with
Nicotinic Acid consumption). references
Nicotinic Acid may Counteract these Potentially
Toxic Substances
Proteins
Nicotinic Acid may lower elevated Fibrinogen levels.
references
Recreational Drugs
Nicotinic Acid (500 mg per day) may reduce the
craving for Alcohol in persons afflicted with
Alcoholism. references
Nicotinic Acid (1,000 - 3,000 mg) may
terminate the Hallucinations and other symptoms
of LSD "trips" within one hour of Nicotinic Acid
ingestion. references
Nicotinic Acid may reduce the toxic effects of
Nicotine. [more info]
Neurotoxins
Nicotinic Acid may protect the body against
excessive production of Adrenochrome and may
reduce the toxic effects of Adrenochrome. [more
info]
These Substances may Enhance the Function of
Nicotinic Acid
Amino Acids
Picolinic Acid (an isomer of Nicotinic Acid) can be
manufactured within the body from Tryptophan 60 mg of Tryptophan can generate 1 mg of Picolinic
Acid).
Vitamins
Niacinamide can be converted within the body to
Nicotinic Acid (however Nicotinic Acid cannot be
reconverted back to Niacinamide). references
These Substances may Counteract the Potential
Side Effects of Nicotinic Acid
Alkaloids
Betaine (especially the Trimethylglycine (TMG) form
of Betaine) may help to prevent the Liver damage
that can occur with high-dose Nicotinic Acid
therapy. references
Side Effects of Nicotinic Acid
The cautions that apply generally to Vitamin B3
also apply to the Nicotinic Acid form of Vitamin B3.
The side effects of Nicotinic Acid do not occur with
the use of the Inositol Hexanicotinate form of
Nicotinic Acid.
Digestive System
Nicotinic Acid may (rarely) cause Diarrhea when
supplemented at dosages above 100 mg per day.
Nicotinic Acid may (rarely) cause Nausea when
supplemented at dosages above 100 mg per day.
If Nicotinic Acid is continually consumed on an
empty Stomach, it may cause the release of
excessive Hydrochloric Acid within the Stomach which may increase the risk of Peptic Ulcers.
Metabolism
The Cholesterol-lowering effect of megadoses of
Nicotinic Acid is due to its interference with a liver
enzyme that helps to manufacture endogenous
Cholesterol. Excessive interference with this enzyme
may cause Liver damage in some persons.
references
Musculoskeletal System
Nicotinic Acid may (rarely) cause Muscle Cramps
when supplemented at dosages above 100 mg per
day.
Nervous System
Nicotinic Acid may (rarely) cause Headaches when
supplemented at dosages above 100 mg per day.
Skin
Nicotinic Acid may cause Dry Skin when
supplemented at dosages above 2,000 mg per day.
Nicotinic Acid may cause Erythema (red
flushing of the Skin) - especially when it is consumed
on an empty Stomach (this side effect is generally
harmless - it occurs as a result of dilation of the
Capillaries that service the Skin and usually only
persists for a period of one hour maximum). The
Erythema caused by Nicotinic Acid consumption
occurs as a result of Prostaglandin D2 release
stimulated by Nicotinic Acid. references
Contraindications
Cardiovascular System
Arrhythmias patients should consult a doctor before
using the Nicotinic Acid form of Vitamin B3.
Pharmaceutical Drugs
High-dose Nicotinic Acid (greater than 1,000 mg of
Nicotinic Acid per day) should not be used
concurrently with HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors
(such as Lovastatin or Red Yeast Rice) as this
combination increases the risk of Rhabdomyolysis.
Nicotinic Acid may Enhance these Toxic Substances
Amino Acids
Excessive consumption of Nicotinic Acid may
increase Homocysteine levels. references
Forms of Nicotinic Acid
Inositol Hexanicotinate (also known as
Hexanicotinoyl Inositol, IHN, Inositol Hexaniacinate
or Inositol Niacinate; Inositol Nicotinate) consists of
one molecule of Inositol bound to six molecules of
Nicotinic Acid (by weight, 10% Inositol + 90%
Nicotinic Acid). Chemically, it is the hexanicotinic
acid ester of Inositol. Inositol Hexanicotinate is
absorbed intact and then hydrolzyed within the
body to release “free” Nicotinic Acid and Inositol.
Inositol Hexanicotinate is metabolized more slowly
than “free” Nicotinic Acid - it does not reach
maximum Blood Serum levels until approximately
10 hours after its oral ingestion:
- This form of Nicotinic Acid is primarily used as a
non-flushing, sustained-release form of Nicotinic
Acid and is regarded by some experts as the
optimal form of Nicotinic Acid. The side effects
associated with regular Nicotinic Acid do not occur
with Inositol Hexanicotinate. references
- Inositol Hexanicotinate is regarded as the safest
form of supplemental Nicotinic Acid and can be
safely used in doses of up to 4,000 mg per day.
Picolinic Acid is an isomer of Nicotinic Acid (but
which possesses different therapeutic properties to
Nicotinic Acid).
Xanthinol Nicotinate is a synthetic form of
Nicotinic Acid consisting of Nicotinic Acid bound to
Xanthinol. It is classed as a Pharmaceutical Drug
and as a Smart Drug.
Bioavailability
Inositol Hexanicotinate
The Inositol Hexanicotinate form of Nicotinic Acid is
absorbed intact and then hydrolzyed within the
body to release “free” Nicotinic Acid and Inositol.
Inositol Hexanicotinate is metabolized more slowly
than “free” Nicotinic Acid - it does not reach
maximum Blood Serum levels until approximately
ten hours after its oral ingestion. references
Nicotinic Acid
Nicotinic Acid is absorbed via the Small Intestines
and the Stomach.
Niacin is rapidly and extensively absorbed (at
least 60 to 76% of dose) when administered orally.
To maximize bioavailability and reduce the risk
of gastrointestinal upset, administration of Nicotinic
Acid with a low-fat meal or snack is recommended.
Nicotinic Acid and its metabolites are rapidly
eliminated via the Urine.
Dosage Recommendations
The dosage of Nicotinic Acid that has been shown in
clinical trials to stimulate the release of Human
Growth Hormone from the Pituitary Gland is 200 500 mg per day.
The dosage of Nicotinic Acid that has been
demonstrated to reduce the craving for Alcohol
(ethanol) is 500 mg per day.
The dosage of Nicotinic Acid to prevent
Dementia varies according to one’s age:
- At age 20 - 29, 100 mg may be effective.
- At age 30 - 39, 200 mg may be effective
- At age 40 - 49, 500 mg may be effective.
- People over the age of 50 may require a daily
dose of 1,000 mg to help prevent Dementia.
The recommended dosage of the Inositol
Hexanicotinate form of Nicotinic Acid for lipidlowering purposes and for improving conditions
related to the Cardiovascular System is 1,500 mg 4,000 mg per day, usually taken in two to three
divided dosages during the day. Doses of up to
4,000 mg per day of Inositol Hexanicotinate per
day are regarded as safe.
The dosage of Nicotinic Acid that lowers serum
Cholesterol levels is 1,000 - 2,000 mg per day.
Caution: This is a high dosage of Nicotinic Acid and
should only be used on the advice of a health
professional.
It is recommended that persons using supplemental
Nicotinic Acid for managing their Cholesterol levels,
consume their dosage at nightime (as most persons
sleep during the “flushing period”; in addition this
timing is likely to produce better results as most
endogenous Cholesterol is produced by the Liver
during the night).
Commercial Availability of Nicotinic Acid
Supplements
“Singular” Oral Nicotinic Acid Products
Niacin (Nicotinic Acid) is available from health food
stores and mail order supplement companies in the
form of:
- 100 - 1,000 mg capsules (in some countries the
maximum potency may be less than 1,000 mg)
- 2.5 - 500 mg tablets (in some countries the
maximum potency may be less than 500 mg)
The Inositol Hexanicotinate form of Nicotinic Acid is
available from health food stores and mail order
supplement companies (mainly only in the USA and
Canada) in the form of:
-
250 mg capsules
500 mg capsules
600 mg tablets
Prescription Products
Extended-release Nicotinic Acid is available from
pharmacies (prescription required) in the form of:
-
500 mg tablets (Niaspan)
750 mg tablets (Niaspan)
1,000 mg tablets (Niaspan)
Oral Formulas
Nicotinic Acid and/or Inositol Hexanicotinate are
ingredients in many multi-vitamin formulas and
other specific purpose formulas.
Topical Products
Nicotinic Acid is an ingredient in some topically
applied Hair products designed to retard Hair Loss,
for example:
-
Crinagen
Polysorbate 80 + Nicotinic Acid
Lotion containing Nicotinic Acid + 6% Minoxidil
Lotion containing Nicotinic Acid + 5% Minoxidil
Lotion containing Nicotinic Acid + 4% Minoxidil
Lotion containing Nicotinic Acid + 3% Minoxidil
Lotion containing Nicotinic Acid + 2% Minoxidil
Chemical Data
Nicotinic Acid is a white crystalline compound that is
soluble in hot Water and is reasonably stable in
heat, light, acids and alkalis.
Chemical Names
Carboxypyridine
Pyridine-3-carboxylic Acid
Pyridine Carboxylic Acid
Pyridine-beta-carboxilic acid
m-pyridinecarboxilic acid
Pyridine-3-carbonic acid
Nicotine Acid
Pyridine-beta-carboxylic acid
3-Pyridine Carboxylic acid
Molecular Formula
C6H5NO2
C5H4N(COOH)
Molecular Weight
123.1
Also known as: Picolinate
Description
Picolinic Acid is an isomer of Nicotinic Acid. It is
manufactured endogenously within the human
body (an average person manufactures 5 - 20 mg
of Picolinic Acid per day within their Kidneys and
Liver from other Amino Acids) and it is also a minor
constituent of some foods. The primary reason for
the body producing its own Picolinic Acid is to
enhance the absorption of dietary Minerals.
Health Benefits of Picolinic Acid
Cells
Picolinic Acid may facilitate Growth (probably by
facilitating the absorption of Zinc into Cells). [more
info]
Picolinic Acid may Enhance the Function of these
Substances
Growth Factors
Picolinic Acid is a precursor for the production of
Skin Respiratory Factor (SRF). [more info]
Minerals
Picolinic Acid may facilitate the absorption of
Chromium. [more info]
Picolinic Acid may facilitate the absorption of
Zinc. references
These Substances may Enhance the Function of
Picolinic Acid
Amino Acids
Tryptophan metabolizes to Picolinic Acid within the
body - 60 mg of Tryptophan is required for the
endogenous manufacture of 1 mg of Picolinic Acid.
references
Enzymes
Picolinic Carboxylase catalyzes the endogenous
production of Picolinic Acid.
Vitamins
Vitamin B6 may enhance the body’s conversion of
Tryptophan to Picolinic Acid. [more info]
Dietary Sources of Picolinic Acid note
Dairy Products: Milk
Fungi: Yeasts
Picolinic Acid is also a constituent of Human Breast
Milk.
Cautions
Uncomplexed Picolinic Acid should not be used as a
nutritional supplement. It should only be used in
forms in which it is bound to essential Minerals.
Forms of Picolinic Acid
Chromium Picolinate consists of three molecules of
Picolinic Acid chelated with one molecule of
Chromium. Chromium Picolinate is regarded as one
of the best forms of supplemental Chromium as
Picolinic Acid enhances the body’s absorption of
Chromium.
Boron Picolinate consists of Picolinic Acid
chelated with Boron.
Copper Picolinate consists of Picolinic Acid
chelated with Copper.
Iron Picolinate consists of Picolinic Acid chelated
with Iron.
Magnesium Picolinate consists of Picolinic Acid
chelated with Magnesium.
Manganese Picolinate consists of Picolinic Acid
chelated with Manganese.
Selenium Picolinate consists of Picolinic Acid
chelated with Selenium.
Vanadium Picolinate consists of Picolinic Acid
chelated with Vanadium.
Zinc Picolinate consists of Picolinic Acid chelated
with Zinc. Zinc Picolinate is regarded as one of the
best forms of supplemental Zinc as Picolinic Acid
enhances the body’s absorption of Zinc.
Chemical Data
Picolinic acid has a Pyridine nucleus with a carboxyl
side group. This is a particularly absorbable and
biologically active chelate of essential minerals.
Chemical Names
2-Pyridinecarboxylic Acid
Pyridine-4-carboxylic acid
lso known as: Androgeron; Angiomanin; Angiomin;
Cafardil; Circulan; Clofamin; Complamex;
Complamin
; Dacilin; Emodinamin; Jupal; Landrina; Niconicol;
Sadamin; SK 331 A; Vasoprin; Vedrin; Xanidil;
Xavin
Description
Xanthinol Nicotinate is a synthetic form of the
Nicotinic Acid form of Vitamin B3. It contains 28.4%
Nicotinic Acid bonded to 71.6% Xanthinol.
Health Benefits of Xanthinol Nicotinate
Cardiovascular System
Xanthinol Nicotinate may help to prevent
abnormal Blood Clotting. references
Xanthinol Nicotinate may dilate (expand)
Blood Vessels throughout the body including the
Blood Vessels in Brain. [more info]
Xanthinol Nicotinate may alleviate Cerebral
Insufficiency. references
Metabolism
Xanthinol Nicotinate may lower serum Cholesterol
levels (due to its ability to dilate Blood Vessels):
[more info]
- Xanthinol Nicotinate may lower LDL
Cholesterol levels. references
- Xanthinol Nicotinate may lower VLDL
Cholesterol levels. references
Nervous System
Xanthinol Nicotinate (500 mg per day) may
improve Memory (in normal, healthy, elderly
people). references
- Xanthinol Nicotinate may improve Long-Term
Memory in normal, healthy humans. references
- Xanthinol Nicotinate may improve Short-Term
Memory in normal, healthy young, middle aged
and elderly people. references
Xanthinol Nicotinate may Enhance the Function of
these Substances
Carbohydrates
Xanthinol Nicotinate may enhance the body's
(especially the Brain’s) metabolism of Glucose.
references
Nucleic Compounds
Xanthinol Nicotinate may increase the body's
production of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP).
references
Potentially Toxic Effects of Xanthinol Nicotinate
These potential side effects of Xanthinol Nicotinate
usually diminish with continued usage of Xanthinol
Nicotinate.
Cardiovascular System
Xanthinol Nicotinate may cause a temporary fall in
Blood Pressure when standing up from a sitting
position.
Tachycardia (heart palpitations) may occur as
a temporary initial side effect of Xanthinol
Nicotinate usage - this side effect usually disappears
after continued usage of Xanthinol Nicotinate.
Digestive System
Diarrhea may occur as a temporary initial side
effect of Xanthinol Nicotinate usage - this side effect
usually disappears after continued usage of
Xanthinol Nicotinate.
Heartburn may occur as a temporary initial
side effect of Xanthinol Nicotinate usage - this side
effect usually disappears after continued usage of
Xanthinol Nicotinate.
Vomiting may occur as a temporary initial side
effect of Xanthinol Nicotinate usage - this side effect
usually disappears after continued usage of
Xanthinol Nicotinate.
Nervous System
Blurred Vision may occur as a temporary initial side
effect of Xanthinol Nicotinate usage - this side effect
usually disappears after continued usage of
Xanthinol Nicotinate.
Headache can occur as a temporary initial side
effect of Xanthinol Nicotinate usage - this side effect
usually disappears after continued usage of
Xanthinol Nicotinate.
Nausea may occur as a temporary initial side effect
of Xanthinol Nicotinate usage - this side effect
usually disappears after continued usage of
Xanthinol Nicotinate.
Skin
Xanthinol Nicotinate may cause temporary Flushing
of the Skin.
Contraindications
Cardiovascular System
People who have recently experienced a Heart
Attack should not use Xanthinol Nicotinate.
Hypotension patients should not use Xanthinol
Nicotinate.
Digestive System
Peptic Ulcers patients should not use Xanthinol
Nicotinate.
Metabolism
People who are afflicted with Liver malfunctions
should not use Xanthinol Nicotinate.
Sexual System - Female
The safety of Xanthinol Nicotinate during the
Lactation period has not been established.
The safety of Xanthinol Nicotinate during
Pregnancy has not been established.
Dosage Recommendations
The usual therapeutic dosage of Xanthinol
Nicotinate is 450 - 1,800 mg per day (taken in
equally divided dosages).
The maxium safe dosage of Xanthinol
Nicotinate is 3,000 mg per day.
Bioavailability references
Xanthinol Nicotinate passes through Cell
Membranes into Cells much more readily than
Vitamin B3.
Commercial Availability of Xanthinol Nicotinate
“Singular” Oral Xanthinol Nicotinate Products
Xanthinol Nicotinate is available from some
international mail order pharmaceutical suppliers in
the form of:
- Xanthinol Nicotinate powder
- 150 mg tablets (often under the trade name
Complamin)
Xanthinol Nicotinate is not approved for sale in the
USA but is approved for use in Europe and Canada.