Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Name: __________________________ Period: ______________- KINGS Slide: Mesopotamian Deities-the Gods and Goddesses In ancient Mesopotamia, ______________ and ________________were part of both __________ and ________________ worlds. No large-scale ______________of gods and goddesses have survived. Scholars suspect that the large temple statues of ________________were fashioned out of material like ________________ which could not have survived to the modern times. Consequently, most images of the divine are small-scale and found on a range of ______________ and _______________ items. They are found on figurines and _____________, jewelry and ______________, and on a variety of __________________items. They are also found on seals—a seal is a device engraved with a picture that is used to create an impression on wet clay. Mesopotamian mythology shows that the gods were organized from_____________ important to _________________important, just like human society. Slide: Devine Kings A small handful of Mesopotamian kings claimed that they were ______________ by the gods to rule on ____________and have certain _______________ powers. As the kings got their orders from the gods, no one was to ______________ their authority. They were said to be ____________ (made like a god on Earth), either by _________________ or by their ________________. The deification of kings in Mesopotamia was a ___________ and somewhat controversial occurrence. Slide: Kingship It’s nice to know who’s boss. For most of Mesopotamian history, the highest political office in the land was that of ____________. It didn’t involve any sort of ______________ or _____________________ promises. The Mesopotamians believed that ______________________ “came down from heaven” and was an office “installed by the gods” during the very _______________of the universe. Kings in Mesopotamia were links between the ______________ and ________________, shepherds of their people, and ___________________ aggressors against their enemies. Kings stood above both ________________ and _______________________. Many kings literally depicted themselves as ____________________ of nature and barbarians. Slide: Officials and the King’s Court The king couldn’t rule _____________. He would have needed a staff of supporters. While much of Mesopotamian ___________________ and _________ reduces the government to merely the king (probably at the king’s orders), there were in fact a large number of ______________ and official personnel who helped run the office of kingship and the central government. In addition, the king’s palace would also have contained a range of personnel responsible for ___________________ and ____________on the king and his family. Musicians seem to have been particularly ________________________ in court life. Kings campaigned into foreign lands to ______________ and _____________ enemy cities. King Sennacherib, for example, routinely boasted to the gods and people that, “His [the enemy king’s] cities I __________________ and _________________. I turned them into ruins.” Slide: Royal Tombs of Ur Slide: The Religious Roles of Kings To be a king meant one was a ______________ of the people, but he was still bound by duty to __________________ the gods. Kings were obligated to perform ________________ functions on a regular basis. The purpose of such rituals was to _________________ the very order of the _____________ and its ________________. As the highest of humans, the king was the only __________________person who could be heard by the _________________ deities. One of the most timeless routines of the kings was to ______________, renovate, or _____________ temples. IT WAS A ROYAL DUTY AND RESPONISBILITY!! Slide: Duties of the Kings- Military It may seem all messed up that a ___________, soldier king could also be _______________and ______________. When they weren’t showcasing their religious virtues, Mesopotamian kings represented themselves as _____________ heroes. Throughout its history, kings were shown with _________________ and __________, enemies trampled underfoot, and large, organized groups of military specialists and soldiers. If your employer died, would you let people bury you next to them? Well it happened in Mesopotamia. The Royal Tombs of the city of Ur, which dates to ca. 2600 BCE. The occupants of the tombs were _______________ and _______________, high-ranking persons. Many burials contained ________________ of the deceased royalty who were laid alongside their royal person a possible indication of __________________ _________________. One such servant, a woman, was found in ______________ (she was still in the position she had been originally placed at the time of burial) wearing her original jewelry. This woman’s _____________________ was only slightly less ornate than that of her queen, Queen Puabi. The tombs contained an huge amount of rich, beautiful and luxury items made from ___________________, lapis lazuli, carnelian, ______________, and __________________. Slide: Legendary Kings Nowadays, people recognize a big difference between ______________ and __________________beings. For the ancient Mesopotamians, a being could be part godlike and part human. For the Mesopotamians, the primary difference between gods and man was _________________. If a being had a percentage of ______________, he or she was still ________________ as long as he or she were even the smallest part human. The legendary king ______________ was said to be two-thirds divine and one-third human, since he was born out of the union of a goddess and a human man. As the Epic of Gilgamesh laments, “when the gods created __________________, they reserved immortality for themselves.” Nonetheless, Gilgamesh’s semi-divine status gives him some power over _____________ and __________________________. Name: ________________________________ Period: ___________________ LAWS Slide: Law The king’s word was _____________. The god ____________________, the sun god, was associated with law and with giving the kings _______________/_________________. The royal literature of Mesopotamia says that the gods gave __________________ and ____________upon the people and that law was only realized under the ___________ of a king. Each king claimed that he was the one who realized ___________________ in the land and settled the __________________of the people. Justice itself was defined in three ways. First, justice was the _________________ of the socially weak, for example, widows and orphans. Next, justice was the ______________________ of criminals and traitors. Finally, justice was the giving of wise _______________ by the king. Slide: Stele of Hammurabi King Hammurabi’s Law _______________ is the most famous source on Mesopotamian Law. Probably made around 1750 BCE, the 7 1/2 foot basalt ________________ features an image at the top and a long ______________ on the body. The image at the top of the stele shows the god _________________ (God of Justice)and King Hammurabi, standing on the left. The seated Shamash is handing Hammurabi two ___________________ items, a _____________ and a __________, conferring ______________ to the king. The inscription begins with an account of ____________________describing how the gods created the city _______________ and how they came to install _________________ as its king. The text next lists _____________legal clauses, most of which appear in the form “If… then…,” Slide: Stele of Hammurabi Pt2 The laws pertain to matters ranging from ____________________, to fair wages, to family and ________________ law, but the code is most famous because it contains one of the earliest examples of Lex _______________, the Principle of___________________ ________________________. This principle is best known as Hammurabi explains it in the code: “An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth.” Example: “If a man kills another man, then he will be killed.” The same form of law later appears in the Biblical laws of the Old ___________________. “Let any _____________________ man who has a lawsuit come before me, the king of justice, ……let my stele reveal the ________________ for him; may be examine his case, may be ________________ his heart, and may be _________________ me.” Slide: Legal Records Hammurabi's __________ relied heavily on the legal texts of _______________kings. Sumerian King Ur-Namma, who founded ___________________ at Ur around 2100 BCE, also wrote a law code. Even though it was probably ______________ on a monument like Hammurabi's stele, the monument has never been found. But we know about Ur-Namma’s laws from the _________________assignments of school children: as part of their training, children repetitively _______________ inscriptions from monuments. The_________________ has been reconstructed from their assignments. The Mesopotamians also left thousands upon thousands of records of their ________________ legal affairs. tablets document their marriages, __________________, adoptions, wills, debts, loans, trials, and even problems related to caring for the ___________________. Slide: Xenophobia As nice as it might have been to be a Mesopotamian, to NOT be a Mesopotamian in Mesopotamia was not a nice thing. Foreigners and foreign lands represented utter ____________ to the Mesopotamians and were ___________________ to their way of life and perception of the universe. (Xenophobia) Foreigners who refused to ______________ to Mesopotamian rule or culture were targeted for _________________ and _________________. The Mesopotamian “xenophobia” (fear or dislike of foreigners) was depicted throughout ____________ and ___________________ art. Kings would depict themselves __________________ incompliant foreigners— for example, by scenes of impaling, mass murder and utter destruction of others. It was a kings “duty” to protect his people and their ____________________- with any means needed.