Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
6-11 juulinil 2008 toimunud 10. rahvusvaheline maaparandusalane Workshop ( konverents) Ülemaailmse Vihmutuse ja maaparanduse Organisatsiooni (ICID) raames. Eesti (ESTCID) on ülemaailmse organisatsiooni liige alates 2000 aastast. Kogu organisatsioon on jaotatud erinevate töörühmade vahel Drenaazi töörühm otsustas korraldada oma ülemaailmse töökoosoleku k.a Eestis ja Soomes Osavõtjaid on ca 150 inimest 25 maast Kaugematest riikidest võib nimetada Austraalia, USA, Canada, Malaisia, Egiptus, Iran jt. Osaleb ICID president Peter Lee Soomes käsitleti 06-08 juulil järgmisi teemasid. -Põllumajanduslik maakuivenduse ja keskkonna erinevused põllumajanduspoliitikas (nitraatide kasutamine, rasked metallid) -Tehnilised lahenduse kemikaalide väljauhtumisel mullast Kuivenduse planeerimine rasketes muldades Vihmutus ja maaparandussüsteemides kasutatava vee kvaliteet -Põllumajanduslik veekasutus, meetodid ja tehnoloogiad Eestis jätkus konverents 9 juulil, käsitleti teemasid: -Maaparandus, jõgede korrastamise keskkonnakaitse tehnoloogia kontekstis -Äärmuslikud ilmastikuolud, kuivendus, üleujutuste ärahoidmine ja maakasutus 10 juulil Eestis ja 11.juulil Soomes toimusid väljasõidud maaparandusobjektidele. This Proceedings includes papers and posters presented on 10th International Drainage Workshop of the International Commision on Irrigation and Drainage ICID in July 2008 in Finland and Estonia. The topics of the workshop cover the water quality of agricultural drainage and the methods to mitigate nutrient leaching. The challanges that extreme weather conditions pose to agricultural drainage are also included in the topics. The workshop has six sessions including the following themes: - Agricultural drainage and environment in different farming policies - Technical solutions to prevent leaching from agricultural drainage systems - Agricultural water management, decision support methods and technology - Drainage in the context of environmental river engineering - Extreme weather conditions, drainage, flood management and land use - Drainage, the driver of sustainable environments The Proceedings will be available also in www.fincid.fi Oral presentations PDF Session 1 Agricultural drainage and environment in different farming policies » Keynote: Eiko Lübbe Agricultural drainage and environment in different farming policies » Eileen J. Kladivko Nitrate-N loads to subsurface drains as affected by drainage intensity and agronomic management practices » Jeff S. Strock Use of DRAINMOD-NII to predict nitrogen losses under conventional and organic farming practices in Minnesota, USA » Jennifer Roper Influence of tillage on nitrate-nitrogen leaching in agricultural drainage water » Ch. Merz Trace metal behaviour in drained floodplains » Irene Bondarik Problems of long term use of drained lands: the case study of heavy soils of the central part of Russia » P. Kovalenko Reconstruction and modernization of reclamation systems as a part of agricultural reforms in Ukraine » Henk Ritzema The role of horizontal subsurface drainage in irrigated agriculture in the semi-arid and arid regions » Sami Myyrä Farmers and land owners choices over drainage systems – profit maximisation and environment Session 2 Technical solutions to prevent leaching from agricultural drainage systems » Keynote: Chandra Madramootoo Reducing nutrient loads in agricultural land drainage systems » Gary R. Sands Drainage design to achieve both agronomic and environmental objectives » Graig Schrader Minnesota’s conservation drainage demonstration project » Masoud Parsinejad Subirrigation system to improve drainage water quality in Karaj of IRAN » Ingrid Wesström Long-term effects of tile drainage on soil physical properties and crop yields » Jane Frankenberger Drainage water management impacts on nitrate loss and crop yield in Indiana, USA » Maija Paasonen-Kivekäs Nutrient transport through tile drains on a clayey field » Kami Kaboosi The feasibility of rice husk application as envelope materials in subsurface drainage systems » H. Ebrahimian Taleshi Environmental evaluation of subsurface drainage system in a coastal region of Iran » Björn Kl¸ve Hydrological and environmental impact of peatland drainage: Alternative methods for the sustainable management » Piotr Kowalik Effect of wastewater irrigation and drainage on soil properties of sewage fi elds of Gdansk (Poland) » Jörg Steidl Mitigation of pressures on water bodies by nutrient retention from agricultural drainage effl uents using purifi cation ponds Session 3 Agricultural water management, decision support methods and technology » Keynote: Wayne Skaggs Effect of controlled drainage on water and nitrogen balances in drained lands » Lassi Warsta Modeling the hydrological cycle of a clay soil dominated agricultural field » Maurits Ertsen “A pinch of salt or a pound of cure” - Modeling saliaty and drainage processes in the Rio Dulce irrigation system » Bärbel Tiemeyer Measurements and modelling of water and solute fluxes in artificially drained lowland catchments Session 4 Drainage in the context of environmental river engineering » Keynote: Seppo Rekolainen European water legislation – how to assess actions to reach the objectives » Pol Hakstege Restoration of contaminated waterways in the Netherlands - a sediment perspective » Jukka Jormola Environmentally friendly drainage practices Session 5 Extreme weather conditions, drainage, flood management and land use » Keynote: Bart Schultz Extreme weather conditions, drainage, flood management and land use » Kittiwet Kuntiyawichai Delineation of flood hazards and risk mapping in the Chi River Basin, Thailand » Johannes Deelstra Hydrological processes in small agricultural catchments » Mikko Huokuna Flood risk management and land use planning in changing climate conditions Session 6 Closing session » Keynote: Willem F. Vlotman Drainage, the driver of sustainable environments » Session chairpersons Summary of the sessions Poster presentations PDF 1.2 » Alakukku, L., Nuutinen, V. Saturated hydraulic conductivity and bioporosity of two arable clay soils in relation to subdrain location 2.5 » Verdinejad V.R., Sohrabi T., Ebrahimian H., Liaghat A.M., Parsinejad M. Effects of controlled drainage on environmental hazards (case study Ran drainage project) 2.7 » Markku Puustinen, Jari Koskiaho Multipurpose wetlands for agricultural water protection – guidelines of wetland planning and construction 2.8 » Ashraf El Sayed, M Fawzy and Hassan Amer Towards Selection of Wastewater Treatment Techniques for Rural Areas of Egypt 2.9 » Pertti Vakkilainen, Laura Alakukku, Merja Myllys, Jyrki Nurminen, Maija Paasonen-Kivekäs, Markku Puustinen, Rauno Peltomaa and Helena Äijö Nutrient load from two drainage systems – a fieldscale research project on clay soil 3.1 » S. Akram, H.A. Kashkouli and M. Akram Salinity and water table control in dry drainage 3.3 » Petra Kahle, Bärbel Tiemeyer, Bernd Lennartz Requirements for representative measurements of water and solute fluxes in artificially drained lowland catchments: Spatial and temporal aspects 3.4 » Jari Koskiaho, Sirkka Tattari and Ilona Bärlund Prospects of Simulating Agricultural Management Practices in a Rural Catchment in South-western Finland with SWAT 3.5 » Osvaldo Salazar, Ingrid Wesström, Mohamed A. Youssef, R. Wayne Skaggs, Abraham Joel Evaluation of the DRAINMOD-N II model for predicting nitrogen losses in Southeast Sweden 3.7 » Bärbel Tiemeyer, Bernd Lennartz, Roger Moussa Modelling the hydrological behaviour and long-term nitrogen losses of artificially drained lowland catchments 4.1 » Irina Herzon, Juha Helenius, Silvia Budaviciute, Tiina Hovi Ditches for Life or Biological Importance of Drainage Ditches in Europe 5.1 » Iulian Mihnea The efect cauzed by the rain precipitation registrated in the 2004 – 2007 period » S. A. Kulkarni, C. B. Dandekar Advancing Sub Surface Drainage Technology through Public-Private Partnership in India Key Performance Indicators Environment Water quantity Water quality Environmental health Economic Economic viability and change in regional wealth Financial soundness Profit sharing Social & cultural Stakeholder involvement Safety issues Cultural acceptance The members of Scientific Committee were: Chairman Pertti Vakkilainen, Helsinki University of Technology, Finland Co-Chairman Willem Vlotman, Chairman of ICID WG-DRG, Australia Members Bart Schultz, President Hon. of ICID, The Netherlands Reinder Feddes, University of Wageningen, The Netherlands Sami Bouarfa, CEMAGREF, France Daniele de Wrachien, University of Milan, Italy Chandra Madramootoo, McGill University, Canada Wayne Skaggs, North Carolina State University, USA Heydar Ali Kashkuli, University of Ahwaz, Iran Felix Reinders, Agricultural Reseach Council, South Africa Toomas Tamm, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Estonia The Organising Committee helped with the practical arrangements. The members of this group were: Chairman Pertti Vakkilainen, Chairman of FINCID Co-Chairman Mati Tönismäe, Chairman of ESTCID Secretary Rauno Peltomaa, FINCID Technical Summary The objectives of the agricultural drainage have been evolved over the years and vary with the circumstances. The primary objective is to make agricultural production possible and profitable. Agricultural drainage can be seen as a part of integrated land and water resources management, where environmental aspects play an important role. The water quality is as important to farming as the public opinion and sustainability of farm production. The topics of the workshop focused on the water quality of agricultural drainage and the methods to mitigate nutrient and phosphate leaching. The effects of extreme weather conditions on agricultural drainage were also included in the topics. Finally, drainage was placed in the context of the environment, economic and social/cultural aspects and suggestions were made on how to proceed with key performance indicators for sustainable integrated water management, where drainage is a driver of this sustainability. Research Results Very interesting field-scale data was presented including conflicting results. What is good for nitrogen (N) reduction is not for phosphorus (P) reduction. Multiple solutions were presented. Field research on drain spacing and depth, rice husk envelopes, trace elements, bio diversity in re-shaped drains (brook, stream, river), and formulation of Manning’s ‘n’ for natural streams were some of the interesting topics presented followed by lively discussions. One of the main challenges for the drainage community is to translate the ‘research results’ as presented in the workshop into ‘design guidelines’. We need to make sure that we also reach the planners and designers of drainage systems and get them involved early. It was suggested that there is a role for the organisers (American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, ASABE) of the 9th International Drainage Symposium, to be held in Canada in June 2010, to translate the field results into design guidelines. There were fresh and frank presentations and discussions on some of the past results with controlled drainage. The effects of field size on results was analysed, presented and discussed. Some explanation as regards the movement of water and constituents such as Nitrates and Phosphorous, if they did not discharge from the controlled drainage system, was provided. The hypoxia problem (green algae effect) in the Gulf of Mexico as a result of water discharge from the Mississippi cannot be solved by controlled drainage alone but requires a ran pelletsge of concurrent measures such as winter cover crop, catch cropping, and buffer zones. More attention needs to be paid to describe the context of the drainage work with respect to current guidelines (those of the US Environmental Protection Agency or the EU Water Framework Directive) i.e. are the results indicating excellent, good or bad conditions? Key Highlights Silver pellets: As mentioned before, it is not necessary to have a single solution to a problem, and Prof. Wayne Skaggs gave a model to remember this: there is no silver bullet that will solve all our problems in a unique fashion; rather we need to think in terms of many silver pellets. Solving leaching of N and P through water management is but one of the solutions, whereas farm, crop and land use management were shown to be effective measures too; many silver rather than one silver bullet. Transfer of knowledge: Another silver pellet presented was the potential of applying the methods that resulted in longterm reductions in N and P in the Rhine basin to the hypoxia problem in the Gulf of Mexico. It was encouraging to see that the extension service in the US is very much alive and that private industry is taking an interest in becoming drainage ambassadors {see the Agricultural Drainage Management Coalition (ADMC), www.admcoalition.com}. It was also noted that solutions may be explored with other organisations outside the ICID such as the UN Water Portal, GWP, etc. We need more results to be presented as a follow up of implementation of the EU WFD, so that we can compare and possibly apply those results in other basins outside the EU. The IDW10 achieved what was expected: networking of professional from across the world. Innovations: There were several silver pellets that can be classified as innovations: new methods of flow measurement in pipes, a bio filter placed in subsurface drains, classifying flow resistance in natural streams, and a different type like - use hurricane Katrina’s experience to emphasize that a billion dollar of investment will safeguard 100’s of billions of dollars in damage prevention. Hence, if we classify the potential damage in areas and link this to the investment in research needs and propose preventative measures, we may find a more willing ear at political levels to spend money on improved drainage water management. Acknowledgements The workshop was very well organized and both the national committees (FINCID and ESTCID) deserve heartfelt congratulations. It was a great honour to have the renowned keynote speakers viz., Pres. Hon. Prof. Bart Schultz (The Netherlands), Vice Pres. Dr.-Ing -Eiko Lübbe (Germany), Vice Pres. Hon. Prof. Chandra Madramootoo (Canada), Prof. Wayne Skaggs (USA), Dr. Seppo Rekolainen (Finland), and Dr. Willem F Vlotman (Australia), besides the participation of Vice Pres. Prof. P Kovalenko (Ukraine) and Vice Pres. Hon. Dr. M H Amer (Egypt). The organisers wish to thank the keynote speakers, the authors of the papers and posters, the Scientific Committee for reviewing the papers, and all the participants and organizations who made the workshop a grand success. The workshop proceedings are available at <http://www.fincid.fi/julkaisut/ IDW2008_proceedings.pdf>. Rauno Peltomaa can be contacted at: <[email protected]>.