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APWH CHAPTER 32 LECTURE OUTLINE I. Postcolonial Crises and Asian Economic Expansion A. Revolutions, Depressions, and Democratic Reform in Latin America 1. Impacts of Cuban Revolution Energized revolutionary left throughout Latin America Led United States to action in Latin America Organized political and military allies in Latin America Worked to defeat communism 2. Military dictatorships Brazil Coup in 1964 Military government gained power Combined various characteristics Dictatorship Death squads to eliminate opposition Tax and tariff policies to encourage industrialization Known as the Brazilian Solution Others followed Brazilian Solution Chile Augusto Pinochet U.S.-assisted coup Overthrew socialist Allende government (1973) Argentina Military regime seized power in 1974 3. Other revolutionary movements Nicaragua Movement overthrew government of Anastasio Somoza Ruled until defeated in free elections in 1990 El Salvador Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front (FMLN) Guerilla war against military regime Declining popular support in 1990s Led rebels to negotiate an end to armed conflict Transformed into a political party 4. Reasons for the ending of dictatorships in Brazil, Chile, and Argentina Excesses of use of power Popular desire for a return ot constitutional governments 5. Rising U.S. influence in Latin America by 2000 Use of military force Grenada in 1983 Panama in 1989 6. United States then pushed Latin American nations to Reduce state involvement in the economy Resulted in fewer government protections for local industries Caused economic stress in some regions Example: Venezuela, Hugo Chavez elected president in 1998 Began rolling back neoliberal reforms B. Islamic Revolutions in Iran and Afghanistan 1. Crises in Iran and Afghanistan Threatened to involve superpowers United States reacted to these crises with restraint Soviet Union takes bolder course 2. C. Iran Shah Muhammad Reza Pahlavi American backing Corruption and inefficiency Authoritarian rule Increasing resentment Islamist revolution in 1979 Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini rises to power United States was unable to stop the revolution 3. Iraqi invasion of Iran Fall of 1980 Saddam Hussein invaded Iran Wished to topple Iranian Islamic republic United States supported Iran at first In 1986 U.S. support shifted toward Iraq 4. The Soviet Union in Afghanistan Soviet Union faced a more serious problem Sent army into Afghanistan (1978) Supported a new communist regime Opposition were Hodgepodge Local Religiously inspired Guerilla bands Controlled the countryside Backing from the U.S. and other nations Soviet Union’s struggle very costly Caused significant domestic discontent Soviet leaders withdrew their troops (1989) Left the rebel groups to fight for control of Afghanistan Asian Transformation 1. Japanese economy Grew very quickly in the 1970s and 1980s Japanese average income passed the United States in the 1990s Growth was associated with Keiretsu (alliances of firms) Government assistance Favorable tariffs Import regulations Reduced foreign competition 2. Japanese model (close cooperation between government and industry) Imitated by a number of Asian states Republic of Korea (known as South Korea) Giant corporations Developed heavy industries Consumer industries later Hong Kong and Singapore Former British colonies Developed modern economies Shared characteristics Discipline D. II. Hard-work Investment in education High rates of personal savings Strong export strategies Government sponsorship and protections 3. Asian financial crisis of the 1990s Caused by Bad loans Weak banks Impacts of international currency speculation Situation stabilized Efforts of United States and Japan International Monetary Fund China Rejoins the World Economy 1. Regime of Deng Xiaoping Carried out successful economic reforms Private enterprise Foreign investment Existed alongside inefficient state-owned enterprises By 2009 China was world’s third largest economy 2. Chinese exports fell dramatically after the 2008 economic crisis began 3. Command economy remained in place China resisted political reform Communist Party crushed Tiananmen Square protests in 1989 The End of the Bipolar World A. Crisis in the Soviet Union 1. Soviet Union’s economy strained Attempted to match U.S. military spending on armaments Space-based missile protection system Nuclear weapons Modern equipment Growing domestic concerns Obsolete industrial plants Inefficient planned economy Declining standard of living Unpopular war with Afghanistan 2. Mikhail Gorbachev Took over the leadership in 1985 Tried to address problems of the Soviet Union Introduced new policies Political openness (glasnost) Economic reforms (perestroika). B. The Collapse of the Socialist Bloc 1. Events in Eastern Europe Important in forcing changes in the Soviet Union Solidarity labor union in Poland Emerging anti-communist aalliances Nationalist Religious Economic weakness of the communist states Led to fall of communist governments across eastern Europe (1989) C. D. Reunification of Germany in 1990 2. Dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 Weakness of the central government Rise of nationalism in many areas 3. Yugoslavia Ethnic and religious divisions Division of the nation of Yugoslavia Slovenia and Croatia Roman Catholic majority Became independent states in 1992 Bosnia More ethnically mixed region Declared independence in 1992 Followed by ethnic cleansing Orthodox Serbs Attempted to rid Bosnia of Muslims United States intervened in 1995 Ended the fighting for a time New fighting broke out in 1999 Southern region of Kosovo U.S., GB, and FR attacked Serbia Removed Serbian forces from region Progress and Conflict in Africa 1. Democracy in Africa has produced inconsistent results Southern Africa has Progress Decline in armed conflicts Elections that include the African majority (since 1994) Other areas of Africa Democratically elected leaders but… Use of military to govern 2. Nigeria Series of military governments Then elected President Olusegun Abasanjo (a former coup leader) 3. Ethnic cleansing in Africa Rwanda (1994) Leaders incited Hutu to massacre Tutsi Millions were dead or displaced Congo (1998) Dictatorial rule of Mobutu Ended after three decades More than 3 million Congolese had died Disease Malnutrition Warfare The Persian Gulf War 1. Iraq invaded Kuwait (August 1990) Attempt to gain control of Kuwait’s oil fields Saudi Arabia felt threatened Helped to draw in the United States American forces led a coalition Drove Iraq out of Kuwait 2. III. But left Saddam Hussein in power Results Restored U.S. confidence in its military capability Demonstrated that Russia (Iraq’s former ally) was militarily weak The Challenge of Population Growth A. Demographic Transition 1. Population of Europe nearly doubled (1850 to 1914) Some Europeans saw this as positive Thomas Malthus argued Unchecked population growth would outstrip food production Following World War II Malthus’s views dismissed Industrial societies experienced slower population growth 2. Slower population growth did not occur in the Third World Some leaders actively promoted large families Economic shocks of the 1970s and 1980s Convinced governments to abandon these practices 3. Overall World population exploded in the 20th century Most growth took place in the poorest nations B. Industrialized Nations 1. Demographic trends Higher levels of female education Higher levels of women in the workplace Material values of consumer culture Access to contraception and abortion Produce lower fertility levels Improved life expectancy Will lead to increasing number of retirees who Will rely on a smaller number of working adults to pay for social services 2. In Russia and the other former socialist nations, current birthrates are lower than death rates and life expectancy has declined. C. The Developing Nations 1. Industrialized population growth will continue to fall behind the developing nations Currently, 95 percent of future population growth will be in developing regions Particularly in Africa and in Muslim countries 2. Populations of China and India Continue to grow Government efforts to reduce family size It is unclear whether nations of Asia, Africa, and Latin America will curb population growth as in the industrialized nations D. Old and Young Populations 1. Demographic pyramids Illustrate different age distributions Different stages of economic development impact birth rates 2. Developed nations face aging populations To maintain industrial and agricultural production will rely on Immigration Increased use of technology (including robots) These measures will be needed to support High standards of living 3. Generous social welfare programs Developing nations Young and rapidly growing populations Face problems providing for their people Education Jobs Shortages of investment capital Poor transportation and communications networks IV. Unequal Development and the Movement of Peoples A. The Problem of Growing Inequality since WWII 1. Global economy has produced new levels of material wealth Industrialized nations utilized a larger share of the world’s wealth Even larger than a century ago Majority of the world lives in poverty Regional inequalities within nations Have grown in both industrial countries and developing nations B. Internal Migration: The Growth of Cities 1. Migration from rural areas to urban centers Increased threefold from 1925 to 1950 Accelerated rapidly after 1950 2. Migrants to the cities Higher incomes Better standards of living Migration placed burdens on basic services Increasing number of slums Rise in crime rates C. Global Migration 1. Migration from the developing world to the developed nations Increased after 1960 Increase in racial and ethnic tensions in the host nations Immigrants brought the host nations some benefits Low cost labor Energy New perspectives 2. Immigrant communities in Europe and the United States Made up of young adults Tend to have higher fertility rates than host populations In the long run Increases in population in Europe and the United States Cultural conflicts (definitions of citizenship and nationality) V. Technological and Environmental Change A. New Technologies and the World Economy 1. New technologies developed during World War II Increased productivity Reduced labor requirements Improved the flow of information 2. Improvements in existing technologies Accounted for much of world’s productivity increases (1950s and 1960s) Computer transformed office work and manufacturing 3. Transnational corporations B. C. Became the primary agents of technological changes Multinational ownership and management Increasingly powerful Able to escape progressive controls Threatened to shift production from one country to another Conserving and Sharing Resources 1. During the 1960s Environmental activists Political leaders Warning about environmental consequences from Population growth Industrialization Expansion of agriculture onto marginal lands Environmental degradation was a problem in many areas Developed world Developing countries Especially severe in former Soviet Union Industrialized countries faced a contradiction Protect the environment OR maintain economic growth 2. In the developing world Population growth Led to extreme environmental pressure Deforestation Erosion Water pollution Responding to Environmental Threats 1. Protection of the environment United States, the European Community, and Japan Many initiatives to preserve and protect the environment (1970s) Environmental awareness spread Media Grassroots political movements Strict antipollution laws Massive recycling efforts 2. Efforts produced significant results Impact of technology More impact in developed world Developing world made slower progress