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APWH CHAPTER 32 LECTURE OUTLINE
I.
Postcolonial Crises and Asian Economic Expansion
A. Revolutions, Depressions, and Democratic Reform in Latin America
1. Impacts of Cuban Revolution
Energized revolutionary left throughout Latin America
Led United States to action in Latin America
Organized political and military allies in Latin America
Worked to defeat communism
2. Military dictatorships
Brazil
Coup in 1964
Military government gained power
Combined various characteristics
Dictatorship
Death squads to eliminate opposition
Tax and tariff policies to encourage industrialization
Known as the Brazilian Solution
Others followed Brazilian Solution
Chile
Augusto Pinochet
U.S.-assisted coup
Overthrew socialist Allende government (1973)
Argentina
Military regime seized power in 1974
3. Other revolutionary movements
Nicaragua
Movement overthrew government of Anastasio Somoza
Ruled until defeated in free elections in 1990
El Salvador
Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front (FMLN)
Guerilla war against military regime
Declining popular support in 1990s
Led rebels to negotiate an end to armed conflict
Transformed into a political party
4. Reasons for the ending of dictatorships in Brazil, Chile, and Argentina
Excesses of use of power
Popular desire for a return ot constitutional governments
5. Rising U.S. influence in Latin America by 2000
Use of military force
Grenada in 1983
Panama in 1989
6. United States then pushed Latin American nations to
Reduce state involvement in the economy
Resulted in fewer government protections for local industries
Caused economic stress in some regions
Example: Venezuela, Hugo Chavez elected president in 1998
Began rolling back neoliberal reforms
B. Islamic Revolutions in Iran and Afghanistan
1. Crises in Iran and Afghanistan
Threatened to involve superpowers
United States reacted to these crises with restraint
Soviet Union takes bolder course
2.
C.
Iran
Shah Muhammad Reza Pahlavi
American backing
Corruption and inefficiency
Authoritarian rule
Increasing resentment
Islamist revolution in 1979
Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini rises to power
United States was unable to stop the revolution
3. Iraqi invasion of Iran
Fall of 1980
Saddam Hussein invaded Iran
Wished to topple Iranian Islamic republic
United States supported Iran at first
In 1986 U.S. support shifted toward Iraq
4. The Soviet Union in Afghanistan
Soviet Union faced a more serious problem
Sent army into Afghanistan (1978)
Supported a new communist regime
Opposition were
Hodgepodge
Local
Religiously inspired
Guerilla bands
Controlled the countryside
Backing from the U.S. and other nations
Soviet Union’s struggle very costly
Caused significant domestic discontent
Soviet leaders withdrew their troops (1989)
Left the rebel groups to fight for control of Afghanistan
Asian Transformation
1. Japanese economy
Grew very quickly in the 1970s and 1980s
Japanese average income passed the United States in the 1990s
Growth was associated with
Keiretsu (alliances of firms)
Government assistance
Favorable tariffs
Import regulations
Reduced foreign competition
2. Japanese model (close cooperation between government and industry)
Imitated by a number of Asian states
Republic of Korea (known as South Korea)
Giant corporations
Developed heavy industries
Consumer industries later
Hong Kong and Singapore
Former British colonies
Developed modern economies
Shared characteristics
Discipline
D.
II.
Hard-work
Investment in education
High rates of personal savings
Strong export strategies
Government sponsorship and protections
3. Asian financial crisis of the 1990s
Caused by
Bad loans
Weak banks
Impacts of international currency speculation
Situation stabilized
Efforts of United States and Japan
International Monetary Fund
China Rejoins the World Economy
1. Regime of Deng Xiaoping
Carried out successful economic reforms
Private enterprise
Foreign investment
Existed alongside inefficient state-owned enterprises
By 2009 China was world’s third largest economy
2. Chinese exports fell dramatically after the 2008 economic crisis began
3. Command economy remained in place
China resisted political reform
Communist Party crushed Tiananmen Square protests in 1989
The End of the Bipolar World
A. Crisis in the Soviet Union
1. Soviet Union’s economy strained
Attempted to match U.S. military spending on armaments
Space-based missile protection system
Nuclear weapons
Modern equipment
Growing domestic concerns
Obsolete industrial plants
Inefficient planned economy
Declining standard of living
Unpopular war with Afghanistan
2. Mikhail Gorbachev
Took over the leadership in 1985
Tried to address problems of the Soviet Union
Introduced new policies
Political openness (glasnost)
Economic reforms (perestroika).
B. The Collapse of the Socialist Bloc
1. Events in Eastern Europe
Important in forcing changes in the Soviet Union
Solidarity labor union in Poland
Emerging anti-communist aalliances
Nationalist
Religious
Economic weakness of the communist states
Led to fall of communist governments across eastern Europe (1989)
C.
D.
Reunification of Germany in 1990
2. Dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991
Weakness of the central government
Rise of nationalism in many areas
3. Yugoslavia
Ethnic and religious divisions
Division of the nation of Yugoslavia
Slovenia and Croatia
Roman Catholic majority
Became independent states in 1992
Bosnia
More ethnically mixed region
Declared independence in 1992
Followed by ethnic cleansing
Orthodox Serbs
Attempted to rid Bosnia of Muslims
United States intervened in 1995
Ended the fighting for a time
New fighting broke out in 1999
Southern region of Kosovo
U.S., GB, and FR attacked Serbia
Removed Serbian forces from region
Progress and Conflict in Africa
1. Democracy in Africa has produced inconsistent results
Southern Africa has
Progress
Decline in armed conflicts
Elections that include the African majority (since 1994)
Other areas of Africa
Democratically elected leaders but…
Use of military to govern
2. Nigeria
Series of military governments
Then elected President Olusegun Abasanjo (a former coup leader)
3. Ethnic cleansing in Africa
Rwanda (1994)
Leaders incited Hutu to massacre Tutsi
Millions were dead or displaced
Congo (1998)
Dictatorial rule of Mobutu
Ended after three decades
More than 3 million Congolese had died
Disease
Malnutrition
Warfare
The Persian Gulf War
1. Iraq invaded Kuwait (August 1990)
Attempt to gain control of Kuwait’s oil fields
Saudi Arabia felt threatened
Helped to draw in the United States
American forces led a coalition
Drove Iraq out of Kuwait
2.
III.
But left Saddam Hussein in power
Results
Restored U.S. confidence in its military capability
Demonstrated that Russia (Iraq’s former ally) was militarily weak
The Challenge of Population Growth
A. Demographic Transition
1. Population of Europe nearly doubled (1850 to 1914)
Some Europeans saw this as positive
Thomas Malthus argued
Unchecked population growth would outstrip food production
Following World War II
Malthus’s views dismissed
Industrial societies experienced slower population growth
2. Slower population growth did not occur in the Third World
Some leaders actively promoted large families
Economic shocks of the 1970s and 1980s
Convinced governments to abandon these practices
3. Overall
World population exploded in the 20th century
Most growth took place in the poorest nations
B. Industrialized Nations
1. Demographic trends
Higher levels of female education
Higher levels of women in the workplace
Material values of consumer culture
Access to contraception and abortion
Produce lower fertility levels
Improved life expectancy
Will lead to increasing number of retirees who
Will rely on a smaller number of working adults to pay for social services
2. In Russia and the other former socialist nations, current birthrates are lower than death
rates and life expectancy has declined.
C. The Developing Nations
1. Industrialized population growth will continue to fall behind the developing nations
Currently, 95 percent of future population growth will be in developing regions
Particularly in Africa and in Muslim countries
2. Populations of China and India
Continue to grow
Government efforts to reduce family size
It is unclear whether nations of Asia, Africa, and Latin America will curb
population growth as in the industrialized nations
D. Old and Young Populations
1. Demographic pyramids
Illustrate different age distributions
Different stages of economic development impact birth rates
2. Developed nations face aging populations
To maintain industrial and agricultural production will rely on
Immigration
Increased use of technology (including robots)
These measures will be needed to support
High standards of living
3.
Generous social welfare programs
Developing nations
Young and rapidly growing populations
Face problems providing for their people
Education
Jobs
Shortages of investment capital
Poor transportation and communications networks
IV.
Unequal Development and the Movement of Peoples
A. The Problem of Growing Inequality since WWII
1. Global economy has produced new levels of material wealth
Industrialized nations utilized a larger share of the world’s wealth
Even larger than a century ago
Majority of the world lives in poverty
Regional inequalities within nations
Have grown in both industrial countries and developing nations
B. Internal Migration: The Growth of Cities
1. Migration from rural areas to urban centers
Increased threefold from 1925 to 1950
Accelerated rapidly after 1950
2. Migrants to the cities
Higher incomes
Better standards of living
Migration placed burdens on basic services
Increasing number of slums
Rise in crime rates
C. Global Migration
1. Migration from the developing world to the developed nations
Increased after 1960
Increase in racial and ethnic tensions in the host nations
Immigrants brought the host nations some benefits
Low cost labor
Energy
New perspectives
2. Immigrant communities in Europe and the United States
Made up of young adults
Tend to have higher fertility rates than host populations
In the long run
Increases in population in Europe and the United States
Cultural conflicts (definitions of citizenship and nationality)
V.
Technological and Environmental Change
A. New Technologies and the World Economy
1. New technologies developed during World War II
Increased productivity
Reduced labor requirements
Improved the flow of information
2. Improvements in existing technologies
Accounted for much of world’s productivity increases (1950s and 1960s)
Computer transformed office work and manufacturing
3. Transnational corporations
B.
C.
Became the primary agents of technological changes
Multinational ownership and management
Increasingly powerful
Able to escape progressive controls
Threatened to shift production from one country to another
Conserving and Sharing Resources
1. During the 1960s
Environmental activists
Political leaders
Warning about environmental consequences from
Population growth
Industrialization
Expansion of agriculture onto marginal lands
Environmental degradation was a problem in many areas
Developed world
Developing countries
Especially severe in former Soviet Union
Industrialized countries faced a contradiction
Protect the environment
OR maintain economic growth
2. In the developing world
Population growth
Led to extreme environmental pressure
Deforestation
Erosion
Water pollution
Responding to Environmental Threats
1. Protection of the environment
United States, the European Community, and Japan
Many initiatives to preserve and protect the environment (1970s)
Environmental awareness spread
Media
Grassroots political movements
Strict antipollution laws
Massive recycling efforts
2. Efforts produced significant results
Impact of technology
More impact in developed world
Developing world made slower progress