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CERTIFICATION The undersigned certify that he has read the project: DYNAMO BASED CHARGING SYSTEM IN RURAL AREA in the fulfillment of the requirements for Bachelor Degree of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering at Dar es salaam Institute of Technology (DIT) in Tanzania. Name of supervisor: Dr. KENEDY GREYSON Signature:................Date………… i DECLARATION I, FATUMA S. BAKARI, declare to the best of my knowledge that the project presented here as a partial fulfillment of bachelor degree of engineering in electronics and telecommunications course is my original work and has not been copied from anywhere or presented elsewhere except where explicitly indicated otherwise as all sources of knowledge have been acknowledged. Name of student: FATUMA S.BAKARI Signature:................Date………… ii ABSTRACT Many people living in rural areas in Tanzania uses the mobile phones for communication and other related services. The mobile phone plays vital rule in the present communication, but most of the villagers does not have grid power, the absence of this power leads them to have no access of charging their mobile phone. The system aims to help rural people to charge their phones. The system will minimize the cost and enable people to have continuous communication. In this project there are two existing systems. The first is charging by using generator and the second existing system is charging by solar. The existing systems are very expensive. The proposed system also aims to help rural people to minimize the cost of charging by means of dynamo. Data collections used are preliminary data and secondary data. Preliminary data were collected by means of questionnaire to know how many villages in Mondo Division, Chemba district in Dodoma region do not have grid power. How do they charge their phones and the cost involved. Another data is technical data where the study of components, models and specifications are done in this data analysis. Data analysis and design were done in each part as well as simulation. The system was tested and the result obtained successful to accomplish the goals. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I do appreciate the support I get from my family. Special thanks to my husband Omar Mnimbo. He has been encouraging me to work hard in my studies. He takes care of me since the first year of my study up to the stage I am. I would like to give my great thanks to my family for better assistance they offered to me. I would like to express my deep gratitude, to my project supervisor, DR. GREYSON KENEDY for his assistance. I thank him for his time and great supports, May GOD bless his effort towards achievement. I also thank the Head and all staff members of Electronics and Telecommunications engineering department for their thorough assistance which has enabled me throughout all three years. I do appreciate their effort and expertise knowledge in their fields of education. In my life I have never studied in a class/school that teaches only a single student. This means that I do appreciate the charity of my fellow students whom through their collaboration I acquired much competence and confidence on academics and social prospects. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Certification........................................................................................................................ I Declaration ....................................................................................................................... II Abstract ........................................................................................................................... III Acknowledgement........................................................................................................... IV Table of Contents ............................................................................................................. V List of Figures .................................................................................................................. X List of Tables................................................................................................................... XI List of Abbreviation ...................................................................................................... XII Chapter One ...................................................................................................................... 1 1.0 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Background Information ............................................................................................. 1 1.2 Problem Statements..................................................................................................... 1 1.3 Objectives .................................................................................................................... 2 1.3.1 Main Objectives ....................................................................................................... 2 1.3.2 Specific Objectives................................................................................................... 2 1.4 Significance of the Project .......................................................................................... 2 1.5 Chapter Summary........................................................................................................ 2 v Chapter Two ...................................................................................................................... 3 2.0 Methodology ............................................................................................................... 3 2.1 Literature Review ........................................................................................................ 3 2.2 Data Collection............................................................................................................ 3 2.3 Data Analysis .............................................................................................................. 3 2.4 Circuit Design ............................................................................................................. 3 2.5 Implementation ........................................................................................................... 3 2.6 Report Writing ............................................................................................................ 4 2.7 Chapter Summary........................................................................................................ 4 Chapter Three .................................................................................................................... 5 3.0 Literature Review ........................................................................................................ 5 3.1 The Existing System ................................................................................................... 5 3.2 Generator Charging System ........................................................................................ 5 3.3 Components of Generator Charging System............................................................... 5 3.4 Limitation of Generator Charging System .................................................................. 6 3.5 Solar Charging System................................................................................................ 6 3.6 Components of Solar Charging System ...................................................................... 6 3.6 Disadvantage f Solar Charging System ...................................................................... 7 3.7 Chapter Summary........................................................................................................ 8 Chapter Four ..................................................................................................................... 9 vi 4.0 Proposed System ......................................................................................................... 9 4.1 Principle of Dynamo ................................................................................................... 9 4.2 Proposed System Block Diagram................................................................................ 9 4.3 Components of Proposed System ............................................................................. 10 4.4 Chapter Summary...................................................................................................... 12 Chapter Five .................................................................................................................... 13 5.0 Data Collection.......................................................................................................... 13 5.1 Preliminary Data Collection ...................................................................................... 13 5.1.1 Power Consumption in Mobile Phones .................................................................. 13 5.2 Secondary Data Collection ........................................................................................ 16 5.2.1 Control Unit ........................................................................................................... 16 5.2.2 LED Unit ................................................................................................................ 17 5.2.3 Dynamo Specifications. ......................................................................................... 17 5.2.4 Battery Specification. ............................................................................................. 18 Chapter Six ...................................................................................................................... 19 6.0 System Design and Analysis ................................................................................... 19 6.1 Dynamo ..................................................................................................................... 19 6.2 Power Harvesting Circuit .......................................................................................... 20 6.3 Bridge Rectifier Circuit Analysis .............................................................................. 20 vii 6.4 Charging Controller .................................................................................................. 21 6.5 Control Unit .............................................................................................................. 22 6.6 Dynamo Power Server .............................................................................................. 23 6.7 Chapter Summary...................................................................................................... 24 Chapter Seven ................................................................................................................. 25 7.0 Simulation and Results.............................................................................................. 25 7.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 25 7.2 Software Description ................................................................................................. 25 7.3 Proteus Professional 7.8 ............................................................................................ 25 7.4 Simulation Results Captured ..................................................................................... 25 7.6 Chapter Summary...................................................................................................... 26 Chapter Eight .................................................................................................................. 27 8.0 Prototype Implementation ......................................................................................... 27 8.1introduction ................................................................................................................ 27 8.2 Printed Circuit Boards Construction ......................................................................... 27 8.3 Component Mounting and Connections.................................................................... 27 8.4 Prototype Performance .............................................................................................. 28 8.5 Chapter Summary...................................................................................................... 29 Chapter Nine ................................................................................................................... 30 viii 9.0 Conclusions and Recommendations ......................................................................... 30 9.1 Conclusions ............................................................................................................... 30 9.2 Recommendations ..................................................................................................... 30 References ....................................................................................................................... 31 Appendices ...................................................................................................................... 35 Appendix A ..................................................................................................................... 35 Appendix B ..................................................................................................................... 37 ix LIST OF FIGURES Figure 3.1 Block diagram of generator charging system .................................................. 5 Figure 3.2 Block diagram of solar charging system ......................................................... 6 Figure 4.1 Principle of dynamo . ....................................................................................... 9 Figure 4.2 Block diagram of proposed system ............................................................... 10 Figure 4.3 Dynamo . ....................................................................................................... 11 Figure 4.4 Dynamo features ........................................................................................... 11 x LIST OF TABLES Table 5. 1 Power consumption in mobile phones. ......................................................... 14 Table 5. 2 Number of villages connected and not connected with grid power. .............. 14 Table 5. 3 Price of charging in mondo division .............................................................. 16 Table 5. 4 Control unit features. ..................................................................................... 17 Table 5. 5 Display unit features. ..................................................................................... 17 Table 5. 6 Dynamo specifications ................................................................................... 18 Table 5. 7 Battery specification. ..................................................................................... 18 xi LIST OF ABBREVIATION ABBREVIATION MEANING LED Light Emitting Diode PCB Printed circuit board PIC Programmable Interface Controller xii CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION This chapter presents the introductory part of the project work. 1.1 Background Information National grid is a network of power lines, which allows distribution of electricity throughout the country. The grid can be connected to a single power source or electricity generating plant but is usually linked with other plant provide a more flexible and reliable network. However, in many rural areas there is absence of national grid which results in finding other means of power to support people in rural areas e.g. generator and solar energy. With regarding to our economic status many people in rural areas are not capable of buying, these alternative means of providing power supply. Therefore, there are required to find place where they can find where there is electricity or these alternative means of power supply to charge their mobile phone. Due to absence of power, people consume a lot of time going far from their home to charge their mobile phones and sometimes lost their phones. Based on this weakness existing and knowledge acquired from the existing system, a new system has to be designed in order to alleviate this problem 1.2 Problem Statements Many people living in rural areas in Tanzania uses the mobile phones for communication and other related services. Although the mobile phone plays vital role in the present communication, but most of the villagers do not have grid power. The absence of this power leads them to have no access of charging their mobile phone that lead to absence of continuous communication. Due to absence of power, villagers consumes a lot of time going far from their home to charge their mobile phones. 1 1.3 Objectives The objective of this project is divided into two parts namely general and specific objectives. 1.3.1 Main objectives The main objective is to design a dynamo based charging system for rural area. 1.3.2 Specific objectives The following are the specific objectives of the project i. To establish design specification. ii. To design the system to harvest power produced by dynamo. iii. To design phone charging system. iv. To implement dynamo power server. v. To implement and test the system. 1.4 Significance of the Project The following are the significance of the project i. Minimizing the cost of charging the phone. ii. Facilitating continuous communication among people. 1.5 Chapter Summary Chapter one deals with introduction, problem statement, objectives and the significant of the project. 2 CHAPTER TWO 2.0 METHODOLOGY This chapter presents the expected steps and methods to be used in order to achieve the goals of project which includes: i. Literature review. ii. Data collection iii. Data analysis. iv. The circuit design. v. Implementation of the proposed circuit. vi. Report writing. 2.1 Literature Review This section contains explanation on the existing system in detail, disadvantages of existing system and advantages of proposed system. 2.2 Data Collection This chapter covers all data collected from the study area and other data from related sources for the aim of improving the existing system. 2.3 Data Analysis This part contains the evaluation, organization and the analysis of information based on the objective of the projects 2.4 Circuit Design This presents designing and simulation of the circuit in computer software to ensure proper working of the design. 2.5 Implementation This part contains the information on the way circuit was implemented on the board and tested for demonstration. 3 2.6 Report Writing After completing this project, a brief report about the design and a product was provided. 2.7 Chapter Summary Chapter two explains the steps taken to achieve the goals of the project. 4 CHAPTER THREE 3.0 LITERATURE REVIEW This chapter involves the study of existing system and related system or works. 3.1 The Existing System The existing system uses the generator as the source of power to generate electricity for charging the mobile phone while another existing system uses solar as the source of power to generate electricity for charging the mobile phone. 3.2 Generator Charging System This system used to charge the phone whereby the source of power was generator. Figure 3.2 shows generator charging system. Figure 3. 1: Block diagram of generator charging system 3.3 Components of Generator Charging System The following are the components of generator charging system i. Alternator Is a generator driven by rotation of engine crack shaft, this produces electrical output when the engine is running, then produces (AC) voltage [10]. ii. Rectifier Convert AC voltage produced by alternator to DC voltage, the voltage will be used by battery to charge the phone [2]. iii. Regulator Maintain the value of voltage which is suitable to be stored in the battery for charging the phone. iv. Battery 5 After the rectification and regulation of converted voltages, the storage of DC voltage was done in the battery. 3.4 Limitation of generator charging System The following are the limitation of generator charging system i. Charging with generator can blow off the battery and damage the phone when there is high voltage pitch. ii. When charged with generators, the battery runs down very quickly. iii. It is very expensive. 3.5 Solar Charging System This system will be using solar as the source of energy for charging the phone as shown in Figure 3.5. Figure 3. 2: Block diagram of solar charging system 3.6 Components of Solar Charging System The following are components of solar charging system i. Solar panel Solar panel designed to absorb the sun’s rays as a source of energy for generating electricity. ii. Charge Controller This limits the rate at which electric current is added or drawn from electric battery. iii. Battery Is a rechargeable battery that integrates a solar cell with battery power storage [2]. iv. Inverter Convert variable DC out of photovoltaic solar panel into utility AC. 6 3.6 Disadvantage of Solar Charging System The following are disadvantages of solar charging system i. Cost The initial cost for purchasing a solar system is fairly high. This includes paying for solar panels, inverter, batteries, and wiring and for the installation [1]. ii. Weather Dependent Although solar energy can still be collected during cloudy and rainy days, the efficiency of the solar system drops. Solar panels depend on sunlight to effectively gather solar energy. Therefore, a few cloudy, rainy days can have a noticeable effect on the energy system. Moreover, solar energy cannot be collected during the night [1]. iii. Solar Energy Storage is Expensive Solar energy has to be used right away, or it can be stored in large batteries. These batteries, used in off-the-grid solar systems, can be charged during the day so that the energy is used at night. This is good solution for using solar energy all day long but it is also quite expensive. In most cases it is smarter to just use solar energy during the day and take energy from the grid during the night (you can only do this if your system is connected to the grid). Luckily our energy demand is usually higher during the day so we can meet most of it with solar energy [1]. iv. Uses a Lot of Space The more electricity you want to produce, the more solar panels you will need, because you want to collect as much sunlight as possible. Solar panels require a lot of space and some roofs are not big enough to fit the number of solar panels that you would like to have. An alternative is to install some of the panels in your yard but they need to have access to sunlight. Anyways, if you don’t have the space for all the panels that you wanted, you can just get a fewer and they will still be satisfying some of your energy needs [1]. v. Associated with Pollution Although pollution related to solar energy systems is far less compared to other sources of energy, solar energy can be associated with pollution. Transportation and installation of solar systems have been associated with the emission of greenhouse 7 gases. There are also some toxic materials and hazardous products used during the manufacturing process of solar photovoltaic, which can indirectly affect the environment [1]. 3.7 Chapter Summary This chapter explains the literature review, existing system which are solar and generator charging system and the design of new system which are dynamo charging system. 8 CHAPTER FOUR 4.0 PROPOSED SYSTEM The proposed system used the dynamo as the source of energy to charge the phone. 4.1 Principle of Dynamo The generation of electricity by a dynamo is based on a principle of magnetism called induction. When the lines of force that pass from the north to the south pole of a magnet are cut by a wire there is produced or induced in the wire a current of electricity. That is, if we take a loop or coil of wire which has no current in it and a magnet which also has no current, and move the loop or coil between the poles. If a series of loops or coils are used instead of one loop, a current may be generated continuously. This method of generating electric current is called induction [5].The Figure 4.1shows the principle of dynamo. Figure 4. 1: Principle of dynamo [5]. 4.2 Proposed System Block Diagram The block diagram Figure 4.2 explains dynamo charging system. 9 Figure 4. 2: Block diagram of proposed system 4.3 Components of Proposed System The following are the components of proposed system: i. Dynamo Dynamo converting mechanical motion of rotating wheel into electrical motion with the use of magnet, the magnet wound with the coil of insulated wire, when the magnet rotates it creates a charging magnetic field, which generates electricity in the wire as shown in Figure 4.3 and Figure 4.4. 10 Figure 4. 3: dynamo [4]. Figure 4. 4: dynamo features [4]. ii. Controller The control unit is for checking the level of voltages stored in dynamo power saver iii. to be used for charging the phone. Power harvesting circuit Power harvesting circuit consisting of the following a) Rectifier This takes the AC voltages from a dynamo and convert it from AC to DC to be used by the battery [7]. b) Filter 11 This takes the converted voltage from rectifier and allow the amount which needed by the battery to charge the phone. c) Regulator It has the function of managing or maintaining a range of voltages from the filter.Eliminate ripple by setting DC output to a fixed voltage, power converters that provide voltage control capabilities. They accept a voltage that varies over a given range and generate an output voltage that does not vary [15]. d) Battery charging system The battery charger keeps the battery charged by supplying voltage. If voltage is very low, the battery remains undercharged. If the voltage very high, it shorten the life of the battery. iv. Charging controller This protects the battery from overcharging and over discharging. This means protects the damage of battery when the voltage is very low or very high. v. Display The LED is useful for indicating if the battery is full or not when charging. vi. Dynamo power Sarver This is a battery for storing charge prodused by dynamo .After the whole process the charge was be stored here to be used later for charging the phone. vii. Phone charging system The system allowed to charge the phone through the power stored in the dynamo power saver after produced by dynamo. viii. Phone Is a telephone that transmit and receive calls after charging. 4.4 Chapter Summary This chapter comprises of proposed system block diagram as well as the components of the proposed system. 12 CHAPTER FIVE 5.0 DATA COLLECTION This chapter concentrates on collection of necessary information related to this Project. The data collected were categorized into two groups, the preliminary data and secondary data. 5.1 Preliminary Data Collection This data involves the power consumption in mobile phones, data collected through questionnaire to examine how many villages in Chemba District specifically in Mondo Division do not have grid power. How are they charging the phone and cost of charging the phone. 5.1.1 Power consumption in mobile phones Samples of several mobile phones of different specifications were taken for evaluation. The average of power consumption for each sample brand of mobile Phone was obtained and then each mean was used to find the mean of sample means. The summary of average use of charge of mobile phone batteries is shown in the Table 5.1. 13 Table 5. 1 : Power consumption in mobile phones [14] Mobile Phone Average Average battery rating time(hrs) Average power to consumed(w) discharge bettery the when used Nokia 3.7V 38Wh 38 0.191 Sumsung 3.8V 5.7Wh 21 0.420 Techno 3.7V 5.4Wh 53 0.307 Itel 3.7V 4.7Wh 18 0.329 Ideos 3.7V 4.6Wh 22 0.344 Sony 3.7V 4.2Wh 15 0.266 Huawei 3.7V 5.3Wh 12 0.534 The Table 5.2 shows the total number of villages,connected with grid power and those which are not connected. Table 5. 2: Number of villages connected and not connected with grid power. Total villages 26 Connected with grid Not connected with grid power power 11 15 The Figure 5.1 and Figure 5.2 shows the charging with solar and generator respectively. 14 Figure 5. 1: Charging with solar [2] Figure 5. 2: Charging with generator [7] Table 5.1 shows the amount of charging in Mondo Division. 15 Table 5. 3: Price of charging in Mondo Division Charging system Price of charging per phone(in Tsh) Solar 300 Generator 500 5.2 Secondary Data Collection The secondary data was collected as a guide towards the designing of the system. The data collection is very important as far as the designing and implementation of the system is concerned. 5.2.1 Control Unit The design requirements of control unit are as follows: A programmable device which do not need large amount of data and program memory but faster and more reliable with a low-power consumption and highperformance [8]. 16 Table 5. 4: Control unit features [16] FEATURES 8K Bytes of In-System Reprogrammable Flash 256 x 8-bit Internal RAM Memory Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz 4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range Three-level Program Memory Lock 32 Programmable I/O Lines Programmable Serial Channel Three 16-bit Timer/Counters Compatible with MCS-51 Products Eight Interrupt Sources Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes Watchdog Timer Full Duplex UART Serial Channel Dual Data Pointer Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Mode Power-off Flag Flexible ISP Programming (Byte and Page Mode) Fast Programming Time 5.2.2 LED unit Features of LED is shown in Table 5.2.2 Table 5.5: Display unit features [6] FEATURES LED unit 3.6V dc, current rate 30mA, and power dissipation of 100mW 5.2.3 Dynamo specifications. Dynamo models and specification is shown in Table 5.2.3. 17 Table 5. 5: Dynamo specifications [4][7] DYNAMO MODEL VOLTAGE(V) POWER(W) Hub 6 3 Sidewall/Nordlicht 12 6 5.2.4 Battery specification. The type and specifications of battery is shown in the Table 5.7 Table 5. 6: Battery specification [3][11][12][13] Types Voltage(V) Power(W/kg) Self discharge(%/Month) Nickel-metal hydride 1.2 1000 30% Lead-acid 2.1 180 3-4% Nickel Iron 1.2 100 20-40% Lithium-cobalt 3.6 1800 5-10% 1.5 50 <0.3% Oxide Alkaline 18 CHAPTER SIX 6.0 SYSTEM DESIGN AND ANALYSIS This chapter explains in detail how different design parameters were obtained, numbers of calculations have been done so far in order to come up with circuits which together used to make a complete system. 6.1 Dynamo Dynamo are arranged in parallel since one produces 12VAC,6W,then due to its arrangement the output was the same as its inputs[18]. To predict the output of dynamo under various conditions we need a mathematical model of the system, i.e. an equivalent circuit. Figure 6.1 shows a voltage source Vs, an internal resistance Rint, an internal inductance Lint and a load resistance Rload connected in series[17,26]. Figure 6.1: Simple model To keep things simple, several assumptions were made: 1. The load resistance is constant. 2. The voltage source is sinusoidal. 3. The internal resistance and inductance are constant. As the cycle speed increases, the voltage Vs and the frequency f of the source also increases: Vs αf 19 The reactance Xint of the internal inductance Lint is also proportional to frequency f: Xint = 2π f Lint The resistance and reactance form two sides of a right angled triangle. To compute the overall impedance z of the circuit we use Pythagoras' theorem. …………………………………………………6.0[30] The current I is now I = V/Z…………………………………………………………………….……6.1[30] Where, V is voltage, I is current, Z is impedance, Rint is internal resistance, Rload is load resistance, Xint is internal reactance This is where the notion that dynamos produce a constant current comes from. If Xint is much larger than (Rint + Rload), both Z and Vs are proportional to speed. 6.2 Power Harvesting Circuit The output produced by dynamo is AC so should be converted from AC to DC [25]. 6.3 Bridge rectifier circuit analysis In a bridge rectifier circuit two diodes conduct during each half cycle and the forward resistance become double (2R)[27]. 20 Figure 6.3: Bridge rectifier circuit [19] Average value of voltage across the load is given by Vdc ……………………………………………………………………6.2[19] Where, Vdc is direct current voltage, Idc is direct current, Rl is load resistance 6.4 Charging controller The positive voltage V+ is related to the output voltage Vo by the simple voltage divider formed by resistors R1 and R2 [28] . Figure 6.4: Comparator circuit [20] ………………………………………………………………..6.3[21] Where, V+ is Positive voltage, Vo is Output voltage, R1,R2 are Resistors Note that positive voltage V+ depends on the output voltage Vo The key to analyzing these positive feedback circuits is to assume an initial condition. The possible values that output voltage Vo can take are high voltage VH and low voltage VL where VH >VL , also assume that VL < 0 . By assuming that the initial state of output voltage Vo = VH then, ……………………………………………………………….6.4[21] 21 and the output is …………………………………………………...6.5[21] Where, VH is High voltage, Vo is Output voltage, A is gain, Vin is Input voltage, R1,R2 are Resistors 6.5 Control unit In this project, the PIC 16F648A was used in the control function due to its highest score as well as flexibility in terms of clock frequency[22]. PIC16F648A microcontroller has Inbuilt analog to digital AD converter and low power consumption. It also has enough digital channels to connect the digital components such as LEDs and the onboard LCD. Good support from the manufacturers such as detailed data sheet side and free development environment such as compiler [29]. 22 Start Read input Is V>5V NO YES Stop charging Allow charging End Figure 6.5: Flow chart 6.6 Dynamo power server Nickel cadmium used as power server in this project. The following are the advantages of Nickel cadmium (NiCd) . i. Only battery that can be ultra-fast charged with little stress. ii. Good load performance; forgiving if abused. iii. Long shelf life; can be stored in a discharged state, needs priming before use. iv. Simple storage and transportation; not subject to regulatory control. v. Good low-temperature performance. vi. Economically priced; NiCd is the lowest in terms of cost per cycle. vii. Available in a wide range of sizes and performance options. 23 6.7 Chapter Summary This chapter comprises of system design and analysis and describe how different system parts have been designed and integrated to form overall system. 24 CHAPTER SEVEN 7.0 SIMULATION AND RESULTS 7.1 Introduction This chapter involves simulation results and prototype testing. Different software were used for simulation and testing of the prototype 7.2 Software Description This part describes different software used to complete this project and result achieved in the simulation and prototype 7.3 Proteus Professional 7.8 This is designing and simulation software that is mainly used for designing process of this project. There are so many designing and simulation software of electronics circuit design, but in this project the Proteus Professional 7.8 is used due to the nature of the project and its capabilities in simulation efficiency. It can also simplify a lot of task since it has a library for reviews. This software is applied for schematic as well as simulation. 7.4 simulation results captured When the switch is on, it allows the capacitor bank to charge up to 12V.Then the battery will be charged and once reaches 5V and above the system would be ready for charging the phone as shown in Figure 7.4. 25 Figure 7.4: Simulation results 7.6 Chapter summary This chapter gives description about the simulation of the designed system includes descriptions about simulation tools used, simulation constraints, performance testing parameters and performance testing procedures. It also presents the results and discussions. 26 CHAPTER EIGHT 8.0 PROTOTYPE IMPLEMENTATION 8.1Introduction This chapter gives the details about the implementation from the design to realization of the prototype. It also describes about performance testing parameters, testing procedures, results and discussions of the overall performance of the prototype itself. 8.2 Printed circuit boards Construction The layouts of the printed circuit boards for the designed system were prepared. Figure 8.2 Illustrate the PCB layout for the designed system. Figure 8.2:PCB layout for the designed system 8.3 Component mounting and Connections After the preparations of the PCB the components are mounted to their respective places. Figure 8.3 shows component mounted on PCB. 27 Figure 8.3:Component mounting on PCB 8.4 Prototype performance The design consists of a wheel that is rotated by hand that is connected to a Pedal. The Pedal is connected to the dynamo and when the wheel spins it provides electricity to charge the battery. The amount of current and voltage through the circuit is proportional to the rotating speed of the wheel. Figure 8.4:Prototype Figure 8.4 shows the prototype performance, show that the implemented prototype performance is quite good as the objectives has been achieved. 28 8.5 Chapter summary This chapter gives explanation on the prototype implementation and testing. The results from prototype show that all the objectives have been achieved. This implies that the prototype implemented is expected to perform well. 29 CHAPTER NINE 9.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS This is the last chapter in this report that gives out the overall summary of the project done including conclusion and recommendations about the project. 9.1 Conclusions This report has provided all basic information concerning with the existence of the problem and the procedures towards solving it. Using these procedures, the system has been designed and realized. Moreover, the system has been tested and appeared to give the expected results. Considering these results obtained after prototype testing, the overall performance of the designed system was good. Therefore, it can be concluded that the designed system is expected to solve the existing problem. The success in the design of this system would help people in rural area to charge their phone. The designed system is expected to eliminate the problems such as travelling far away looking for charging system and wastage of time. 9.2 Recommendations The goal of the project was accomplished.Through designing another system, any one can take and improve the project in advance. 30 REFERENCES [1] Thomas Hiding, Jorge Roth: Proximity Services with the mobile phone charging IADIS International conference AppliedComputing 2004,Lisbon,Portugal,March 23-26,2004,IADIS Press,437-444 [2] Carbon ell X, Guardiola E, Barany M, Belles’ EA (2011) bibliometric analysis of the scientific literature on Internet, video games, and cell phone. 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Retrieved from www.microchip.com/design- centers/microcontrollers.(Accessed on May 27 2016). 33 [30] Impedance calculations. Retrieved from http://hyperphysics.phy-astr. Gsu .edu /hbase /electric/imped.html.(Accessed on May 21 2016). 34 APPENDICES APPENDIX A Questionnaire Form of questionnaire used to collect preliminary data DAR ES SALAAM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPARTIMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS PRELIMINARY DATA COLLECTION Questionnaire 1. A:Introduction. DYNAMO BASED CHARGING IN RURAL AREA. This project aims to charge the mobile phone in rural area by using dynamo as the source of energy. B:Respondents particulars. Region name................................................. District name.................................................. Division name................................................. Title of respondent........................................... C:Questions. 1.How many villages do you have?................................... 2.How many villages do not have grid power?........................ 35 3.What means of charging do they use?.................................................... 4.How much do they contributing for charging their phone............................... 36 APPENDIX B Gantt Chart For Project Schedule Table A: Senior project 1 ACTIVITIES DURATION OF PROJECT IN WEEK(S) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 A B C D E KEY: A. Selection of project title B. Title defending C. Problem statement, methodology and literature review D. Data collection E. Proof reading and submission of project proposal for marking. 37 Table B: Senior project 2 ACTIVITIES DURATION OF PROJECT IN WEEK(S) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D KEY: A: Data analysis B: Design the circuit and simulation of the design circuit C: Building of circuit and testing of prototype D: Project report writing 38 10 11 12 13 14 15 16