Download CH 13 REVIEW

CH 13 REVIEW
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
1. A mineral is a naturally occurring, inorganic solid that has an orderly
crystalline structure and a definite chemical composition.
2. Minerals can form:
a. by crystallization from magma or lava,
b. from precipitation related to evaporation or hydrothermal solutions
c. from exposure to high pressure and temperature,
d. they can be produced by organisms.
3. Minerals form by precipitation when the liquid in a solution evaporates
and the remaining solids crystallize.
4. Polymorphs consist of the same elements or compounds, but have
different crystal structures due to the conditions under which they formed.
5. A rock is a solid mass of minerals and mineral-like material that occurs
naturally.
6. During a very slow process called the rock cycle, rocks are heated,
melted, cooled, weathered, and eroded as they slowly change between the
three different types of rock
7. The three different types of rock are igneous, sedimentary,
and metamorphic.
8. When magma cools slowly well below Earth’s surface it forms intrusive
igneous rock.
9. When lava erupts onto Earth’s surface, it cools quickly and minerals
have little time to cluster together. This kind of igneous rock is called
extrusive igneous rock.
10. Sedimentary rock: rock formed from sediments.
11. Rocks formed from other rock are called metamorphic rock.
12. A mineral or group of minerals that is mined so that a metal or metals
can be removed from it is called ore.
13. During strip mining, layers of surface soil and rock are removed from
large areas to expose the resource.
14. Open pit mining involves digging a large hole and removing the ore and
the unwanted rock that surrounds the ore.
15. In the process of mountaintop removal, first, the forests are clear-cut
and the timber is sold or burned.
16. Placer mining involves sifting through material in modern or ancient
riverbed deposits.
17. In a process called dredging, miners use large machines similar to
vacuum cleaners to collect sand and gravel from the sea floor.
18. Most metal production techniques include smelting—heating ore
beyond its melting point and combining it with other metals or chemicals.
19. Alloys consist of metals that have been melted and fused with other
metals or nonmetal substances.
20. Acid drainage occurs as the acid and the metals it leaches from rock
seep into groundwater or enter streams and lakes as runoff.