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Version July 16, 2010 Sustainable, Low Carbon Transport Definition, Goals, Objectives and Performance Indicators There is growing interest in the concepts of sustainability, livability, sustainable development and sustainable transport. Sustainability refers to the economic, social and environmental goals and impacts, and the associated governance goals, as indicated in Table 1. Livability refers to the subset of sustainability goals that affect community members directly, such as local economic development and environmental quality, equity, affordability, public safety and health, and community cohesion. Taking into account the sustainability goals and the livability dimension sustainable, low carbon land transport is defined as: “transport systems that promote balanced spatial development, minimize short and long term negative impact on local and global environment, whose development and operations are economically viable, and which are able to provide access for all.” Table 1 Sustainability Goals Economic Social Environmental Economic productivity Economic development Resource efficiency Affordability Government efficiency Efficient pricing Equity / Fairness Human safety, security and health Human development Community cohesion Cultural heritage preservation Climate Change, Air, noise and water pollution abatement and prevention Non-Renewable Resource Conservation Open space preservation Biodiversity protection Governance Institutional mandates, structures and capacity Integrated and comprehensive planning process Transparent and accountable planning These goals support various transport planning objectives, including access to workplaces, markets, health and educational facilities; resource efficiency; affordability; transport system diversity (particularly travel modes that are affordable, energy efficient, healthy and accommodate non-drivers); efficient pricing; compact and accessible land use development; efficient management of transport facilities and services; and comprehensive, integrated and inclusive planning. Table 2 summarizes sustainable transport goals, objectives and performance indicators. Many of these objectives help achieve multiple goals. Effective policy development and implementation for sustainability emphasizes the need for effective institutions that can plan and implement in a coordinate manner among different sectors, groups and jurisdictions. Context specific benchmarks for indicators would be important in order to assess whether a transport system is promoting all sustainability goals or not. Table 2 Key Sustainable, Low Carbon Transport Goals, Objectives and Indicators Sustainability Goals I. Economic Objectives Performance Indicators Sustainability and Livability: Summary of Definitions, Goals, Objectives and Performance Indicators Sustainability Goals Economic productivity Objectives Maximize transport system efficiency. Efficient pricing and incentives. Economic development Business development and strengthening household welfare Resource efficiency Minimize energy costs, particularly petroleum imports. Minimize non-renewable resource use for vehicles and infrastructure Affordability All residents can afford access to basic (essential) services and activities. Transport operators efficiency Public agencies and private sector transport operators maximize their service quality and cost efficiency. Efficient pricing Equitable and sustainable pricing Transport system reflects universal design (accommodates all users including low incomes, those with disabilities and also women, elderly and children Human safety, security and health Minimize risk of crashes and assaults, and support physical fitness. Community cohesion Transport planning supports urban development to help create attractive, inclusive communities. Cultural heritage protection Respect and protect cultural heritage. Transport system diversity. Portion of transport system that is universal design. Portion of destinations accessible by transport services that reflect universal design. Participation of women, elderly and children in transport systems design Per capita traffic casualty (injury and death) rates. Traveler assault (crime) rates. Human exposure to harmful pollutants. Portion of population that makes use of active transport modes Land use mix. Walkability and bikability Interconnectivity of transport modes Quality of road and street environments. Preservation of cultural resources and traditions. Responsiveness to traditional communities. Accessible entertainment and arts Cultural interchange Reduce GHG emissions from transport and vulnerability of transport sector to climate change Per capita emissions of global air pollutants (CO2, CFCs, CH4, etc.). Transport infrastructure and operations affected by climate change Air pollution prevention and abatement Reduce air pollutants, including global warming gases. Reduce exposure to harmful pollutants. Noise prevention Minimize traffic noise exposure Water pollution and hydrologic impacts Minimize water pollution. Minimize impervious surface area. II. Social Equity / Fairness III. Environmental Climate Change mitigation and adaptation 2 Performance Indicators Per capita GDP Transport budget and road taxes Efficiency of road, parking, insurance, and fuel prices (prices reflect full economic costs. Access to education and employment opportunities. Support for local industries. Transport efficiency of freight and commercial passenger transport. Per capita transport energy consumption Energy consumption per ton/kilometer Per capita use of imported fuels. Availability and Quality of affordable modes (walking, cycling, ridesharing and public transport). Portion of low-income households that spend more than 20% of budgets on transport. Results of performance audits Service delivery unit costs compared with peers Economic viability of transport operations (specifically public transport operations). Prices reflect economic as well as social and environmental costs Per capita emissions of local air pollutants (PM, VOCs, NOx, CO, etc.) Air quality standards and management plans Health impacts Traffic noise levels Noise standards and noise management Occurrences of fuel leaks Management of used oil, leaks and stormwater. Sustainability and Livability: Summary of Definitions, Goals, Objectives and Performance Indicators Sustainability Goals Objectives Performance Indicators Openspace preservation and biodiversity protection Minimize transport facility land use. Encourage more compact development. Preserve high quality ecological habitat. Non-renewable resource conservation Minimize non-renewable resource use and maximize renewable resource use IV. Governance Institutional structure and capacity Integrated and comprehensive planning Transparent, accessible and accountable Create institutional mandates, structures and capacity capable to develop and implement sustainable, low carbon transport Integrated and comprehensive analysis. Least-cost planning. Allows the most cost-effective option to be selected and funded and accounts for multi-benefits listed above. Clearly defined planning process with well articulated sustainable development principles.. Strong consultation, citizen engagement and communication. Share of impervious pavements Portion of land paved for transport facilities. Per capita land devoted to transport facilities. Support for smart growth development. Policies to protect high value farmlands and ecological habitat. Share of open spaces % recyclable materials in production process of vehicles % recyclable materials in infrastructure Per vehicle/mode/object non-recyclable/recyclable materials ratio Mandates, staffing, budgets Policy instruments Capacity of institutions to implement sustainable transport principles Planning considers all significant objectives, impacts and options. Transport funds can be spent on alternative modes and demand management programs if most cost effective and beneficial overall. Availability of planning information and documents. Portion of population engaged in planning process. Summarizes sustainability principles, goals and performance indicators. References and Information Resources CST (2005), Defining Sustainable Transportation, Centre for Sustainable Transportation (www.centreforsustainabletransportation.org); at http://cst.uwinnipeg.ca/documents/Defining_Sustainable_2005.pdf. HUD-DOT-EPA (2010), Interagency Partnership for Sustainable Communities, U.S. Housing and Urban Development, Department of Transportation and Environmental Protection Agency (www.epa.gov/dced/partnership/index.html). Henrik Gudmundsson (2003), “Making Concepts Matter: Sustainable Mobility And Indicator Systems In Transport Policy” International Social Science Journal (www.blackwellsynergy.com/rd.asp?code=issj&goto=journal), Vol. 55, No. 2, Issue 176, June 2003, pp. 199-217. Kaydee Kirk, et al. (2010), Framework for Measuring Sustainable Regional Development for the Twin Cities Region, University of Minnesota Center for Urban & Regional Affairs and Center for Transportation Studies (www.cts.umn.edu); at www.cts.umn.edu/Publications/ResearchReports/pdfdownload.pl?id=1328. Todd Litman (1999), “Reinventing Transportation; Exploring the Paradigm Shift Needed to Reconcile Sustainability and Transportation Objectives,” Transportation Research Record 1670, Transportation Research Board (www.trb.org), pp. 8-12; at www.vtpi.org/reinvent.pdf. 3 Sustainability and Livability: Summary of Definitions, Goals, Objectives and Performance Indicators Todd Litman (2008), Well Measured: Developing Indicators for Comprehensive and Sustainable Transport Planning, VTPI (www.vtpi.org); at www.vtpi.org/wellmeas.pdf. Greg Marsden, Mary Kimble, Charlotte Kelly and John Nellthorp (2007), Appraisal of Sustainability in Transport, Appraisal of Sustainability Project (www.its.leeds.ac.uk/projects/sustainability/project_outputs.htm), Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds (www.its.leeds.ac.uk). PSUTA (2006), Indicators of Sustainable Transport, Partnership for Sustainable Urban Transport in Asia (www.cleanairnet.org); at www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia/1412/article-60110.html. REFinement and test of sustainability Indicators and Tools with regard to European Transport, http://refit.bouw.tno.nl/intro.htm SUMMA (SUstainable Mobility Measures and Assessment) (www.SUMMA-EU.org) is a European Commission (DG-TREN) sponsored project to define and operationalize sustainable mobility and transit, develop indicators, assess the scale of sustainability problems associated with transport, and identify policy measures to promote sustainable transport. STI (2008), Sustainable Transportation Indicators: A Recommended Program To Define A Standard Set of Indicators For Sustainable Transportation Planning, Sustainable Transportation Indicators Subcommittee (ADD40 [1]), TRB (www.trb.org); at www.vtpi.org/sustain/sti.pdf. TØI (2009), Indicators For Sustainable Urban Transport – State Of The Art, Norwegian Public Roads Administration (www.toi.no); at www.toi.no/article27829-29.html. 4