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Physiology Midterm Study Guide
Introduction
Definitions
Anatomy
Physiology
Dissection
Concepts
Know the levels of body organization
Know the primary components and functions of the systems of the body
What are the non-invasive techniques utilized to study the body?
What are the basic life processes?
Cell Structure
Definitions
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
Concepts
Be able to identify the parts of a cell and know their function.
Plasma membrane – how do gradients, osmosis, diffusion, and active transport
operate across the membrane?
Properties of the phospholipid bilayer
Membrane proteins – types and functions
How does the tonicity of a solution affect a cell
Membrane Potentials
Definitions
Action potential / impulse Stimulus
Neurolemma
Nodes of Ranvier
summation
Refractory period
Wallerian degeneration
Synapse
decremental conduction
Propagation / conduction
Concepts
Parts of a neuron – identify and know function
Myelination / types of cells that produce myelin
How is a resting membrane potential formed
Know the types of ion channels
Concetration gradient vs. electrochemical gradient
Graded potentials vs. action potentials
Depolarizing phase (what channels are open)
Repolarizing phase (what channels are open)
Sodium Potassium pumps (purpose)
Threshold / level of stimulus
Continuous vs. salutatory conduction
Factors that affect the speed of propagation
Differences between A, B, and C nerve fibers (size, myelin, speed of conduction,
tissues innervated)
Electrical vs. chemical synapses
How are neurotransmitters removed from the synaptic cleft?
Types of neural circuits
Muscle Tissue
Definitions
Sarcolemma
Myofibril
Sacroplasm
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
Myoglobin
Concepts
3 Types of muscle tissue – Basic histological differences, where found, voluntary or
involuntary
Functions of muscle tissue
Properties – electrical excitability, contractility, extensibility, elasticity
Isometric vs. Isotonic Contraction
Concentric vs. eccentric contraction
Connective Tissue – layers (epimysium, perimysium [fascicles], endomysium),
tendon, aponeurosis
Atrophy vs. hypertrophy
Understand how the sliding filament mechanism works
What causes rigor mortis?
Neuromuscular junction – what is it?, what is the neurotransmitter?, what enzyme
degrades the neurotransmitter?
Aerobic Vs. anaerobic respiration in muscle tissue
Muscle fatigue vs. central fatigue
Oxygen Debt
What is a motor unit? How do we recruit them?
Flaccid vs. spastic
Types of skeletal muscle fibers (slow oxidative, fast oxidative glycolytic, fast
glycolitic) – Size, strength, resitance to fatigue, amount of myoglobin and capillaries,
where found)
Sensory, Motor, and Integrative Systems
Definitions
Sensory modality
Selectivity
Nociceptor
Osmoreceptor
Meissner corpuscles
Ruffini corpuscles
Referred pain
Sensory receptor
mechanoreceptors
photoreceptor
somatic sensations
hair root plexuses
pacinian corpuscles
analgesia
stimulus
thermoreceptor
chemoreceptor
cutaneous sensations
merkel discs
phantom limb sensation
proprioception
Concepts
Sensation vs. perception (conscious vs. subconscious sensation)
General senses (somatic and visceral) vs. special senses
3 sensory receptor types
4 events in sensation
Microscopic structural characteristics (provide examples of each type)
Generator potential vs. receptor potential
Exteroreceptor vs. interoreceptor
Types of stimuli detected / 4 modes of somatic sensation
muscle spindles, tendon organs, joint kinesthetic receptors
First-order, second-order and third-order neurons
Relay Stations
Lower motor neurons / upper motor neurons
Nervous Tissue
Definitions
Afferent Neurons
Effectors
Synapse
Neurolemma
Graded Potential
Summation
Propagation
Efferent Neurons
Action Potential
Synaptic End Bulbs
Nodes of Ranvier
Action Potential
Threshold
Interneurons
Stimulus
Myelin
Membrane Potential
Decremental Conduction
Refractory Period
Concepts
Know the primary structures that make up both the CNS and PNS
Know the somatic and autonomic divisions of the PNS.
Know the subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system.
Know the primary functions of the nervous system.
Understand the relationship of the enteric nervous system to the body.
Know the types of nervous tissue cells (neurons and neuroglia).
Know the parts of a neuron.
Know the types of axonal transport
Know the 3 structural classes of neurons
Cluster vs. bundle
Ganglion vs. nucleus
Nerve vs. Tract
What make gray matter gray and white matter white?
Understand how a resting membrane potential is formed.
Know the 4 types of ion channels
Concentration gradient vs. electrochemical gradient
Passive Vs. Active transport
Continuous vs. salutatory conduction
Class A, B, and C nerve fibers
Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves
Definitions
Cerebrospinal Fluid
Meningitis
Paresthesia
Spinal Tap
Neuralgia
Rami
Neuritis
Concepts
Know the layers of the meninges, epidural space, subarachnoid space
Cervical and lumbar enlargement, conus medullaris, filum terminale,. Cauda equina
Anatomy of a spinal nerve (dorsal root, ventral root)
Anatomy of the spinal cord (anterior median fissure, posterior median sulcus, gray
commisure, central canal)
Tracts (corticospinal, spinocerebellar, posterior columns, spintothalamic) location
and information conveyed (type and direction)
Know the types of reflex arcs
Know the 5 functional components of a reflex arc
Know the somatic spinal reflexes discussed in class (stretch, tendon, flexor,
extensor)
Know the plantar flexion reflex and Babinski sign
Connective tissue coverings of spinal nerves (endoneurium, perineurium,
epineurium)
Know the major plexuses and the regions they supply (cervical, brachial, lumbar,
sacral, coccygeal)
Know the following major nerves and the regions they supply (radial, median, ulnar,
femoral, sciatic)
Know the dermatomes for the upper and lower extremities