Download Chapter 002 Neuromuscular Fundamentals

Chapter 002 Neuromuscular Fundamentals
True / False Questions
1. In most cases, muscles work independently to achieve a particular joint motion and this is
known as aggregate muscle action.
True False
2. Agonists are muscles that, when contracting concentrically, cause joint motion through a
specified plane of motion.
True False
3. Innervation is defined as the segment of the nervous system categorized as being
responsible for providing a stimulus to muscle fibers within a specific muscle or portion of a
muscle.
True False
4. Extensibility is the muscle's ability to be passively stretched beyond its normal resting
length.
True False
5. Kinesthesis is the conscious awareness of the position and movement of the body in space.
True False
6. A muscle's line of pull has nothing to do with its effect on the joint.
True False
7. The insertion of a muscle is defined structurally as the distal attachment of a muscle, or the
part that attaches farthest from the midline or center of the body.
True False
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Chapter 002 Neuromuscular Fundamentals
8. A defined area of bone supplied by a specific spinal nerve is known as a dermatome.
True False
9. Contractibility is the muscle's ability to contract and develop tension or an internal force
against resistance when stimulated.
True False
10. Elasticity is the muscle's ability to return to its original resting length following a stretch.
True False
Multiple Choice Questions
11. A term pertaining, usually, to muscles that arise or originate outside (proximal to) the
body part on which they act.
A. Extrinsic
B. Intrinsic
C. Lateral
D. Contralateral
12. The range of muscle-fiber length between maximal and minimal lengthening is called
A. lengthening core.
B. vectortude.
C. rectitude.
D. amplitude.
13. During contraction, the Sliding Filament Theory says that
A. a muscle shortens.
B. a sarcomere as a unit shortens.
C. joint action occurs.
D. energy is produced.
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Chapter 002 Neuromuscular Fundamentals
14. _____________ is a term pertaining, usually, to muscles that are within or belong solely
to the body part on which they act.
A. Extrinsic
B. Agonist
C. Intrinsic
D. Stabilizer
15. The fibrous connective tissue, often cordlike in appearance that connects muscles to bones
and other structures.
A. Ligament
B. Tendon
C. Fascia
D. Collagen
16. The _________ reflex provided by the muscle spindle may be utilized to facilitate a
greater response, as in the case of a quick, short squat before attempting a jump.
A. stretch
B. golgi
C. Meissner's
D. tendon
17. Regardless of the number involved, the individual muscle fibers within a given motor unit
will fire and contract either maximally or not at all. This is referred to as the
A. contraction.
B. innervation principle.
C. neural signal.
D. all-or-none principle.
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Chapter 002 Neuromuscular Fundamentals
18. These types of muscles are those that cross and act directly on only the joint that they
cross.
A. Biarticular
B. Uniarticular
C. Multiarticular
D. Synarthrodial
19. The process that antagonist muscle groups must relax and lengthen when the agonist
muscle group contracts is known as
A. active insufficiency.
B. reciprocal innervations.
C. passive insufficiency.
D. Sherrington's law.
20. ______ is the muscle's ability to return to its original resting length following a stretch.
A. Contraction
B. Muscle memory
C. Innervation
D. Elasticity
21. The specific movement of a joint that results from a concentric contraction of a muscle
that crosses the joint.
A. Potential
B. Action
C. Eccentric
D. Angled
22. _________ muscles act on three or more joints due to the line of pull between their origin
and insertion crossing multiple joints.
A. Triarticular
B. Uniarticular
C. Biarticular
D. Multiarticular
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Chapter 002 Neuromuscular Fundamentals
23. The central, fleshy portion of the muscle that generally increases in diameter as the muscle
contracts.
A. Tendon
B. Ligament
C. Fascia
D. Gaster
24. This is a type of dynamic exercise usually using concentric and/or eccentric muscle
contractions in which the speed (or velocity) of movement is constant.
A. Isoathletic
B. Isometric
C. Isokinetics
D. Concentric
25. This proprioceptor, serially located in the tendon close to the muscle-tendon junction is
continuously sensitive to both muscle tension and active contraction.
A. Golgi tendon organ (GTO)
B. Stretch reflex
C. Myotactic reflex
D. Pacinian corpuscle
26. Muscles that assist in the action of agonists, but are not necessarily prime movers for the
action.
A. Prime movers
B. Stabilizers
C. Synergists
D. Agonists
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Chapter 002 Neuromuscular Fundamentals
27. A(n) _________ contraction occurs when tension develops within the muscle, but the joint
angles remain constant.
A. isometric
B. concentric
C. eccentric
D. isotonic
28. These muscles are usually located on the opposite side of the joint from the agonist and
have the opposite concentric action.
A. Synergist
B. Antagonist
C. Prime mover
D. Stabilizer
29. These types of muscles are those that cross and act directly on two different joints.
A. Uniarticular
B. Triarticular
C. Multiarticular
D. Biarticular
30. This type of contraction occurs when the muscle develops tension as it shortens.
A. Eccentric
B. Concentric
C. Isometric
D. Isotonic
31. Eccentric contractions involve
A. no movement of fibers.
B. static movement.
C. a shortening of muscle fibers.
D. a lengthening of muscle fibers.
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Chapter 002 Neuromuscular Fundamentals
32. Isotonic contractions occur when the muscle develops tension to
A. move an object.
B. stabilize the body.
C. correct balance.
D. either cause or control joint movement.
33. Muscles that surround the joint or body part and contract to fixate or stabilize the area to
enable another limb or body segment to exert force and move are
A. assistors.
B. isolators.
C. stabilizers.
D. prime movers.
34. Internal receptors located in the skin, joints, muscles, and tendons that provide feedback
relative to the tension, length, and contraction state of muscles, the position of the body and
limbs, and movements of the joints.
A. Golgi tendons
B. Proprioceptors
C. Meissner's corpuscle
D. Sarcomeres
35. A type of muscle contraction that occurs when multiple maximal stimuli are provided at a
low-enough frequency to allow complete relaxation between contractions.
A. Eccentric
B. Treppe
C. Concentric
D. Threshold stimulus
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Chapter 002 Neuromuscular Fundamentals
36. The proximal attachment of a muscle, or the part that attaches closest to the midline or
center of the body.
A. Insertion
B. Tuberacle
C. Distal end
D. Origin
37. These are concentrated primarily in the muscle belly between the fibers, are sensitive to
stretch and rate of stretch.
A. GTO
B. Muscle spindles
C. Tendons
D. Sarcomeres
38. This is defined as a muscle or group of muscles supplied by a specific spinal nerve.
A. Dermatome
B. Myotome
C. Spinal nerve root
D. Reflexes
39. The basic functional units of the nervous system responsible for generating and
transmitting impulses.
A. Neurons
B. Motor units
C. Nerve signal
D. Nerve units
40. Muscles that counteract or neutralize the action of other muscles to prevent undesirable
movements such as inappropriate muscle substitutions.
A. Prime movers
B. Neutralizers
C. Stabilizers
D. Synergists
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Chapter 002 Neuromuscular Fundamentals
41. The preciseness of the kick depends on the involvement of many other muscles and
A. myotactic reflex arc.
B. stretch organ.
C. eccentric contraction.
D. the number of motor units not innervated.
42. When a muscle is in a stretch, and pressure is applied to the tendons, the golgi tendon
response occurs, also known as
A. myotactic reflex arc.
B. inverse stretch reflex.
C. golgi inversion response.
D. GTO.
43. These receptors are concentrated around joint capsules, ligaments, and tendon sheaths and
beneath the skin, are activated by rapid changes in the joint angle, and by pressure changes
affecting the capsule.
A. Meissner's corpuscles
B. Ruffini's corpuscles
C. Pacinian corpuscles
D. Krause's end-bulbs
44. Concentric contractions may be thought of as
A. a lengthening of muscle fibers.
B. necessary for return phase of a bicep curl.
C. dynamic shortening with light weight.
D. causing movement against gravity or resistance.
45. Students well educated in kinesiology should be able to read the description of an exercise
or observe an exercise and
A. know the type of injury a patient has.
B. immediately know the most important muscles being used.
C. know if a patient's balance is compromised.
D. give advice on diet.
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Chapter 002 Neuromuscular Fundamentals
46. On the return phase of triceps extension, the triceps ______ and controls elbow flexion.
A. contracts
B. stabilizes
C. lengthens
D. neutralizes
47. For every muscle group the agonist and antagonist are strengthened or stretched together
so that a
A. conditioning effect can take place.
B. muscle can be strengthened.
C. balance is maintained between the groups during joint movement.
D. Sherrington's Law can be employed.
48. For most of the skeletal muscles, this is a very useful way to determine muscle action.
A. Observing movement
B. Palpation
C. Locate only the insertion
D. Video tape the movement
49. When discussing muscular activity, one should really refer to it as
A. contraction.
B. movement.
C. range of motion.
D. neuromuscular activity.
50. This type of neuron transmits impulses to the spinal cord and brain from all parts of the
body.
A. Motor
B. Sensory
C. Dendrite
D. Axon
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Chapter 002 Neuromuscular Fundamentals
Fill in the Blank Questions
51. All muscles possess a(n) ______, or stretch, reflex.
________________________________________
52. ________ muscle groups must relax and lengthen when the agonist muscle group
contracts.
________________________________________
53. As a muscle shortens, its ability to exert _______ diminishes.
________________________________________
54. ______ is the muscle's ability to return to its original resting length following a stretch.
________________________________________
55. Another factor relative to a muscle's ability to move a joint through a large range of
motion is its ability to _______.
________________________________________
56. ______ is the muscle property of being sensitive or responsive to chemical, electrical, and
mechanical stimuli.
________________________________________
57. Functionally and historically, the most movable part of a bone is generally considered the
_______.
________________________________________
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Chapter 002 Neuromuscular Fundamentals
58. Hugh Huxley and Jean Hanson, two researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, developed a model called the ______.
________________________________________
59. Contraction is a result of a shortening of the _________ and the sliding mechanism of the
thin and thick filaments.
________________________________________
60. All muscle contractions or actions can be classified as being either _________.
________________________________________
61. When performing a biceps curl, ________ is developed to overcome the force.
________________________________________
62. _________ is a type of dynamic exercise usually using concentric and/or eccentric muscle
contractions in which the speed (or velocity) of movement.
________________________________________
63. __________ are muscles that surround the joint or body part and contract to fixate or
stabilize the area to enable another limb or body segment to exert force and move.
________________________________________
64. Muscles work in _______ to produce movement.
________________________________________
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Chapter 002 Neuromuscular Fundamentals
65. Studying a muscle's _________ against forces such as gravity and resistance is vital in a
clinical setting.
________________________________________
66. _________ is the most accurate way of detecting the presence and extent of muscle
activity.
________________________________________
67. The ___________ is the highest level of control.
________________________________________
68. ___________ are central or connecting neurons that conduct impulses from sensory
neurons to motor neurons.
________________________________________
69. Proprioceptors, in combination with the body's other sense organs, are vital in
_________.
________________________________________
70. Golgi tendon organs are known as ________.
________________________________________
71. Muscle spindles, concentrated primarily in the muscle belly between the fibers, are
sensitive to ________.
________________________________________
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Chapter 002 Neuromuscular Fundamentals
72. When a rapid stretch occurs, an impulse is sent to the ______.
________________________________________
73. _________ are responsible for the knee jerk effect.
________________________________________
74. Motor units function as a(n) _______ unit.
________________________________________
75. The number of _________ recruited may be increased by activating the motor units.
________________________________________
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Chapter 002 Neuromuscular Fundamentals Key
True / False Questions
1. In most cases, muscles work independently to achieve a particular joint motion and this is
known as aggregate muscle action.
FALSE
Muscles work together in paired opposition.
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 2-1
Learning Outcome: 2-2
Learning Outcome: 2-4
Learning Outcome: 2-5
2. Agonists are muscles that, when contracting concentrically, cause joint motion through a
specified plane of motion.
TRUE
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 2-1
Learning Outcome: 2-2
Learning Outcome: 2-3
3. Innervation is defined as the segment of the nervous system categorized as being
responsible for providing a stimulus to muscle fibers within a specific muscle or portion of a
muscle.
TRUE
Bloom's: Comprehension
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 2-1
Learning Outcome: 2-2
Learning Outcome: 2-4
Learning Outcome: 2-5
2-15
Chapter 002 Neuromuscular Fundamentals Key
4. Extensibility is the muscle's ability to be passively stretched beyond its normal resting
length.
TRUE
Bloom's: Comprehension
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 2-1
Learning Outcome: 2-3
Learning Outcome: 2-4
5. Kinesthesis is the conscious awareness of the position and movement of the body in space.
TRUE
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 2-1
Learning Outcome: 2-4
Learning Outcome: 2-5
6. A muscle's line of pull has nothing to do with its effect on the joint.
FALSE
The direction a muscle's fibers run help determine its effect on a joint.
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 2-1
Learning Outcome: 2-5
7. The insertion of a muscle is defined structurally as the distal attachment of a muscle, or the
part that attaches farthest from the midline or center of the body.
TRUE
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 2-1
Learning Outcome: 2-2
2-16
Chapter 002 Neuromuscular Fundamentals Key
8. A defined area of bone supplied by a specific spinal nerve is known as a dermatome.
FALSE
A defined area of skin supplied by a specific spinal nerve is known as a dermatome.
Bloom's: Comprehension
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Outcome: 2-1
Learning Outcome: 2-2
9. Contractibility is the muscle's ability to contract and develop tension or an internal force
against resistance when stimulated.
TRUE
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 2-1
Learning Outcome: 2-4
Learning Outcome: 2-5
10. Elasticity is the muscle's ability to return to its original resting length following a stretch.
TRUE
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 2-1
Learning Outcome: 2-3
Learning Outcome: 2-5
2-17
Chapter 002 Neuromuscular Fundamentals Key
Multiple Choice Questions
11. A term pertaining, usually, to muscles that arise or originate outside (proximal to) the
body part on which they act.
A. Extrinsic
B. Intrinsic
C. Lateral
D. Contralateral
Examples are the forearm muscles that attach proximally on the distal humerus and insert on
the fingers.
Bloom's: Comprehension
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 2-1
Learning Outcome: 2-2
12. The range of muscle-fiber length between maximal and minimal lengthening is called
A. lengthening core.
B. vectortude.
C. rectitude.
D. amplitude.
Muscles can be measured to calculate muscle reactions.
Bloom's: Comprehension
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 2-1
Learning Outcome: 2-2
Learning Outcome: 2-3
Learning Outcome: 2-4
2-18
Chapter 002 Neuromuscular Fundamentals Key
13. During contraction, the Sliding Filament Theory says that
A. a muscle shortens.
B. a sarcomere as a unit shortens.
C. joint action occurs.
D. energy is produced.
Myofilaments in muscle do not shorten during a contraction but, rather, that the thin filaments
(actin) slide over the thick ones (myosin) and pull the Z disks behind them.
Bloom's: Comprehension
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 2-1
Learning Outcome: 2-4
Learning Outcome: 2-5
14. _____________ is a term pertaining, usually, to muscles that are within or belong solely
to the body part on which they act.
A. Extrinsic
B. Agonist
C. Intrinsic
D. Stabilizer
Examples are the small intrinsic muscles found entirely within the hand.
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 2-1
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Chapter 002 Neuromuscular Fundamentals Key
15. The fibrous connective tissue, often cordlike in appearance that connects muscles to bones
and other structures.
A. Ligament
B. Tendon
C. Fascia
D. Collagen
Only the accessory nerve innervates the trapezius. In some cases, two muscles may share a
common tendon, such as the Achilles tendon of the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles.
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 2-1
Learning Outcome: 2-2
16. The _________ reflex provided by the muscle spindle may be utilized to facilitate a
greater response, as in the case of a quick, short squat before attempting a jump.
A. stretch
B. golgi
C. Meissner's
D. tendon
The quick stretch placed on the muscles in the squat enables the same muscles to generate
more force when the body subsequently jumps off the floor.
Bloom's: Comprehension
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 2-1
Learning Outcome: 2-4
Learning Outcome: 2-5
2-20
Chapter 002 Neuromuscular Fundamentals Key
17. Regardless of the number involved, the individual muscle fibers within a given motor unit
will fire and contract either maximally or not at all. This is referred to as the
A. contraction.
B. innervation principle.
C. neural signal.
D. all-or-none principle.
Depending on the number of muscle fibers within each activated motor unit, and the number
of motor units activated, muscle contractions may be powerful for doing sports movements or
delicate for performing surgery.
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 2-1
Learning Outcome: 2-4
Learning Outcome: 2-5
18. These types of muscles are those that cross and act directly on only the joint that they
cross.
A. Biarticular
B. Uniarticular
C. Multiarticular
D. Synarthrodial
The brachialis of the elbow is one example in that it can only pull the humerus and ulna closer
to each other on concentric contraction.
Bloom's: Comprehension
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Difficult
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 2-1
Learning Outcome: 2-2
Learning Outcome: 2-4
2-21
Chapter 002 Neuromuscular Fundamentals Key
19. The process that antagonist muscle groups must relax and lengthen when the agonist
muscle group contracts is known as
A. active insufficiency.
B. reciprocal innervations.
C. passive insufficiency.
D. Sherrington's law.
Activation of the motor units of the agonists causes a reciprocal neural inhibition of the motor
units of the antagonists.
Bloom's: Comprehension
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 2-1
Learning Outcome: 2-3
Learning Outcome: 2-4
Learning Outcome: 2-5
20. ______ is the muscle's ability to return to its original resting length following a stretch.
A. Contraction
B. Muscle memory
C. Innervation
D. Elasticity
As an example, the triceps brachii displays elasticity by returning to its original resting length
when the elbow flexors cease contracting and relax.
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 2-1
Learning Outcome: 2-2
Learning Outcome: 2-4
Learning Outcome: 2-5
2-22
Chapter 002 Neuromuscular Fundamentals Key
21. The specific movement of a joint that results from a concentric contraction of a muscle
that crosses the joint.
A. Potential
B. Action
C. Eccentric
D. Angled
An example is the biceps brachii, which has the action of flexion at the elbow. In most cases,
a particular action is caused by a group of muscles working together.
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 2-1
Learning Outcome: 2-5
22. _________ muscles act on three or more joints due to the line of pull between their origin
and insertion crossing multiple joints.
A. Triarticular
B. Uniarticular
C. Biarticular
D. Multiarticular
Muscles of the hip and knee have multiple functions.
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 2-1
Learning Outcome: 2-4
Learning Outcome: 2-5
2-23
Chapter 002 Neuromuscular Fundamentals Key
23. The central, fleshy portion of the muscle that generally increases in diameter as the muscle
contracts.
A. Tendon
B. Ligament
C. Fascia
D. Gaster
The gaster is the contractile portion of the muscle.
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 2-1
Learning Outcome: 2-5
24. This is a type of dynamic exercise usually using concentric and/or eccentric muscle
contractions in which the speed (or velocity) of movement is constant.
A. Isoathletic
B. Isometric
C. Isokinetics
D. Concentric
Isokinetic forms of resistance are advantageous to rehabilitation.
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 2-1
Learning Outcome: 2-4
2-24
Chapter 002 Neuromuscular Fundamentals Key
25. This proprioceptor, serially located in the tendon close to the muscle-tendon junction is
continuously sensitive to both muscle tension and active contraction.
A. Golgi tendon organ (GTO)
B. Stretch reflex
C. Myotactic reflex
D. Pacinian corpuscle
GTO is much less sensitive to stretch than are muscle spindles and requires a greater stretch to
be activated.
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 2-1
Learning Outcome: 2-4
Learning Outcome: 2-5
26. Muscles that assist in the action of agonists, but are not necessarily prime movers for the
action.
A. Prime movers
B. Stabilizers
C. Synergists
D. Agonists
Known as guiding muscles, they assist in refined movement and rule out undesired motions.
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 2-1
Learning Outcome: 2-4
Learning Outcome: 2-5
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Chapter 002 Neuromuscular Fundamentals Key
27. A(n) _________ contraction occurs when tension develops within the muscle, but the joint
angles remain constant.
A. isometric
B. concentric
C. eccentric
D. isotonic
Isometric contractions may be thought of as static contractions, because a significant amount
of tension may be developed in the muscle to maintain the joint angle in a relatively static or
stable position, without an actual shortening of muscle fibers.
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 2-1
Learning Outcome: 2-4
28. These muscles are usually located on the opposite side of the joint from the agonist and
have the opposite concentric action.
A. Synergist
B. Antagonist
C. Prime mover
D. Stabilizer
The coracoid process is in the wrong location for the angle of pull; the humerus is not a
shoulder girdle bone; and the vertebral border of the scapula below the root of the spine is the
insertion for rhomboid major.
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 2-1
Learning Outcome: 2-2
Learning Outcome: 2-4
2-26
Chapter 002 Neuromuscular Fundamentals Key
29. These types of muscles are those that cross and act directly on two different joints.
A. Uniarticular
B. Triarticular
C. Multiarticular
D. Biarticular
Depending on a variety of factors, a biarticular muscle may contract to cause, control, or
prevent motion at either one or both of its joints.
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 2-1
Learning Outcome: 2-2
30. This type of contraction occurs when the muscle develops tension as it shortens.
A. Eccentric
B. Concentric
C. Isometric
D. Isotonic
This contraction occurs when the muscle develops enough force to overcome applied
resistance.
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 2-1
Learning Outcome: 2-2
Learning Outcome: 2-4
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Chapter 002 Neuromuscular Fundamentals Key
31. Eccentric contractions involve
A. no movement of fibers.
B. static movement.
C. a shortening of muscle fibers.
D. a lengthening of muscle fibers.
Eccentric contractions help muscles grow in strength.
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 2-1
Learning Outcome: 2-3
Learning Outcome: 2-4
32. Isotonic contractions occur when the muscle develops tension to
A. move an object.
B. stabilize the body.
C. correct balance.
D. either cause or control joint movement.
The isotonic type of muscle contraction is classified further as being either concentric or
eccentric on the basis of whether shortening or lengthening occurs.
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 2-1
Learning Outcome: 2-3
Learning Outcome: 2-4
2-28
Chapter 002 Neuromuscular Fundamentals Key
33. Muscles that surround the joint or body part and contract to fixate or stabilize the area to
enable another limb or body segment to exert force and move are
A. assistors.
B. isolators.
C. stabilizers.
D. prime movers.
Known asfixators, they are essential in establishing a relatively firm base for the more distal
joints to work from when carrying out movements.
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 2-2
Learning Outcome: 2-3
Learning Outcome: 2-4
34. Internal receptors located in the skin, joints, muscles, and tendons that provide feedback
relative to the tension, length, and contraction state of muscles, the position of the body and
limbs, and movements of the joints.
A. Golgi tendons
B. Proprioceptors
C. Meissner's corpuscle
D. Sarcomeres
These proprioceptors, in combination with the body's other sense organs, are vital in
kinesthesis, which is the conscious awareness of the position and movement of the body in
space.
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 2-1
Learning Outcome: 2-4
2-29
Chapter 002 Neuromuscular Fundamentals Key
35. A type of muscle contraction that occurs when multiple maximal stimuli are provided at a
low-enough frequency to allow complete relaxation between contractions.
A. Eccentric
B. Treppe
C. Concentric
D. Threshold stimulus
The maximal ability of a muscle to develop tension and exert force varies depending upon the
length of the muscle during contraction.
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 2-1
Learning Outcome: 2-4
36. The proximal attachment of a muscle, or the part that attaches closest to the midline or
center of the body.
A. Insertion
B. Tuberacle
C. Distal end
D. Origin
From a functional and historical perspective, the least movable part or attachment of the
muscle has generally been considered to be the origin.
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 2-1
Learning Outcome: 2-4
2-30
Chapter 002 Neuromuscular Fundamentals Key
37. These are concentrated primarily in the muscle belly between the fibers, are sensitive to
stretch and rate of stretch.
A. GTO
B. Muscle spindles
C. Tendons
D. Sarcomeres
Specifically, they insert into the connective tissue within the muscle and run parallel with the
muscle fibers.
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 2-1
Learning Outcome: 2-4
Learning Outcome: 2-5
38. This is defined as a muscle or group of muscles supplied by a specific spinal nerve.
A. Dermatome
B. Myotome
C. Spinal nerve root
D. Reflexes
Certain spinal nerves are also responsible for reflexes.
Bloom's: Comprehension
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 2-1
Learning Outcome: 2-2
2-31
Chapter 002 Neuromuscular Fundamentals Key
39. The basic functional units of the nervous system responsible for generating and
transmitting impulses.
A. Neurons
B. Motor units
C. Nerve signal
D. Nerve units
Neurons consist of a neuron cell body; one or more branching projections known as dendrites,
which transmit impulses to the neuron and cell body; and an axon, which is an elongated
projection that transmits impulses away from neuron cell bodies.
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Difficult
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 2-1
Learning Outcome: 2-4
Learning Outcome: 2-5
40. Muscles that counteract or neutralize the action of other muscles to prevent undesirable
movements such as inappropriate muscle substitutions.
A. Prime movers
B. Neutralizers
C. Stabilizers
D. Synergists
Referred to as neutralizing, they contract to resist specific actions of other muscles.
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 2-1
Learning Outcome: 2-3
2-32
Chapter 002 Neuromuscular Fundamentals Key
41. The preciseness of the kick depends on the involvement of many other muscles and
A. myotactic reflex arc.
B. stretch organ.
C. eccentric contraction.
D. the number of motor units not innervated.
The myotactic reflex arc is also known as a stretch reflex.
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 2-3
Learning Outcome: 2-4
42. When a muscle is in a stretch, and pressure is applied to the tendons, the golgi tendon
response occurs, also known as
A. myotactic reflex arc.
B. inverse stretch reflex.
C. golgi inversion response.
D. GTO.
The inverse stretch reflex helps protect a muscle from overstretching by relaxing the muscle
being stretched.
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 2-2
Learning Outcome: 2-4
2-33
Chapter 002 Neuromuscular Fundamentals Key
43. These receptors are concentrated around joint capsules, ligaments, and tendon sheaths and
beneath the skin, are activated by rapid changes in the joint angle, and by pressure changes
affecting the capsule.
A. Meissner's corpuscles
B. Ruffini's corpuscles
C. Pacinian corpuscles
D. Krause's end-bulbs
Pacinian corpuscles are helpful in providing feedback regarding the location of a body part in
space after quick movements such as running or jumping.
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 2-4
Learning Outcome: 2-5
44. Concentric contractions may be thought of as
A. a lengthening of muscle fibers.
B. necessary for return phase of a bicep curl.
C. dynamic shortening with light weight.
D. causing movement against gravity or resistance.
In this contradiction, the force developed by the muscle is greater than that of the resistance.
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 2-2
Learning Outcome: 2-3
Learning Outcome: 2-5
2-34
Chapter 002 Neuromuscular Fundamentals Key
45. Students well educated in kinesiology should be able to read the description of an exercise
or observe an exercise and
A. know the type of injury a patient has.
B. immediately know the most important muscles being used.
C. know if a patient's balance is compromised.
D. give advice on diet.
Understanding what muscles are employed in an exercise is important in addressing specific
issues.
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 2-5
46. On the return phase of triceps extension, the triceps ______ and controls elbow flexion.
A. contracts
B. stabilizes
C. lengthens
D. neutralizes
The triceps contract eccentrically during this movement.
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 2-2
Learning Outcome: 2-5
2-35
Chapter 002 Neuromuscular Fundamentals Key
47. For every muscle group the agonist and antagonist are strengthened or stretched together
so that a
A. conditioning effect can take place.
B. muscle can be strengthened.
C. balance is maintained between the groups during joint movement.
D. Sherrington's Law can be employed.
This basic rule is a template of how the body should be exercised.
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 2-5
48. For most of the skeletal muscles, this is a very useful way to determine muscle action.
A. Observing movement
B. Palpation
C. Locate only the insertion
D. Video tape the movement
This is done through using the sense of touch to feel or examine a muscle as it is contracted.
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 2-5
2-36
Chapter 002 Neuromuscular Fundamentals Key
49. When discussing muscular activity, one should really refer to it as
A. contraction.
B. movement.
C. range of motion.
D. neuromuscular activity.
Muscles cannot be active without nervous innervation. All voluntary movement is a result of
both the muscular and nervous systems working together.
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 2-4
Learning Outcome: 2-5
50. This type of neuron transmits impulses to the spinal cord and brain from all parts of the
body.
A. Motor
B. Sensory
C. Dendrite
D. Axon
Neurons are classified into three types, according to the direction in which they transmit
impulses.
Bloom's: Comprehension
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 2-2
Learning Outcome: 2-4
2-37
Chapter 002 Neuromuscular Fundamentals Key
Fill in the Blank Questions
51. All muscles possess a(n) ______, or stretch, reflex.
myotatic
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 2-2
Learning Outcome: 2-5
52. ________ muscle groups must relax and lengthen when the agonist muscle group
contracts.
Antagonist
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 2-5
53. As a muscle shortens, its ability to exert _______ diminishes.
force
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 2-5
54. ______ is the muscle's ability to return to its original resting length following a stretch.
Elasticity
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 2-1
2-38
Chapter 002 Neuromuscular Fundamentals Key
55. Another factor relative to a muscle's ability to move a joint through a large range of
motion is its ability to _______.
shorten
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 2-5
56. ______ is the muscle property of being sensitive or responsive to chemical, electrical, and
mechanical stimuli.
Irritability or excitability
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 2-4
Learning Outcome: 2-5
57. Functionally and historically, the most movable part of a bone is generally considered the
_______.
insertion
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 2-4
Learning Outcome: 2-5
58. Hugh Huxley and Jean Hanson, two researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, developed a model called the ______.
sliding-filament theory
Bloom's: Comprehension
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 2-3
Learning Outcome: 2-4
2-39
Chapter 002 Neuromuscular Fundamentals Key
59. Contraction is a result of a shortening of the _________ and the sliding mechanism of the
thin and thick filaments.
sarcomere
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 2-3
Learning Outcome: 2-4
60. All muscle contractions or actions can be classified as being either _________.
isometric or isotonic
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 2-1
Learning Outcome: 2-3
61. When performing a biceps curl, ________ is developed to overcome the force.
tension
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 2-3
Learning Outcome: 2-4
62. _________ is a type of dynamic exercise usually using concentric and/or eccentric muscle
contractions in which the speed (or velocity) of movement.
Isokinetics
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 2-3
Learning Outcome: 2-4
2-40
Chapter 002 Neuromuscular Fundamentals Key
63. __________ are muscles that surround the joint or body part and contract to fixate or
stabilize the area to enable another limb or body segment to exert force and move.
Stabilizers
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Comprehension
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 2-5
64. Muscles work in _______ to produce movement.
synergy
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 2-5
65. Studying a muscle's _________ against forces such as gravity and resistance is vital in a
clinical setting.
line of pull
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 2-2
Learning Outcome: 2-5
66. _________ is the most accurate way of detecting the presence and extent of muscle
activity.
EMG
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 2-2
Learning Outcome: 2-3
2-41
Chapter 002 Neuromuscular Fundamentals Key
67. The ___________ is the highest level of control.
cerebral cortex
Bloom's: Comprehension
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 2-4
Learning Outcome: 2-5
68. ___________ are central or connecting neurons that conduct impulses from sensory
neurons to motor neurons.
Interneurons
Bloom's: Comprehension
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Difficult
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 2-4
69. Proprioceptors, in combination with the body's other sense organs, are vital in
_________.
kinesthesis
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 2-2
Learning Outcome: 2-4
70. Golgi tendon organs are known as ________.
proprioceptors
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 2-2
Learning Outcome: 2-4
2-42
Chapter 002 Neuromuscular Fundamentals Key
71. Muscle spindles, concentrated primarily in the muscle belly between the fibers, are
sensitive to ________.
stretch
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 2-2
Learning Outcome: 2-4
72. When a rapid stretch occurs, an impulse is sent to the ______.
CNS
Bloom's: Comprehension
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 2-2
Learning Outcome: 2-4
73. _________ are responsible for the knee jerk effect.
Muscle spindles
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 2-2
Learning Outcome: 2-4
74. Motor units function as a(n) _______ unit.
single
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 2-2
Learning Outcome: 2-3
Learning Outcome: 2-4
2-43
Chapter 002 Neuromuscular Fundamentals Key
75. The number of _________ recruited may be increased by activating the motor units.
muscle fibers
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 2-2
Learning Outcome: 2-3
Learning Outcome: 2-4
2-44