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Name _______________________________________ Period ____________ Date _____________________________ Unit #7 (Ch. 2, 23, 17, 18) Book Quiz: Part 1 1. What are the basic building blocks of matter? Provide several examples using chemicals common in Earth’s physical or biological systems. Page number: _________________ 2. Describe two major forms of energy, and give examples of each. Page number: _________________ 6. Plate tectonics is a process that can affect a. The shape of Earth’s landscapes, including building mountains. b. Normal ecosystem structure and function. c. Flow of matter and recycling of energy. d. The frequency of volcanic eruptions coming from tsunami events. e. The number of trophic levels of ecosystems near plate boundaries. Page number: _________________ Explain your answer in 2 sentences: 7. List and describe the three major sources of energy that power Earth’s environmental systems. Page number: _________________ 3. If the pH of a solution is increased from 7 to 9, it means that the concentration of: a. H+ has decreased by 100 times b. H+ has increase by 2 times c. OH- has decreased by 10 times d. OH- has increased by 2 times e. H+ has increased by 100 times Page number: _________________ Explain your answer in 2 sentences: 8. What substances are produced by photosynthesis? By cellular respiration? By chemosynthesis? Page number: _________________ 4. Compare and contrast the first and second laws of thermodynamics. Page number: _________________ 5. Given that the half-life of the radioisotope Cs-137 is 30 years, approximately how long will it take for 80lbs to decay to less than 1 lb? a. 7 years b. 15 years c. 70 years d. 100 years e. 200 years Page number: _________________ Explain your answer in 2 sentences: 9. Ocean Acidification results from a. Increased use of artificial fertilizers b. Increased pH due to high levels of carbonic acid c. Lowered pH due to carbonic acid d. The increased availability of carbonate ions e. The dissolving of shelled organisms Page number: _________________ Explain your answer in 2 sentences: Name _______________________________________ Period ____________ 10. Name the primary layers that make up our planet. Which portions does the lithosphere include? Page number: _________________ 11. Describe what occurs at a divergent plate boundary. What happens at a transform plate boundary? Compare and contrast the types of processes that can occur at a convergent plate boundary. Page number: _________________ 12. Many types of mining, such as those used to mine coal and copper, produce a specific type of water pollution called a. Eutrophication b. Suspended limestone particles c. Salinization d. Sediment load e. Acid drainage Page number: _________________ Explain your answer in 2 sentences: 13. The U.S Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 requires a. All mined minerals to be processed and sold within the United States. b. Minimal remediation of water pollution, except when mining toxic uranium. c. Restoration of the identical ecosystem and biodiversity present prior to the mining activity. d. Mining companies to post bonds to cover restoration of the mined area before permits are granted. e. 10% of sales revenues to be donated to national park maintenance. Page number: _________________ Explain your answer in 2 sentences: Date _____________________________ 14. Name the three main types of rocks, and describe how each type may be converted to the others via the rock cycle. Page number: _________________ 15. What causes earthquakes? What are tsunamis, and what causes them? How does a Hawaiian volcano such as Kilauea differ from a volcano in the Cascades of North America such as Mount St. Helens? Page number: _________________ 16. Forests provide many ecosystem services; however, the one that is receiving the most focus for climate change scientists is a. Protecting watersheds b. Carbon sequestration c. Habitat protection d. CFC neutralization e. Methane storage Page number: _________________ Explain your answer in 2 sentences 17. Define each of the following and contrast them with one another: (1) mineral, (2) metal, (3) ore, (4) alloy. Page number: _________________ 18. What is acid drainage, and why can it be toxic to fish? Page number: _________________ Name _______________________________________ Period ____________ Unit #7 (Ch. 2, 23, 17, 18): Part 2 19. Which of the following is a consequence of acid deposition? a. It washes toxic metals out of the soil, resulting in healthier soils for biodiversity. b. It results in offshore eutrophication, contributing further to coral reef demise and ocean acidification. c. It leaches out important minerals from soils, resulting in the loss of biodiversity. d. It creates rainwater than can damage skin cells and cause cancer. e. It increases the occurrence of low-lying ground fogs. Page number: _________________ Explain your answer in 2 sentences: 20. A mining geologist locates a horizontal seam of coal very near the surface of the land. What type of mining method will the mining company use to extract it? What is one common environmental impact of this type of mining? Page number: _________________ Date _____________________________ 23. Explain why reclamation efforts after mining frequently fail to effectively restore natural communities. Include reference to both soil and vegetation in your answer. Page number: _________________ 24. Under natural, unpolluted conditions, the pH of rainfall is closest to a. 8.0 b. 7.1 c. 5.6 d. 4.5 e. 2.5 Page number: _________________ Explain your answer in 2 sentences: 25. List five factors that can influence how long global supplies of a given mineral will last, and explain how each might increase or decrease the time span the mineral will be available to us. Page number: _________________ 21. Describe three major environmental or social impacts of mountaintop removal mining. Page number: _________________ 22. How does strip mining differ from subsurface mining? How does each of these approaches differ from open pit mining? Page number: _________________ 26. Name three types of metal that we currently recycle, and identify the products or materials that are recycled to recover these metals. Page number: _________________ Name _______________________________________ Period ____________ 27. What type of mining is used for both coltan and gold? What does a miner do to conduct this type of mining? 28. List the four layers of the atmosphere and name one characteristic of each. Page number: _________________ 29. Two major factors involved in the conversion of primary air pollutants into secondary air pollutants are a. Sulfur dioxide and sulfuric acid b. Nitrogen oxides and sulfates c. Sulfates and water d. Water and volatile organic compounds e. Sunlight and water Page number: _________________ Explain your answer in 2 sentences: 30. Where is the “ozone layer” located? How and why is stratospheric ozone beneficial for people, whereas tropospheric ozone is harmful? Page number: _________________ 31. Of the following greenhouse gases, ______ concentrations have increased the most since 1750, the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. a. Water vapor b. Carbon dioxide c. Nitrous oxide d. Ozone e. Methane Page number: _________________ Explain your answer in 2 sentences: Date _____________________________ 32. How does a primary pollutant differ from a secondary pollutant? Page number: _________________ 33. What has happened with the emissions of major pollutants in the United States in recent decades? What has happened with concentrations of “critical pollutants” in U.S. ambient air in recent decades? Name one health risk from toxic air pollutants. Page number: _________________ 34. The largest source of anthropogenic greenhouse gases in the United States is _______________, followed by ________________. a. Agriculture; transportation b. Electricity generation; transportation c. Electricity generation; agriculture d. Electricity generation; industry e. Agriculture; electricity generation Page number: _________________ Explain your answer in 2 sentences: 35. The Kyoto Protocol a. Increased federal funding for controlling greenhouse gas emissions from U.S. power plants b. Required equal concessions from all countries involved in greenhouse gas emission c. Required more concessions from developing countries because of their high dependence on fossil fuels. d. Was intended to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to levels lower than those of 1990. e. Has not been effective at any level because of the U.S. failure to ratify. Page number: _________________ Explain your answer in 2 sentences: Name _______________________________________ Period ____________ Unit #7 (Ch. 2, 23, 17, 18): Part 3 36. Which of the following is not yet regulated by the U.S. EPA? a. Carbon monoxide b. Ozone c. Carbon dioxide d. Particulates e. Lead Page number: _________________ Explain your answer in 2 sentences: 37. The greenhouse effect involves warming of Earth’s surface and the a. Ionosphere b. Thermosphere c. Mesosphere d. Troposphere e. Stratosphere Page number: _________________ Explain your answer in 2 sentences: 38. Explain how chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) deplete stratospheric ozone. Why is this depletion considered a long-term international problem? What was done to address this problem? Page number: _________________ 39. Name three common sources of indoor pollution and their associated health risks. For each pollution source, describe one way to reduce exposure to the source. Page number: _________________ Date _____________________________ 40. Why are effects of acid deposition often felt in areas far from where the primary pollutants are produced? List three impacts of acid deposition. Page number: _________________ 41. The Montreal Protocol a. Is another example of the many failed attempts to reduce international air pollution b. Is the successful international effort to reduce effects of global acid deposition c. Developed much-needed international treaty for eliminating radon emissions from nuclear power plants d. Resulted in significant reduction of CFCs by those countries signing the treaty e. Resulted in significant reduction of carbon dioxide emissions by European countries, Japan, and Australia Page number: _________________ Explain your answer in 2 sentences: 42. How does photochemical smog differ from industrial smog? How do the weather and topography influence smog formation? Page number: _________________ 43. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has synthesized several decades of data and documented observed trends in all of the areas below, except a. Earth’s surface temp. and its increase b. Planetary vegetation cover and the ocean’s contribution to photosynthesis c. Precipitation patterns and their regional differences d. Snow and ice cover e. Storm intensity patterns Page number: _________________ Explain your answer in 2 sentences: