Download SCRIBE NOTES FOR CS 490MB

SCRIBE NOTES FOR CS 490MB
Dated : 23rd October 2006
Noble Prize 1972
This year Nobel Prize for Chemistry was awarded for work on ribonuclease.
Ribonuclease is an enzyme that can break down of RNA. This protein has several
disulphide bonds. Reduction of the disulphide bonds followed by slow oxidation
(reformation of disulphide bonds) helped to further general understanding of how
proteins fold.
Nobel prize in the field of Medicine was awarded for their discoveries concerning the
chemical structure of antibodies.
Question: How did they find the shape of the Antibody?
SENSING
SIDE IS
DIFFERENT,
responsible for
specific
recognition of
different
antigens
THIS
ACTS AS
PLUGIN
TO a
common
set of
molecules
responsible
for the
immune
response
Rodney R. Porter :
VARIABLE
CONSTANT
Separation of variable from constant portion by the use of the enzyme papain and then
working on them to crystallize the constant part made it possible to reveal the structure of
antibodies.
Noble Prize 1923 - > for the discovery of insulin
After 80 years, diabetes continues to be a major health problem; today, recombinant
insulin is used to treat diabetics.
INTESTINE
PANCREAS
INSULIN-> Decreases blood SugarLevel, increases influx into cells.
GLUCAGON->
Increases blood Sugar i.e., efflux from liver cells.
glycogenolysis
Glycogenolysis-Glucose (CATABOLIC) (promoted by glucagons and adrenaline)
Glycogenesis is the opposite of the above and promoted by insulin.(ANABOLIC)
E1 E2 E3 E4
A<->B<->C<->D->E
Here E4 is Unidirectional. Therefore often the Slow rate-limiting step, and represents the
point of control. For instance, a controlling molecule (another protein or hormone) could
change the activity of E4 by either binding to it or by adding or removing functional
groups (e.g. Phosphate) covalently.
Protein receptor molecules are like transport shuttles for the hydrophilic hormones or
other signal molecules as they attach to them, often carry them into the cell and leave
them there before returning to the surface for the next payload. Over time, the shuttle
molecules are also destroyed and regenerated. This recycling of receptors may be distinct
from signal transmission (e.g. G-protein based signal transmission)
In Contrast, lipid molecules like Sex hormones and other steroids do not need to bind to a
protein to cross the cell membrane; their receptors typically wait inside the cell (“The
favored portly courtiers have a free pass into the palace”).
GLUCONEOGENESIS-- Glucose from non-carbohydrate sources.
Explanation to Page 96 in the text book:
Protons pumped out of
inner mitochondrial
membrane
As e- bounds (The instructor likes the choice of ‘bounds’ here, conveys a sense of joy on
the part of the electrons as they go about their work!) from one molecule to another of the
electron transport chain along the inner membrane of mitochondria, protons are ejected
from the inner most space of mitochondria. Since the concentration of H+ now becomes
higher outside the mitochondrion, the gradient favors re-entry of H+. However, they can
re-enter only via a specific protein called ATP Synthase (ATP Synthesis). The latter is
normally present as a complex of 3 instances. Each of these instances can adopt one of
three different states that differ in their affinity for ATP.
Due to the electrochemical difference ie., potential difference, when the proton falls from
top to bottom, as seen in page 96, each instance of ATP synthase switches to a different
state in a fixed sequence. With each state transition, a new molecule of ATP is reformed
from ADP and Pi.
Thus, the energy released from oxidation of glucose is eventually converted into a local
different in proton concentration that is then captured as chemical energy within ATP
(This statement represents, but does not do justice to, several Nobel Prizes in one
sentence)
Scribe by LEELA VENKATA KRISHNA VATTIKUTI