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FIRST SEMESTER STUDY GUIDE
All the information below can be found in your notes or textbook. Remember this is only a guide. There will be questions
on the exam that are not mentioned on this handout. Not all of the ideas mentioned on this guide will be on the test.
The Study of Life
1. Common definitions:
a. Species
d. Homeostasis
g. Hypothesis
b. Biology
e. Observation
h. Independent variable
c. Cell
f. Data
i. Dependent variable
2. What are some of the characteristics that are living organisms possess?
3. Know the steps of the scientific method.
4. Be able to identify the variables if given a description of an experiment.
5. Be able to explain some of the tools used in biology.
Basic Chemistry
1. Common Definitions:
a. Element
e.
b. Covalent bond
f.
c. Ionic bond
g.
d. Molecule
h.
2. Be able to convert between Metric units such as:
Atomic number
Polar
Cohesion
Adhesion
j.
Constants
i.
j.
k.
l.
Solution
Solute
Solvent
pH
a. 78.5 m = ____________ km
b. 6209 mg = ___________ g
c. 35.75 cl = ____________ ml
d. 6.7 km = ____________ m
3. Be able to determine the number of electrons that an atom has from its place in the Periodic Table.
4. Be able to describe some of the characteristics of water.
5. Know how to read the pH scale and the importance of the numbers on the scale.
Organic Chemistry
1. Common definitions:
a. Monomer
c. Reactants
e. Exothermic
b. Polymer
d. Products
f. Endothermic
2. Know the four types of organic molecules.
3. Know the components and properties of the four organic compounds.
4. What are the functions of enzymes?
g. Activation energy
h. Enzyme
Cells and Cell Transport
1. Common Definitions:
a. Prokaryote
d. Organ
g. Cell Theory
b. Eukaryote
e. Tissue
h. Phagocytosis
c. Selectively permeable
f. Organelle
i. Exocytosis
2. Know the function, location, and appearance of the following organelles:
a. Nucleus
f. Lysosome
k. Cytoskeleton
b. Nucleolus
g. Vacuole
l. Cell membrane
c. Golgi Body
h. Chloroplast
m. Cell wall
d. Mitochondria
i. Ribosome
e. Flagella/Cilia
j. ER
3. How are molecules able to enter/exit cells through the processes of:
a. Diffusion
c. Active transport
b. Osmosis
d. Passive transport
4. Be able to identify basic parts of the light microscope (see page R8 in the back of your textbook).
Cells and Energy
1. Common Definitions:
a. Photosynthesis
c. Thylakoids
e. Aerobic
g. Glycolysis
b. Chlorophyll
d. Cellular respiration
f. Anaerobic
h. Fermentation
2. How is the ATP-ADP Cycle able to repeat over and over again?
3. Respiration
a. Know the characteristics of aerobic respiration
b. Know the characteristics of Alcoholic Fermentation, Lactic acid fermentation
4. Photosynthesis
a. What are the characteristics of the light dependent reaction?
b. Light independent reaction?
Chromosomes, Mitosis, and Meiosis
1. Common Definitions:
a. Haploid
e. Zygote
i. Chromatin
m. Tetrad
b. Diploid
f. Fertilization
j. Centromere
n. Homologous
c. Gamete
g. Chromosome
k. Cytokinesis
o. Gametogenesis
d. Somatic
h. Chromatid
l. Karyotype
p. Crossing over
2. Know what happens during the 5 steps of the cell cycle. Be able to identify pictures and/or descriptions.
a. Interphase
c. Metaphase
e. Telophase
b. Prophase
d. Anaphase
3. Know what happens during the stages of meiosis. How does mitosis/meiosis differ?
4. Why is meiosis important to your survival?
5. Be able to read and interpret a karyotype.
DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis
1. Common Definitions:
a. Nucleotide
f. Codon
k. Point mutation
b. Double helix
g. Anticodon
l. Frame shift mutation
c. Replication
h. Introns
m. Mutagens
d. Transcription
i. Exons
e. Translation
j. Polypeptide
2. Know the characteristics of DNA and RNA.
3. What role do the following molecules play in replication, transcription, and translation?
a. DNA
c. DNA Polymerase
e. tRNA
b. mRNA
d. RNA Polymerase
f. Ribosome
4. Be able to describe the process of transcription and translation starting with DNA and ending with a completed
polypeptide. Be able to read the amino acid/codon chart that was used during this chapter.
Finished Example Below:
DNA
mRNA
tRNA
Amino Acid
CCG
GGC
CCG
Glycine
Incomplete Example Below:
DNA
mRNA
tRNA
Amino Acid
UAU
Genetics and Punnett Squares
1. Common Definitions:
a. Allele
d. Homozygous
g. Codominant
b. Genotype
e. Heterozygous
h. Incomplete dominance
c. Phenotype
f. Heredity
i. Sex-linked
2. Be able to complete the following Punnett Squares and answer probability questions: (Practice!)
a. Dominance Punnett squares
b. Codominant and Incomplete dominance Punnett squares
c. Sex-linked Punnett squares
3. Know how to read a Pedigree and be able to interpret missing genotypes and phenotypes.