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KIHARU/KAHURO DISTRICT JOINT EXAMINATION – 2013
312/1 – GEOGRAPHY MARKING SCHEME PAPER 1
1.
(a)
Three proofs that the earth is spherical.
(3 marks)
 Satellite photographs of the earth taken from space show it to be spherical.
 During Lunar eclipse the shadow of the earth which is cast on the moon appears
spherical.
 Other planets are spherical, so it should also be.
 When a person circum-navigates the earth in a straight line, he/she will come back
to the same position.
 From a high altitude its surface has a curvature.
 When a ship at sea is approaching the shore, smoke is seen first followed by the
mast and eventually by the whole ship. This shows that the ship is sailing over
a curved surface.
(b)
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
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2.
3.
4.
5.
Three effects of the earth’s rotation.
Deflection of water currents and winds.
Causes day and night.
Causes 1hr difference in time between meridian 15° apart.
Causes the rising and falling of ocean tides.
Causes variation in the speed of air masses.
(3 marks)
(a)
What is an air mass.
(2 marks)
 Massive air moving in a certain direction covering a massive area has same
characteristics of both pressure and temperature.
(b)
Three benefits of humidity in the atmosphere.
 It regulates temperature in both lower and upper atmosphere.
 It is responsible for cloud formation/precipitation.
 It helps in development of storms/energy in the atmosphere.
(a)
What causes sea breeze.
(2 marks)
 Differences in atmospheric pressure between the land and the sea,
the land has a lower pressure.
 Differences in temperature between the land and the sea, land is warmer.
(b)
State two effects of sea breeze.
 It lowers the high temperature on land (cooling effect).
 It might lead to convectional rainfall.
(2 marks)
(a)
What is faulting.
This is the fracturing and cracking of the earth’s crust along lines weaknesses
on the crust.
(2 marks)
(b)
Mention three ways through which a rift valley may be formed.
 Through tensional movement.
 Through compressional movement.
 Through crustal arching.
(3 marks)
(a)
State two reasons why a river may deposit its load.
 When its velocity drops.
 When the load is in excess.
 When its volume reduces.
(2 marks)
(3 marks)
(b)
Give three ways through which a river carries its load.
 In solution
 Saltation
 Traction
 Suspension
(3 marks)
SECTION B:
6.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(i)
Convert the R.F scale given in the map to a statement scale.
Scale given – 1:50,000
50,000
= 0.5km
100,00
1cm represent 0.5 or ½km.
(ii)
Name the three districts neighbouring Kitale to the East of the map.
 Sigor.
 Cherangany.
 Moiben
(3 marks)
(i)
Distance
9.8km  0.1
(2 marks)
(ii)
Area of Kiptaberr forest within the confines of the District boundary.
9.7km, 9.8km or 9.9km
Full squares 26 = 26km²
46
Half square
= 23km²
2
Total area 49 km²  0.5 (48.5, 49, 49.5)
(2 marks)
(iii)
Name two manmade features in the grid square 3517.
 Huts
 Bridges
 Dry weather road.
 Plantation
 School
(2 marks)
(i)
What is the longitudinal extent of the area covered by the map.
35°00’E to 35°15’E
(ii)
Three factors that determine human settlement in the area.
(3 marks)
 In the estates the settlements are nucleated in labour lines to enable the land
be used as an estate.
 There are no/less human settlement along the steep highland ranges bordering
the forests to the east of the area.
 The forests have no settlements since they are gazetted government land.
 There is linear settlement along the major transport routes especially the roads.
 There are no settlements close to the swampy area to the West of the map.
(i)
Four characteristic this type of agriculture practice.
 One crop is grown (monoculture).
 Mechanization in food production is practiced.
 The crop grown is mainly for sale.
 There is high demand for labour force.
 The quality of the crop is mostly high.
Geography Paper 1
2
(2 marks)
(3 marks)
(4 marks)
7.
(a)
(ii)
Describe the drainage of the area shown in the map.
(5 marks)
 The area has many  permanent  rivers 
 The major rivers are Koitobus, Noigamaget, Kapoletan, Saiwa 
 There are several swamps  in the area e.g. Sitatunga swamp
 Some rivers have dams  to store water especially within the estates.
 Kiptaberr and Kapolet forests have the highest density of rivers and they
drain Westwards 
 Some rivers form the dendritic  drainage pattern.
(i)
What is ground water.
(1 mark)
Ground water is all water which exists below the surface of the earth,
(ii)
Give three sources of ground water.
 Rain water.
 Melt water.
 Lake and sea water (seepage)
 Magmatic water/Plutonic water.
(3 marks)
(b)
What are the ideal conditions for the formation of artesian basin?
(4 marks)
 The acquifer must be sandwitched between impermeable rocks so that it can retain
water.
 The acquifer must outcrop in a region which is a source of water.
 The acquier must dip from a region of water intake and the rock layers must
form a broad syncline or basin.
 The mouth of the well must be lower than the intake area.
(c)
Explain how the following factors influence the existence of ground water.
(i)
Precipitation.
(2 marks)
 Rainfall is a major source of ground water.
 Light rain falling over a longer period infiltrate more than heavy down pour
which is short.
 Heavy down pour saturate the surface thus blocking the passage that the water
would use to infiltrate.
 Too little rain does not get into the rocks.
(1 x 2) = 2mks
(d)
(ii)
Influence of the nature of rocks.
(2 marks)
 Rocks must have air space (pores, cracks or joints) for surface water to
infiltrate.
 The acquifer should be porous and underlain by an impermeable rock
so that the ground water can accumulate in it.
(1 x 2) = 2mks
(iii)
Influence of vegetation cover.
(2 marks)
 Presence of vegetation cover increase infiltration.
 Vegetation break the speed of the rain drops falling.
This enable water reach the ground gently.
 Vegetation reduces the speed of the run-off.
 Increase the retention of ground water by providing shade.
Therefore less evaporation.
Sate two other factors which influence the existences of ground water.
 The slope of the land.
 The level of saturation of the ground.
 Evapo transpiration
Geography Paper 1
3
(2 marks)
(e)
8.
(a)
(c)
You are supposed to carry out a field-study of the area with ground water.
(i)
Give reasons why you need a work schedule.
 Gives ample time to each activity.
 Reduce tendency of time wasting.
 Provide an estimate of time required.
 Evaluate the progress of fieldwork.
 Enable the research to remain within the scope of the topic.
(3 marks)
(ii)
Write three objectives for your study.
NB: Objectives must be simple and clear mark any relevant.
 To find out the springs density in the area.
 To find out how springs are formed.
 To find out the uses of springs/in the area,
 To investigate the challenges facing springs in the area.
(iii)
State three possible problems you are likely to encounter during the study. (3 marks)
 Lack of suitable area of study.
 Limited source of secondary data.
 Limited time.
 Unfavourable weather condition.
 Attack by wild animals
(i)
State three ways in which a glacier is formed.
(3 marks)
 Crystals of frozen water accumulates in a valley.
 As more ice accumulates, the underlying layers turn to solid ice due
to increased weight of the upper layers.
 The ice has pockets of air, water and rock debris.
(ii)
Explain the two major processes of glacial erosion.
(4 marks)
(i)
Abrasion – this involves scratching, rubbing and smoothening by the
pieces of rock embedded in ice as it moves down a valley.
(ii)
Plucking – when ice freezes on a rock as it moves down the valley,
it pulls off the rock or part of it in its movement.
(b)
(i)
State three causes of glacial deposition.
(3 marks)
 Excess amount of moraine.
 Melting caused by excessive weight of ice.
 Change in climate resulting in warming of the atmosphere.
 Friction between the moving ice and the ground over which
it is moving.
 Gentle slopes or flat land.
(ii)
List three erosion features of glacier in the highland areas. (3 marks)
 Truncated spurs.
 Cirque, corrie.
 Aretes.
 Pyramidal peaks.
 U-shaped valley.
 Hanging valley.
(i)
Geography Paper 1
(3 marks)
Describe how drumlins formed.
(4 marks)
 As the mass of ice moves in lowlands, it thins out as a result of melting.
 It stops moving in the very flat areas and melts.
 It deposits boulder clay beneath the ice.
 Ice abrasion and plucking reshapes the blouder clay into rounded hills.
 Abrasion smoothens the upstream side of the hill.
 This leads to the formation of small rounded or elongated hills known as
drumlins.
4
9.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(ii)
Explain four benefits of glaciation and glaciated landscape.
(8 marks)
 Glaciers are sources of some of the world permanent rivers.
 Tourist attraction – This is common in European where tourists for
winter sports and view of magnificent sceneries of glaciated landscape like
hanging valley, cirques, pyramidal peaks etc.
 Generation of power – some of the hanging valleys provided ideal ground for
the generation of hydro-electric power for domestic and commercial purposes.
 Transport: Frozen rivers are used in transportation of timber to factories down
stream in British Columbia.
 The moraine deposited in the lowlands sometimes is ideal in promotion
of agriculture for they have deep soils.
 Glaciers act as the biggest stones of water in the world which forms part
of the crucial hydrological cycle.
 Glaciated landscape is the home to some of the unique animal life such
as the endangered polar bear.
(i)
What is climate?
It is the average weather conditions of a place for a long period of time
30 to 35yrs.
(ii)
Two instruments found in a Stevenson screen.
 Six’s thermometer.
 Minimum/maximum thermometer.
 Hygrometer.
(i)
Climatic regions
1- Modified Equatorial climate of the Coast.
2 – Modified Tropical climate of the Highlands
5 – Tropical climate –Narok/Kwale
7 – Desert climate.
(4 marks)
(ii)
Four climatic characteristics of the region marked 3.
 No real dry month but rainfall is low than Equatorial.
 Rainfall is heavy 1600 – 1800mm/yeaqr.
 Temperature ranges between 20°C to 26°C
 Has double maxima rainfall, mostly afternoon.
 Relative humidity is high.
(4 marks)
(2 marks)
(2 marks)
(1 x 4) = 4 marks
(i)
Describe the characteristics of desert type of climate.
 Has low rainfall – less than 250mm p.a.
 High temperatures throughout the year.
 Night temperatures are extremely low.
 Low humidity.
 High temperature range.
 Sandstorms are common.
 Occasional floods covered by sporadic rain.
(4 marks)
(ii)
Explain three consequences of climate change.
 Increase in rainfall.
 Effects on agriculture.
 Disruption of natural ecosystem.
 City environment become hotter.
 Affect water use and long term planning.
 Abnormal fast growth of plants.
 Flooding from rising sea level due to melting of ice.
 Shift of climatic and vegetation zones.
 Increases in ultra-violet radiation.
5
(6 marks)
Geography Paper 1
10.
(a)
(iii)
Three countries that experience tropical monsoon type of climate outside Africa.
(3 marks)
 Mexico.
 India.
 Bangladesh.
 Burma.
 Vietnam.
 Indonesia.
 North of Australia.
 South New Guinea.
(i)
What is a rock?
(2 marks)
A rock is a hard solid and compact mass made of particles of one or more minerals.
(ii)
Explain the process of formation of mechanically formed sedimentary rocks.(5 marks)
 Weathering or erosion takes place previously existing rock.
 The sediments are then transported by wind, water or moving ice.
 They are then deposited in layers; strata.
(iii)
Give three types of mechanically formed sedimentary rocks.
 Arrenaceous rocks e.g. sandstone.
 Agriceous rocks e.g. shell.
 Rudaceous e.g. brecia
(3 marks)
(b)
Explain three ways in which rocks are significant to economy of Kenya. (6 marks)
 Some rocks formation are tourists attraction e.g. Kti Mikai and hence earn foreign
exchange.
 Provide employment and are source of income to man people in activities
e.g. quarrying and mining.
 Rocks contain minerals which when mined earn income.
 Some rocks are used in building and construction.
 Some stones such as Kisii soapstone, marble are used to make beautiful carving.
These are sold to earn income.
 Fine particles fill in between large particles.
 Overtime particles are compressed and consolidated due to weight of materials
to form a hard compact rock.
(c)
(i)
Three uses of this type of rock.
 Calcium carbonate is a raw material for cement.
 Used by polyps to build exoskeleton which leads for formation
of petroleum underneath.
(3 marks)
(ii)
Three methods of data collection.
 Direct observation.
 Secondary source.
 Administering questionnaire.
 Interviewing.
 Experimentation.
(3 marks)
(iii)
Three problems they are likely to have encountered during the field study. (3 marks)
 Slipping and falling.
 Bad weather e.g. heavy rainfall.
 Attacks by wild animals such as snakes.
 Poor transport due to impassable roads.
 Tiredness/fatigue due to steepness of the area.
 Students are likely to fall sick.
Geography Paper 1
6