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Presentation for use with the textbook Data Structures and
Algorithms in Java, 6th edition, by M. T. Goodrich, R. Tamassia,
and M. H. Goldwasser, Wiley, 2014
Queues
© 2014 Goodrich, Tamassia, Goldwasser
Queues
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The Queue ADT




The Queue ADT stores arbitrary  Auxiliary queue
objects
operations:
Insertions and deletions follow
 object first(): returns the
element at the front without
the first-in first-out scheme
removing it
Insertions are at the rear of the
 integer size(): returns the
queue and removals are at the
number of elements stored
front of the queue
 boolean isEmpty(): indicates
Main queue operations:
whether no elements are
 enqueue(object): inserts an
stored

element at the end of the

queue
object dequeue(): removes and
returns the element at the front
of the queue
© 2014 Goodrich, Tamassia, Goldwasser
Queues
Boundary cases:

Attempting the execution of
dequeue or first on an
empty queue returns null
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Example
Operation
enqueue(5)
enqueue(3)
dequeue()
enqueue(7)
dequeue()
first()
dequeue()
dequeue()
isEmpty()
enqueue(9)
enqueue(7)
size()
enqueue(3)
enqueue(5)
dequeue()
© 2014 Goodrich, Tamassia, Goldwasser
–
–
5
–
3
7
7
null
true
–
–
2
–
–
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Output Q
(5)
(5, 3)
(3)
(3, 7)
(7)
(7)
()
()
()
(9)
(9, 7)
(9, 7)
(9, 7, 3)
(9, 7, 3, 5)
(7, 3, 5)
Queues
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Applications of Queues

Direct applications




Waiting lists, bureaucracy
Access to shared resources (e.g., printer)
Multiprogramming
Indirect applications


Auxiliary data structure for algorithms
Component of other data structures
© 2014 Goodrich, Tamassia, Goldwasser
Queues
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Queue Interface in Java


Java interface
corresponding to
our Queue ADT
Assumes that
first() and
dequeue() return
null if queue is
empty
© 2014 Goodrich, Tamassia, Goldwasser
public interface Queue<E> {
int size();
boolean isEmpty();
E first();
void enqueue(E e);
E dequeue();
}
Queues
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Array-based Queue


Use an array of size N in a circular fashion
Two variables keep track of the front and size
f index of the front element
sz number of stored elements

When the queue has fewer than N elements, array
location r = (f + sz) mod N is the first empty slot
past the rear of the queue
normal configuration
Q
0 1 2
f
r
wrapped-around configuration
Q
0 1 2
r
© 2014 Goodrich, Tamassia, Goldwasser
Queues
f
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Queue Operations

We use the
modulo operator
(remainder of
division)
Algorithm size()
return sz
Algorithm isEmpty()
return (sz == 0)
Q
0 1 2
f
0 1 2
r
r
Q
© 2014 Goodrich, Tamassia, Goldwasser
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Queues
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Queue Operations (cont.)


Operation enqueue
throws an exception if
the array is full
This exception is
implementationdependent
Algorithm enqueue(o)
if size() = N then
throw IllegalStateException
else
r  (f + sz) mod N
Q[r]  o
sz  (sz + 1)
Q
0 1 2
f
0 1 2
r
r
Q
© 2014 Goodrich, Tamassia, Goldwasser
f
Queues
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Queue Operations (cont.)

Note that operation
dequeue returns null
if the queue is empty
Algorithm dequeue()
if isEmpty() then
return null
else
o  Q[f]
f  (f + 1) mod N
sz  (sz - 1)
return o
Q
0 1 2
f
0 1 2
r
r
Q
© 2014 Goodrich, Tamassia, Goldwasser
f
Queues
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Array-based Implementation
© 2014 Goodrich, Tamassia, Goldwasser
Queues
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Array-based Implementation (2)
© 2014 Goodrich, Tamassia, Goldwasser
Queues
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
All operations O(1)
© 2014 Goodrich, Tamassia, Goldwasser
Queues
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Implementing a Queue with a Linked List
public class LinkedQueue<E> implements Queue<E> {
/** The primary storage for elements of the stack */
private SinglyLinkedList<E> list = new
SinglyLinkedList<>(); // an empty list
/** Constructs an initially empty stack. */
public LinkedQueue() { }
.
.
© 2014 Goodrich, Tamassia, Goldwasser
Stacks
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Implementing a Queue with a Linked List
public int size() { return list.size(); }
public boolean isEmpty() { return list.isEmpty(); }
public void enqueue(E element) {
list.addLast(element);
}
public E first() { return list.first(); }
public E dequeue() { return list.removeFirst(); }
public String toString() {
return list.toString();
}
}
All operations O(1)
© 2014 Goodrich, Tamassia, Goldwasser
Stacks
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Comparison to java.util.Queue
interface

Our Queue methods and corresponding
methods of java.util.Queue:
© 2014 Goodrich, Tamassia, Goldwasser
Queues
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Application: Round Robin Schedulers
We can implement a round robin scheduler using a
queue Q by repeatedly performing the following
steps:

1.
2.
3.
e = Q.dequeue()
Service element e
Q.enqueue(e)
Queue
Dequeue
Enqueue
Shared
Service
© 2014 Goodrich, Tamassia, Goldwasser
Queues
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Can we do this more efficiently?
© 2014 Goodrich, Tamassia, Goldwasser
Queues
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Can we do this more efficiently?

Add a rotate method that just detachs
the first node and attaches it to the rear

Without creating a new node
© 2014 Goodrich, Tamassia, Goldwasser
Queues
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