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FIZIKALNO-HEMIJSKA SVOJSTVA I PRIMJENA PČELINJEG VOSKA 1 Amra Bratovčić1, Midhat Jašić1, Amra Odobašić1, Indira Šestan1 Univerzitet u Tuzli, Tehnološki fakultet, Univerzitetska 8, 75000 Tuzla [email protected] Sažetak Uvod: Pčelinji vosak (Cera alba) je proizvod pčela radilica iz roda Apis kojeg one sintetiziraju u žlijezdama smještenenim od 4 do 7 trbušnog segmenta. Pčele ga koriste za formiranje satnih ćelija. U pčelarstvu se reciklira, pa je danas vrlo čest problem patvorenja dodavanjem parafina, loji, biljnog voska i sl. Cilj i metod rada: U radu su prikazane najznačajnije fizikalno-hemijske karakteristike pčelinjeg voska. Opsežnim pregledom najnovije literature iz ove oblasti na jedan sistematiziran način će se ukazati na važnost studije fizikalno-hemijskih karakteristika pčelinjeg voska kao i raznovrsnost njegove primjene. Rezultati: Pčelinji vosak se sastoji uglavnom od estera masnih kiselina i različitih dugolančanih alkohola. Približan hemijski sastav čine: 35% monoestera , 14 % diestera, 3 % triestera, 4% hidroksimonoestera, 8% hidroksipoliestera, 1% kiselih estera, 2% kiselih poliestera. Ukupno je oko 67% poliestera, zatim 14% ugljikovodika, 12% slobodnih kiselina, 1% alkohola i 6%ostalih sastojaka. Tačka topljenja se nalazi u temperaturnom rasponu od 61 do 65 °C, dok specifična težina od 0,950 do 0,965, a indeks refrakcije na 75 °C se kreće od 1,440 do 1,445. Pčelinji vosak karakteriziraju: kiselinski broj u rasponu od 18 do 23, estarski od 70 do 80 te saponifikacijski od 89 do 100. Peroksidni broj iznosi najmanje 8. Boja voska je bijela, a u prksi se kreće od žute do smeđe. Presjek može biti fino granuliran i nekristaliziran, a nakon rezanja nije ljepljiv. Miris je poput meda. Prirodni vosak pri zagrijevanju u vodi ispliva na površinu, dok se primjese talože na dno suda. Pri gnječenju pod prstima postaje elastičan ali ne i klizav, ne razmazuje se i pri razvlačenju se ne kida. Pri žvakanju se ne lijepi za zube, a pri struganju stvara spiralne listiće (šuške, trake). U praksi se najčešće koristi za izradu voštanih satnih osnova, zatim u proizvodnji svijeća, u industriji kablova, tkanina, kože, hartije, aviona, automobila, u hemijskoj, staklarskoj i optičkoj indsutriji, u vajarstvu i slikarstvu itd. Korisiti se za spravljanje ljekovitih masti, flastera, kremova, voštano-mliječnih bonbona, izradu kozmetičkih preparata. U medicini se koristi kod opekotina, sportskih povreda i u plastičnoj hirurgiji. Općenito vosak se koristi za sljedeće svrhe: kozmetika 25-30, ljekovi 25-30%, svijeće 20% i druge namjene 10-20%. Vosak nije probavljiv pa se malo koristi u prehrani. Ima zanemarljivu toksičnost, a kao aditiv odobren je za upotrebu u hrani u Evropskoj uniji pod E broj E901. Monoesteri u pčelinjeg voska se slabo hidroliziraju u crijevima ljudi, tako da imaju neznatnu nutritivnu vrijednost. Zaključak: Vosak je po svom hemijskom sastavu lipid karakterističnih fizikalno-hemijskih svojstava. Poznavanje hemije pčelinjeg voska je osnova da se unaprijedi kvalitet njegove primjene kao i sprečavanje patvorenja. Ključne riječi: pčelinji vosak, fizikalno-hemijske karakteristike. PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND APPLICATION OF BEESWAX Amra Bratovčić1, Midhat Jašić1, Amra Odobašić1, Indira Šestan1 1 University of Tuzla, Faculty of Technology, Univerzitetska 8, 75000 Tuzla [email protected] Abstract Introduction: Beeswax (Cera alba) is a natural wax produced by worker bees of the genus Apis which they sinthetised in glands posted in the abdominal segments from 4 through 7. Bees use it to form comb cells. In beekeeping it is recycled, and is now a very common problem of adulteration by adding paraffin, tallow, vegetable wax, etc. Objective and Methods: In this paper the most important physical-chemical characteristics of beeswax are presented. An extensive review of the latest literature in this field in a systematic manner will demonstrate the importance of the study of physical-chemical properties of beeswax and variety of its application. Results: Beeswax consists mainly of fatty acid esters and various long-chain alcohols. The approximate chemical composition is: 35% monoester, 14% diester, 3% triester, 4% hydroxymonoester, 8% hydroksypolyesters, 1% acid ester, 2% of the acidic polyester. Overall is about 67% polyester, then 14% hydrocarbons, 12% of the free acids, 1% alcohols and 6% of other ingredients. Melting point is in the temperature range of 61 to 65 ° C, while the specific weight from 0.950 to 0.965, and a refractive index at 75 ° C ranging from 1.440 to 1.445. Beeswax is characterized by acid number in the range 18 to 23, ester number from 70 to 80 and a saponification number from 89 to 100. Peroxide number is at least eighth. Wax color is white, and in practice ranging from yellow to brown. Section can be finely granulated and non crystallined, and after cutting is not sticky. The smell is like honey. Natural wax during warming in the water comes to the surface, while the impurities settle to the bottom of the court. When kneading under the fingers becomes elastic but not slick, without smudging and in rolling out the does not break. When chewing does not stick to your teeth, and during griding creates spiral leaves (chippings, tape). In practice, it is most commonly used for making honey comb, then in the candle production, in the cable industry, textiles, leather, paper, plane, car, in chemical, glass and optical industry, in sculpture and painting, and so on. It is used for the preparation of healing fat, sticking plaster, creams, wax-milk candy and cosmetic products. In medicine is used for burns, sports injuries and in plastic surgery. General wax is used for the following purposes: 25-30 % cosmetics, 25-30% drugs, 20% of candles and 10-20% other uses. The wax is not digestible, and so is little used in the diet. It has negligible toxicity, and as an additive is approved for use in food in the European Union under the E number E901. Monoesters in beeswax are poorly hydrolyzed in the intestines of people, so they have little nutritional value. Conclusion: Wax is by its chemical composition lipid with specific physical and chemical properties. Knowledge of chemistry beeswax is the base to improve the quality of its implementation and to prevent adulteration. Keywords: beeswax, physical-chemical characteristics.