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Exam 3 – Muscle
Part I – Membrane Potential
Learning Objectives: the students should be able to:
1. Describe the difference in concentration gradients across a cell membrane.
2. Diagram the tree reasons why a membrane potential exists across a cell
membrane.
3. Distinguish between leakage and the four types of gated channels.
4. List the two events of an action potential.
5. Label a graph including sodium channels opening and closing, potassium
channels opening and closing, action potential, threshold, relative refractory
period, and absolute refractory period.
6. Describe how ionic flow stimulates the next adjacent area of a membrane to fire
an action potential.
7. Describe threshold and the all-or-none law.
8. Predict how neurons can carry different kinds of information.
9. Distinguish between relative and absolute refractory periods.
Important Terms
Resting potential
Voltage gated channels
Action potential
Chemically gated channels
Light gated channels
Repolarization
Depolarization
Ionic flow
Relative refractory
period
Threshold
Leakage channels
Mechanically gated
channels
Polarization
Absolute refractory
period
All-or-none law
Exam 3 - Quiz 1
1. Given the shown diagram, if Na+ and K+ could freely diffuse across the
membrane, which way would each ion move:
a. Potassium in; sodium does not change
b. Potassium in; sodium out
c. Sodium in; potassium out
d. Sodium out; potassium does not move
2. If the Na/K pump as not working, how would the resting potential change:
a. It would not change
b. It would become zero
c. It would become more negative
d. It would become more positive
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3. If the potassium gates were open but the sodium gates were closed, the resting
potential would:
a. Stay the same
b. Become zero
c. Become more negative
d. Become less negative
4. If the sodium gates were open, but the potassium gates were closed, the resting
potential would:
a. Stay the same
b. Become zero
c. Become more negative
d. Become less negative
5. In Event 1 of an action potential, the resting potential:
a. Stays the same
b. Becomes zero
c. Becomes more negative
d. Becomes less negative
6. In Event 2 of an action potential, the resting potential:
a. Stays the same
b. Becomes zero
c. Becomes more negative
d. Becomes less negative
7. Consider the action potential moving from left to right. The area to the right of
the action potential _______________________ while the area to the left of the
action potential ________________________.
a. Has sodium gates open; has potassium gates open
b. Has potassium gates open; has sodium gates open
c. Is in absolute refractory period; has ionic flow
d. Has ionic flow; is in absolute refractory period
8. Consider the graph of an action potential. The labeled area represents:
a. The potassium ions leaking in causing depolarization
b. The sodium ions leaking in causing depolarization
c. The potassium ions leaking in causing repolarization
d. The sodium ions leaking in causing repolarization
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Exam 3 – Muscle – Part II- Structure of Skeletal Muscle
Learning Objectives: the students should be able to:
1. classify muscle according to location
2. classify muscle according to activity
3. describe the structure and function of the three connective tissue coverings around
muscle fibers.
4. distinguish between origin and insertion of a muscle.
5. describe the histology of a muscle cell.
6. identify the components of and explain what happens to each of the following
during a skeletal muscle contraction:
a. A band
b. I band
c. H zone
d. M line
e. Sarcomere
f. Bare zone
g. Titin
7. explain how a skeletal muscle shortens during contraction.
8. describe G actin, F actin, tropomyocin, and troponin and their roles in a muscle
contraction.
9. describe myosin and explain how this myofilament causes skeletal muscle to
shorten during a contraction.
10. diagram the transfer of an action potential traveling down a neuron to an action
potential traveling down a muscle.
11. explain the significance of the following in the sliding filament theory of skeletal
muscle contraction:
a. t tubules
b. AChE
c. Sarcoplasmic reticulum
d. ATP (2 roles)
e. Tropomyosin
f. Troponin
g. Myosin heads (charged and uncharged)
12. define a power stroke
13. explain how a muscle stops contracting and returns to its normal elongated
position
14. compare and contrast motor neuron action potentials and skeletal muscle action
potentials.
15. describe the following:
a. rigor mortis
b. curare
c. myasthenia gravis
Important terms
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Epimysium
Aponeuroses
Insertion
M line
Sarcomere
Terminal cistern
Sarcolemma
F actin
Troponin
Bare zone
ATP
Perimysium
Tendon
A band
H zone
Sacroplasmic reticulum
Myofiber
Triad
Tropomyosin
Myosin
Motor end plate
Calcium
Exam 3 - Quiz 2
1. In the diagram, the label in on the:
a. Mitochondria
b. Sarcolemma
c. Sacroplasmic reticulum
d. T tubule
2. In the diagram, the label in on the:
a. Mitochondria
b. Sarcolemma
c. Sacroplasmic reticulum
d. T tubule
3. The A band contains:
a. Actin only
b. Myosin only
c. Actin and myosin
d. Neither actin nor myosin
4. The I band contains:
a. Actin only
b. Myosin only
c. Actin and myosin
d. Neither actin nor myosin
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Endomysium
Origin
I band
Z line
T tubule
Myofibril
G actin
Active site
Titin
AChE
Myosin ATPase
Exam 3 – Quiz 3
1. Which one of the below stays the same length during a muscle contraction
a. Sacromere
b. A band
c. I band
d. H zone
2. In a muscle contraction, calcium combines with ________________ allowing for
the _____________ to attach to actin.
a. Troponin; myosin head
b. Troponin; tropomyosin
c. Tropomyosin; myosin head
d. Myosin head; tropomyosin
3. Once the power stroke is completed, ATP attaches to the ___________________
causing it to release:
a. Tropomyosin
b. Active site
c. Myosin head
d. Sarcomere
4. ATP hydrolyzes and causes the myosin head to:
a. Bind with another active site on actin
b. Release from the active site
c. Swivel
d. Recock and recharge
5. ACh is destroyed in the synaptic cleft by:
a. AChE
b. Myosin ATPase
c. Tropomyosin
d. The myosin head
6. During relaxation, calcium is reabsorbed back into the ___________ by
____________________.
a. Extracellular fluid; diffusion
b. Extracellular fluid; active transport
c. Sacroplasmic reticulum; diffusion
d. Sacroplasmic reticulum; active transport
7. This chemical binds to the ACh receptors on the motor end plates of skeletal
muscle causing flaccid paralysis.
a. AChE
b. Curare
c. ACh
d. Nicotine
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Exam 3 – Part III – Energy and Muscle Contraction
Learning Objectives: the students should be able to:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
describe the steps in energy utilization in anaerobic respiration.
describe the steps in energy utilization in aerobic respiration.
list the events that occur during the recovery period to reverse oxygen debt.
predict why one’s breathing rate increases during exercise.
describe the functions of muscle supplements including creatine, androstenedione,
and anabolic steroids.
6. explain what causes fatigue in anaerobic and aerobic respiration.
7. describe the role of muscle contraction in maintaining body temperature.
8. distinguish between isometric and isotonic contractions
9. distinguish between fast, type IIX fibers and slow, type I fibers including:
a. myosin ATPase
b. myoglobin
c. pathway of ATP production
d. glycogen reserves
e. mitochondria
f. size
g. locations
10. Label the three parts of a twitch contraction
11. Identify the following muscle contractions:
a. Treppe
b. Wave summation
c. Tetanization- complete and incomplete
d. Tonus
12. Describe a motor unit and predict which types of muscle would have small and
large motor units.
13. distinguish between motor unit summation and synchronous motor unit
summation
14. distinguish between an agonist, antagonist, and synergist muscle.
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Important terms
Creatine phosphate
Lactic acid
Androstenedione
Red fibers
Isotonic contraction
Fast, type IIX fibers
Creatine
Glycolysis
Anabolic steroids
White fibers
Concentric contraction
Slow, type I fibers
Twitch
Relaxation period
Incomplete tetany
Motor unit
Latent period
Treppe
Complete tetany
Motor unit summation
Agonist
fixator
Antagonist
Creatine kinase
Aerobic respiration
Myoglobin
Isometric contraction
Eccentric contraction
Intermediate, Type IIA
fibers
Contraction period
Wave summation
Tonus contraction
Asynchronous motor unit
summation
Synergist
Exam 3 – Quiz 4
1. In anaerobic respiration, you would expect a buildup of:
a. Creatine phosphate
b. ATP
c. Lactic acid
d. Carbon dioxide and water
2. In anaerobic respiration, your muscles produces _______ ATPs per glucose
molecule compared to ______ ATPs per glucose molecule in aerobic respiration.
a. 2; 20
b. 2; 38
c. 20; 38
d. 38 ;2
3. Most of your lactic acid is converted to pyruvic acid in the:
a. Small intestine
b. Liver
c. Kidney
d. Heart
4. A prohormone that is converted to testosterone in the liver and testes and has
recently been banned in professional baseball is:
a. Anabolic steroids
b. Creatine phosphate
c. Creatine
d. Androstenedione
5. You are pushing against a wall with all of your force. You are doing
________________ contractions
a. No
b. Isometric
c. Concentric
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d. eccentric
6. You are lifting a free weight doing curls. You slowly lower the weight after the
curl. When you are lowering the weight, you are doing _________________
contractions.
a. No
b. Isometric
c. Concentric
d. Eccentric
Exam 3 – Quiz 5
1. Muscle fibers that have fast acting myosin ATPase and small amounts of
myoglobin have the enzymes for the ______________ pathway of ATP
production.
a. Fatty acid
b. Creatine phosphate
c. Aerobic
d. Anaerobic
2. You are training by running 50 miles a week at a slow pace. You are building
_____________ fibers.
a. Type I
b. Type IIX
c. Type IIA
d. Type III
3. You are training by running wind sprints as fast as you can. You are building
_____________ fibers.
a. Type I
b. Type IIX
c. Type IIA
d. Type III
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Exam 3 – Quiz 6
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Identify the period of the twitch contraction
a. Latent
b. Contraction phase
c. Relaxation phase
d. Concentric
During the above twitch contraction, which one of the below is occurring:
a. power strokes
b. ATP binds to the myosin head causing it to release from actin
c. ATP hydrolyzes to form ADP and P and Energy
d. The action potential is moving down the T system and calcium is
being released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
Identify the contraction
a. Treppe
b. Wave summation
c. Incomplete tetany
d. Complete tetany
Identify the contraction
a. Treppe
b. Tonus contraction
c. Incomplete tetany
d. Complete tetany
As you are lifting an object, the contraction is very smooth. This is because of:
a. Eccentric contractions
b. Concentric contractions
c. Motor unit summation
d. Asynchronous motor unit summation
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Exam 3 – Part IV – Smooth Muscle
Learning Objectives: the students will be able to:
1. distinguish between the structure of smooth muscle and skeletal muscle
2. distinguish between the stimulation of smooth muscle and skeletal muscle
3. distinguish between the calcium sources between smooth muscle and skeletal
muscle
4. contract the contractions of smooth and sketelal muscles
5. distinguish between multiunit and visceral smooth muscle.
Important Terms
Caveolae
Myosin light-chain kinase
Autonomic nervous system
Multiunit smooth muscle
Calmodulin
Somatic motor nervous system
Dense body
Visceral smooth muscle
Exam 3 – Quiz 7
1. In smooth muscle, calcium comes primarily from the:
a. Sarcoplasmic reticulum
b. Extracellular fluid
c. Rough ER
d. Mitochondria
2. Smooth muscle uses ____________________ instead of
_____________________ to combine with calcium
a. Calmodulin; troponin
b. Troponin; calmodulin
c. Calmodulin; tropomysin
d. Tropomyosin; calmodulin
3. When calcium combines with the protein in the previous question
a. Tropomyosin is moved off of the active site of actin
b. Troponin changes shape and triggers the power stroke
c. Myosin light-chain kinase hydrolyzes ATP
d. Calcium is actively transported back into the sacroplasmic reticulum
4. In smooth muscle, actin is anchored to the cytoskeleton by:
a. Dense bodies
b. Proteins in the Z line
c. Proteins in the M line
d. Calmodulin
5. The muscle which is slow to contract, may tetanize, and is resistant to fatigue is:
a. Skeletal
b. Cardiac
c. Smooth
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6. Smooth muscle found in the iris of the eye and in the arrector pili have fibers that
operate independently. This is called ____________ smooth muscle.
a. Concentric
b. Eccentric
c. Multiunit
d. Visceral
7. Visceral smooth muscle contracts in peristaltic waves due to:
a. gap junctions
b. intercalated disks
c. dense bodies
d. calmodulin
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Homework, Exam 3
p. 341-343
1. Distinguish between direct and indirect muscle attachment and give one example
of each.
2. Distinguish between origin and insertion.
3. Distinguish between:
a. agonist
b. synergist
c. antagonist
d. fixator
p. 427
4. Describe the effects on muscle by the following:
a. cholinesterase inhibitors
b. Clostridium tetani
c. curare
p. 433
5. What is the length-tension relationship in muscle?
p. 445-447
6. Distinguish between multiunit and visceral smooth muscle.
a. Which one is more common?
7. List the various stimuli that trigger smooth muscle contraction.
8. Distinguish between a varicosity in smooth muscle and a motor nerve ending in
skeletal muscle.
9. Where does calcium come from to stimulate smooth muscle contraction? How
does this compare to the calcium in skeletal muscle contraction?
10. What protein binds to calcium in smooth muscle? How does it compare to the
calcium binding protein in skeletal muscle?
a. What is myosin light-chain kinase?
11. How does smooth muscle physically contract compared to skeletal muscle?
a. Compare the length of contraction in smooth muscle versus skeletal
muscle.
12. How much more ATP does skeletal muscle require versus smooth muscle?
a. Why is this important in smooth muscle?
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13. Compare the optimum length of skeletal muscle versus smooth muscle for a
contraction.
p. 448-449
14. Describe the following muscle disorders:
a. cramps
b. fibromyalgia
c. myasthenia gravis
d. muscular dystrophy
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BIO 201, Practice Exam 3
Part 1. Homework. Be able to recognize the term or description from
the homework assignments. Questions will either be matching, multiple
choice or fill in the blank with a word bank.
Matching. Match the letter on the right which best describes the pathology on the
left.
_____
Fibromyalgia
_____
Myasthenia gravis
_____
Muscular dystrophy
_____
Flaccid paralysis
a. Several hereditary diseases in which the
skeletal muscles degenerate
b. State caused by curare which competes with
ACh for receptor sites on skeletal muscle
c. Autoimmune disease in which antibodies
attack the neuromuscular junctions and bind
ACh receptors
d Diffuse, chronic muscular pain and tenderness,
often associated with sleep disturbances and
fatigue.
Part 2. Fill in the blank.
actin
myosin
Z line
M line
sarcoplasmic reticulum
H band
bare zone
calmodulin
sarcolemma
T system
dense bodies
troponin
tropomyosin
ATP
1. The A band is the length of ___________________ myofilaments.
The area, which holds these myofilaments together, is called the ____________ line.
2. The area of the A band where there are no crossbridges is called the
_______________ zone.
3. The area of the A band where there is no overlap of actin and myosin is called the
___________ zone.
4. The I band consists of _______________ myofilaments.
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Part 3 – Multiple Choice.
1. The first event of an action potential is the flow of _________ ions into the cell.
a. sodium
b. potassium
c. calcium
d. chloride
2. The minimum potential that must be reached to fire an action potential is called:
A. resting potential
B. threshold
C. action potential
D. refractory period
3. The stimulation of the next adjacent area to an action potential in a nerve or muscle is
caused by:
a. ionic flow
b. repolarization
c. synergistic flow
d. calcium ions
4. The wrapping of connective tissue around individual muscle cells or fibers is called
the:
A. endomysium
C. exomysium
B. perimysium
D. epimysium
5. An exercise like power weight lifting would increase the size and efficiency of:
A. slow, red muscles
C. slow, pink muscles
B. fast, white muscles
D. slow, white muscles
6. A muscle contraction in which the muscle shortens and but maintains the same tension
is called a(n) ____________ contraction
A. tonus
B. treppe
C. isotonic
D. isometric
7. Smooth muscle, which has every muscle cell, innervated by neurons, and whose
control is almost entirely by nerve signals is called:
A. multiunit smooth muscle
B. sympathetic smooth muscle
C. autonomic smooth muscle
D. visceral smooth muscle
8. Which one of the below is NOT found in smooth muscle:
A. troponin
C. myosin
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B. tropomyosin
D. actin
9. Some smooth muscle cells can spread action potentials to other smooth muscle cells
by way of:
A. extracellular calcium
C. dense bodies
B. gap junctions
D. motor end plates
10. In skeletal muscle calcium that triggers muscle contraction comes from:
A. the extracellular fluid
B. within mitochondria
C. the neuron at the motor end plate
D. the sarcoplasmic reticulum
11. A muscle contraction in which the muscle contracts more forcefully in response to
the same strength of a stimulus after it has contracted several times is a(n)
_____________ contraction
A. isotonic
B. treppe
C. isometric
D. tonus
12. A sustained partial contraction where at any given time some cells are contracted is
called a(n) _______________ contraction.
A. isotonic
B. Treppe
C. isometric
D. tonus
13. A condition caused when skeletal muscle cells run out of ATP and become locked in
the contracted position is called:
a. Spasm
b. Rigor mortis
c. Tremor
d. Fibrillation
14. The action potential traveling down the T tubules of skeletal muscles stimulates the
sarcoplasmic reticulum to release __________ ions.
a. calcium
b. potassium
c. sodium
d. magnesium
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15. In skeletal muscle once the active sites of actin are exposed myosin ___________
binds to the active sites.
a. neck
b. tail
c. head
d. triad
16 In skeletal muscle the binding of the myosin to actin triggers the release of energy to
cause a(n):
a. triad
b. tic
c. power stroke
d. after hyperpotential
17. Which one of the below reasons does NOT explain why a resting potential exists in a
muscle or nerve cell:
a. negatively charged proteins inside
b. the imbalanced sodium-potassium pump
c. the higher concentration of calcium ions on the outside
d. potassium diffuses 50-100 times faster outside than sodium diffuses
inside.
18. The major storage form of glucose that is found in skeletal muscle and liver is:
a. creatine phosphate
b. lactic acid
c. fat
d. glycogen
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Part 4. The essay questions.
1. Describe the events of an action potential and the two events of an after
potential.
• what types of gates open and close
• which way do K and Na ions move once the gates are open, and why do the ions
move one way or the other across the membrane
• be able to show graphically what happens as the gates open and close, and what
happens after the action potential
• describe on the graph hyperpolarization or after potential and describe the two
events that cause this hyperpolarization
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2. Two athletes have the following proportion of slow and fast twitch fibers in
the quadriceps femoris.
Athlete A
Athlete B
Slow-twitch fibers
82%
45%
Fast-twitch fibers
18%
55%
Predict how the two athletes would perform in a marathon and in 100-yard dash
and explain the differences in the muscle fibers in the two athletes.
• what are the characteristics of slow and fast twitch fibers
 myosin ATPase activity
 amount of myoglobin
 predominant pathway for ATP formation
 speed of contraction
 diameter
 glycogen reserves
 mitochondria
 fatigue factor
 blood supply
3. Why in a muscle contraction do the following things occur:
a. A band stays the same
b. I band shortens
c. sarcomere shortens
d. bare zone stays the same
e. H zone shortens
f. muscle shortens
• define the different structures first; do they contain actin, myosin, or both
actin and myosin
• what happens to the structures when the muscle contracts
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4. Describe the events of a muscle contraction beginning with the nerve impulse
reaching the motor end plate and ending with the muscle relaxing.
• what happens to the calcium gate on the synaptic bulb when an action potential
causes a voltage change
• what does the calcium cause
• how do the synaptic vesicles get to the outer membrane, and what happens to
them once they reach the outer membrane
• how does the ACh move across the synaptic cleft from the synaptic bulb to the
motor end plate
• what does ACh do at the motor end plate
• how does the action potential in the muscle move down the sarcolemma
• what happens when the muscle potential comes to the transverse tubules
• what does the muscle potential cause at the sarcoplasmic reticulum
• what happens when Ca combines with troponin
• why does the myosin head swivel and what does the swiveling cause
- what two molecules fall off as the myosin head swivels
• what does ATP do to the bound myosin head attached to actin
- when ATP hydrolyzes what two events happen to the myosin head
• in relaxation what happens to the action potential in the motor neuron, what
happens to the ACh previously released into synaptic cleft, and what happens to
the Ca that was bound to troponin
5. What is the sequence of sources of energy in anaerobic events such as high
impact "aerobics"?
• this is an anaerobic event
• how are the following reactions involved or are they involved:
- ATP  ADP + P
- creatine phosphate + ADP  ATP + creatine
- glycogen  glucose  pyruvic acid  lactic acid
- glycogen  glucose  CO2 + H2O + ATP + heat
- fatty acid and amino acids  Krebs cycle  ATP
• what types of muscle fibers would primarily use the above energy yielding reaction.
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