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Supporting Information Table S1. Diet study sources for the large carnivores. Full references are listed below the table. Whenever possible, we referenced diet meta-analyses that synthesized diet studies throughout a carnivore’s range. Additional details are given in the methods section of the paper. Common Name Cheetah Gray wolf Dingo Red wolf Ethiopian wolf Spotted hyena Dhole African wild dog Eurasian lynx Sunda clouded leopard Clouded leopard Lion Jaguar Leopard Tiger Snow leopard Puma Diet Reference(s) (1) (2) (3–8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14–16) (17–21) (22,23) (24) (25) (26) (27) (28) (29) Diet references 1. Hayward MW, Hofmeyr M, O’brien J, Kerley GIH. Prey preferences of the cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus)(Felidae: Carnivora): morphological limitations or the need to capture rapidly consumable prey before kleptoparasites arrive? J Zool. 2006;270(4):615–627. 2. Mech LD, Boitani L, editors. Wolves: Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation. University Of Chicago Press; 2007. 472 p. 3. Newsome AE, Corbett LK, Catling PC, Burt RJ. The Feeding Ecology of the Dingo. 1. Stomach Contents From Trapping in South-Eastern Australia, and the Non-Target Wildlife Also Caught in Dingo Traps. Wildl Res. 1983;10(3):477–486. 4. Newsome TM, Ballard G-A, Fleming PJS, van de Ven R, Story GL, Dickman CR. Human-resource subsidies alter the dietary preferences of a mammalian top predator. Oecologia. 2014 May;175(1):139–50. 5. Robertshaw JD, Harden RH. The Ecology of the Dingo in North-Eastern New South Wales. 2. Diet. Wildl Res. 1985;12(1):39–50. 6. Corbett LK, Newsome AE. The Feeding Ecology of the Dingo. III. Dietary Relationships with Widely Fluctuating Prey Populations in Arid Australia: An Hypothesis of Alternation of Predation. Oecologia. 1987 Jan 1;74(2):215–27. 1 7. Thomson PC. The behavioural ecology of dingoes in north-western Australia. III. Hunting and feeding behaviour, and diet. Wildl Res. 1992;19(5):531–541. 8. Allen BL, Leung LK-P. Assessing Predation Risk to Threatened Fauna from their Prevalence in Predator Scats: Dingoes and Rodents in Arid Australia. Hayward M, editor. PLoS ONE. 2012 May 1;7(5):e36426. 9. Dellinger J. Foraging and Spatial Ecology of Red Wolves (Canis rufus) in Northeastern North Carolina [Internet] [thesis]. 2011 [cited 2014 Aug 8]. Available from: https://etd.auburn.edu/handle/10415/2497 10. Sillero-Zubiri C, Gottelli D. Diet and Feeding Behavior of Ethiopian Wolves (Canis simensis). J Mammal. 1995 May 1;76(2):531–41. 11. Hayward MW. Prey preferences of the spotted hyaena (Crocuta crocuta) and degree of dietary overlap with the lion (Panthera leo). J Zool. 2006;270(4):606–614. 12. Selvan KM, Veeraswami GG, Hussain SA. Dietary preference of the Asiatic wild dog (Cuon alpinus). Mamm Biol - Z Für Säugetierkd. 2013 Nov;78(6):486–9. 13. Hayward MW, O’Brien J, Hofmeyr M, Kerley GI. Prey preferences of the African wild dog Lycaon pictus (Canidae: Carnivora): ecological requirements for conservation. J Mammal. 2006;87(6):1122–1131. 14. Nowicki P. Food habits and diet of the lynx (Lynx lynx) in Europe. J Wildl Res. 1997;2(2):161–166. 15. Herfindal I, Linnell JDC, Odden J, Nilsen EB, Andersen R. Prey density, environmental productivity and home-range size in the Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx). J Zool. 2005 Jan;265(1):63–71. 16. Krofel M, Huber D, Kos I. Diet of Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx in the northern Dinaric Mountains (Slovenia and Croatia): Importance of edible dormouse Glis glis as alternative prey. Acta Theriol (Warsz). 2011 Oct;56(4):315–22. 17. Rabinowitz A, Andau P, Chai PP. The clouded leopard in Malaysian Borneo. Oryx. 1987;21(2):107–111. 18. Gordon CH, Stewart A-ME, Meijaard E. Correspondence regarding “Clouded leopards, the secretive topcarnivore of South-East Asian rainforests: their distribution, status and conservation needs in Sabah, Malaysia.” BMC Ecol. 2007;7(1):5. 19. Matsuda I, Tuuga A, Higashi S. Clouded leopard (Neofelis diardi) predation on proboscis monkeys (Nasalis larvatus) in Sabah, Malaysia. Primates. 2008 Jul;49(3):227–31. 20. Mohamed A, Samejima H, Wilting A. Records of five Bornean cat species from Deramakot Forest Reserve in Sabah, Malaysia. Cat News. 2009;51:12–15. 21. Ross J, Hearn AJ, Johnson PJ, Macdonald DW. Activity patterns and temporal avoidance by prey in response to Sunda clouded leopard predation risk: Activity of Sunda clouded leopards and their prey. J Zool. 2013 Jun;290(2):96–106. 22. Grassman Jr LI, Tewes ME, Silvy NJ, Kreetiyutanont K. Ecology of three sympatric felids in a mixed evergreen forest in north-central Thailand. J Mammal. 2005;86(1):29–38. 23. Ngoprasert D, Lynam AJ, Sukmasuang R, Tantipisanuh N, Chutipong W, Steinmetz R, et al. Occurrence of Three Felids across a Network of Protected Areas in Thailand: Prey, Intraguild, and Habitat Associations. Biotropica. 2012 Nov;44(6):810–7. 2 24. Hayward MW, Kerley GIH. Prey preferences of the lion (Panthera leo). J Zool. 2005 Nov 1;267(3):309– 22. 25. Seymour KL. Panthera onca. Mamm Species. 1989 Oct 26;(340):1–9. 26. Hayward MW, Henschel P, O’brien J, Hofmeyr M, Balme G, Kerley GIH. Prey preferences of the leopard (Panthera pardus). J Zool. 2006;270(2):298–313. 27. Hayward MW, Jędrzejewski W, Jêdrzejewska B. Prey preferences of the tiger Panthera tigris. J Zool. 2012 Mar 1;286(3):221–31. 28. Lyngdoh S, Shrotriya S, Goyal SP, Clements H, Hayward MW, Habib B. Prey Preferences of the Snow Leopard (Panthera uncia): Regional Diet Specificity Holds Global Significance for Conservation. PLoS ONE. 2014 Feb 12;9(2):e88349. 29. Iriarte JA, Franklin WL, Johnson WE, Redford KH. Biogeographic variation of food habits and body size of the America puma. Oecologia. 1990;85(2):185–190. 3 Table S2. Information on the 494 prey species in our analysis. “Predators” lists the predators of each prey species (using the first 2 letters of each word of the predator’s common name), “RLS” and “Trend” are the IUCN Red List status (2008 or later) and population trend respectively, “Mass” is the mass in kg, and “% in PAs” is the percentage of the prey’s range within protected areas. Predators for which a prey species is preferred are marked with an asterisk. Prey species Elaphodus cephalophus Muntiacus crinifrons Moschus berezovskii Cephalophus adersi Bos mutus Muntiacus puhoatensis Tragulus versicolor Tragulus williamsoni Connochaetes gnou Damaliscus pygargus Hydropotes inermis Raphicerus melanotis Muntiacus reevesi Boselaphus tragocamelus Tetracerus quadricornis Mazama pandora Gazella bennettii Moschiola indica Pseudois nayaur Muntiacus rooseveltorum Mazama gouazoubira Capra falconeri Moschus chrysogaster Ovis orientalis Mazama nana Axis axis Muntiacus truongsonensis Dama dama Gazella subgutturosa Capreolus pygargus Sus scrofa Axis porcinus Moschus cupreus Capreolus capreolus Muntiacus vaginalis Tragulus javanicus Philantomba maxwellii Catagonus wagneri Kobus megaceros Cephalophus ogilbyi Cephalophus natalensis Cephalophus niger Muntiacus putaoensis Ovis ammon Cervus elaphus Rusa unicolor Redunca fulvorufula Tragelaphus angasii Cephalophus nigrifrons Moschus moschiferus Cephalophus dorsalis Cephalophus zebra Common Name Predators Cetartiodactyla (even-toed ungulates) Tufted deer GrWo* Black muntjac Dh*,Le Chinese forest musk deer SnLe,Ti Aders' duiker Le Wild yak SnLe Puhoat muntjac Dh*,Le,Ti Silver-backed chevrotain Dh Williamson's chevrotain Dh Black wildebeest Ch,SpHy Blesbok AfWiDo,Ch*,Le Chinese water deer GrWo* Cape grysbok Ch Chinese muntjak Dh*,GrWo*,Le Nilgai Le,Ti Chousingha Ti Yucatan brown brocket Ja Chinkara Ti Indian chevrotain Dh Bharal SnLe* Roosevelts' barking deer Dh*,Le,Ti Brown brocket Ja Markhor SnLe Alpine musk deer SnLe,Ti Cyprian wild sheep EuLy*,GrWo*,SnLe Brazilian dwarf brocket Ja Axis deer Dh*,GrWo*,Le,Li,Ti Annam black muntjac Dh*,Le,Ti Fallow deer GrWo* Goitered gazelle SnLe Eastern roe deer GrWo* Eurasian wild pig ClLe,Dh*,GrWo*,Le,SnLe,Ti* Hog deer ClLe,GrWo*,Ti Kashmir muskdeer SnLe European roe deer EuLy*,GrWo* Barking deer Dh*,GrWo*,Le,Ti Java mousedeer Dh Maxwell's duiker Le Chacoan peccary Pu Nile lechwe Ch Ogilby's duiker Le Natal duiker Le,SpHy Black duiker Le Leaf deer Dh*,GrWo*,Le,Ti Argali SnLe Bactrian deer EuLy*,GrWo*,Ti* Sambar ClLe,Dh*,GrWo*,Le,Li,SuClLe,Ti* Mountain reedbuck AfWiDo,Ch,Le,Li,SpHy Nyala AfWiDo,Ch,Le,Li,SpHy Black-fronted duiker Le Siberian musk deer SnLe,Ti Bay duiker Le Banded duiker Le 4 RLS Trend Mass % in PAs NT VU EN CR VU DD DD DD LC LC VU LC LC LC VU VU LC LC LC DD LC EN EN VU DD LC DD LC VU LC LC EN EN LC LC DD LC EN EN LC LC LC DD NT LC VU LC LC LC VU LC VU Dec Dec Dec Dec Dec Unk Dec Dec Inc Stable Dec Stable Dec Stable Dec Dec Stable Unk Unk Dec Dec Dec Dec Dec Unk Unk Dec Unk Dec Dec Unk Dec Dec Inc Dec Unk Dec Dec Dec Dec Dec Dec Dec Dec Inc Dec Stable Stable Dec Dec Dec Dec 23.09 18.59 12.48 9.25 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 4% 4% 4% 4% 4% 156.55 77.79 12.76 10.50 13.50 182.25 19.28 18.92 52.34 10.76 16.63 54.30 13.70 16.50 69.50 57.23 26.98 41.37 84.47 37.45 22.50 1.89 8.56 35.57 85.81 18.39 12.73 19.09 114.00 240.87 177.52 29.35 87.62 14.68 13.32 20.00 15.66 Alces alces Cephalophus silvicultor Tragelaphus imberbis Blastocerus dichotomus Tragelaphus scriptus Odocoileus virginianus Cephalophus harveyi Philantomba monticola Redunca arundinum Rucervus duvaucelii Cephalophus callipygus Mazama temama Oreotragus oreotragus Cephalophus jentinki Cephalophus rufilatus Pudu mephistophiles Sylvicapra grimmia Redunca redunca Hyemoschus aquaticus Ourebia ourebi Cervus nippon Tragelaphus spekii Bos gaurus Kobus ellipsiprymnus Cephalophus leucogaster Phacochoerus africanus Pecari tajacu Potamochoerus larvatus Tragelaphus strepsiceros Muntiacus vuquangensis Tragelaphus eurycerus Raphicerus sharpei Cephalophus weynsi Muntiacus muntjak Tragelaphus oryx Rangifer tarandus Alces americanus Rupicapra rupicapra Kobus kob Odocoileus hemionus Mazama americana Syncerus caffer Tayassu pecari Aepyceros melampus Nanger granti Moschus fuscus Alcelaphus buselaphus Hippotragus equinus Raphicerus campestris Muntiacus gongshanensis Naemorhedus goral Mazama rufina Tragulus napu Neotragus batesi Sus barbatus Mazama bororo Capra sibirica Tragulus kanchil Mazama nemorivaga Connochaetes taurinus Hemitragus jemlahicus Elk Yellow-backed duiker Lesser kudu Marsh deer Bushbuck Key deer Harvey's duiker Blue duiker Common reedbuck Barasingha Peter's duiker Central american red brocket Klipspringer Jentink's duiker Red-flanked duiker Northern pudu Common duiker Bohar reedbuck Water chevrotain Oribi Shansi sika Marshbuck Gaur Waterbuck White-bellied duiker Common warthog Collared peccary Bushpig Greater kudu Giant muntjac Bongo Sharpe's grysbok Weyn's duiker Barking deer Common eland Caribou Moose Alpine chamois Kob Black-tailed deer Red brocket African buffalo White-lipped peccary Black-faced impala Grant's gazelle Black musk deer Hartebeest Roan antelope Steenbok Gongshan muntjac Goral Dwarf red brocket Balabac chevrotain Bates' pygmy antelope Bearded pig Small red brocket Asiatic ibex Lesser malay chevrotain Amazonian brown brocket Blue & white-bearded wildebeest Himalayan tahr GrWo* Le AfWiDo*,Ch,Le,Li,SpHy Ja AfWiDo*,Ch,Le*,Li,SpHy GrWo*,Pu*,ReWo* Le Ch,Le AfWiDo,Ch,Le,Li,SpHy GrWo*,Ti* Le Ja AfWiDo,Ch,Le,Li,SpHy Le Le Pu AfWiDo,Ch,Le*,Li,SpHy AfWiDo,Ch,Le,Li,SpHy Le AfWiDo,Ch,Le,Li GrWo*,Ti Le Dh,Ti AfWiDo,Ch,Le,Li,SpHy Le AfWiDo,Ch,Le,Li,SpHy Ja*,Pu Ch,Le,Li,SpHy AfWiDo*,Ch,Le,Li,SpHy Dh*,Le,Ti Le AfWiDo,Ch,Le,Li,SpHy Le ClLe,Dh*,Le,SuClLe,Ti AfWiDo,Ch,Le,Li,SpHy EuLy*,GrWo* GrWo* EuLy*,GrWo* Li GrWo*,Pu* Ja AfWiDo,Ch,Le,Li*,SpHy Ja*,Pu AfWiDo*,Ch*,Le*,Li,SpHy AfWiDo,Ch*,Le,Li,SpHy SnLe,Ti AfWiDo,Ch,Le,Li,SpHy Ch,Le,Li,SpHy AfWiDo,Ch,Le,Li,SpHy Dh*,GrWo*,Le,Ti SnLe,Ti Ja Dh,SuClLe Le SuClLe Ja SnLe* Dh,SuClLe Ja AfWiDo,Ch,Le,Li*,SpHy SnLe 5 LC LC NT VU LC LC LC LC LC VU LC DD LC EN LC VU LC LC LC LC LC LC VU LC LC LC LC LC LC EN NT LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC DD LC VU LC LC EN LC LC LC DD NT VU LC LC VU VU LC LC LC LC NT Inc Dec Dec Dec Stable Stable Dec Stable Stable Dec Dec Dec Stable Dec Dec Dec Stable Dec Dec Dec Inc Dec Dec Dec Dec Stable Stable Stable Stable Dec Dec Stable Dec Dec Stable Stable Stable Unk Dec Stable Unk Dec Dec Stable Dec Dec Dec Dec Stable Dec Dec Dec Dec Stable Dec Dec Unk Unk Dec Stable Dec 461.90 62.01 94.32 112.52 43.25 75.90 4.90 58.06 171.22 19.08 13.49 68.49 12.12 9.60 15.64 43.29 10.85 17.19 53.00 75.55 204.39 13.21 82.50 21.13 69.06 206.06 36.69 271.00 9.40 17.61 109.09 541.46 33.27 80.04 84.56 20.55 592.67 31.80 52.59 55.46 13.70 160.94 264.17 11.66 18.59 28.80 21.10 5.27 2.97 135.81 130.00 198.62 68.62 4% 4% 4% 4% 4% 4% 4% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 6% 6% 6% 6% 6% 6% 6% 6% 6% 6% 7% 7% 7% 7% 7% 7% 7% 7% 7% 7% 7% 7% 7% 8% 8% 8% 8% 8% 8% 8% 8% 8% 9% 9% 10% Antidorcas marsupialis Moschus leucogaster Hippopotamus amphibius Damaliscus lunatus Oryx gazella Pudu puda Eudorcas thomsonii Giraffa camelopardalis Bos javanicus Ovis canadensis Mazama chunyi Muntiacus montanus Mazama bricenii Ovibos moschatus Kobus leche Oreamnos americanus Muntiacus feae Bison bison Dama mesopotamica Cephalophus spadix Nyctophilus geoffroyi Dasypus hybridus Chaetophractus vellerosus Tolypeutes matacus Cabassous tatouay Calyptophractus retusus Chaetophractus nationi Chlamyphorus truncatus Chaetophractus villosus Cabassous chacoensis Zaedyus pichiy Dasypus septemcinctus Euphractus sexcinctus Dasypus yepesi Tolypeutes tricinctus Dasypus sabanicola Dasypus novemcinctus Dasypus pilosus Cabassous centralis Cabassous unicinctus Priodontes maximus Dasypus kappleri Sminthopsis macroura Sminthopsis crassicaudata Antechinus stuartii Antechinus swainsonii Marmosops handleyi Marmosops cracens Cryptonanus unduaviensis Marmosops creightoni Marmosops ocellatus Monodelphis handleyi Monodelphis maraxina Philander olrogi Tlacuatzin canescens Chacodelphys formosa Thylamys macrurus Springbok Himalayan muskdeer Common hippopotamus Tiang Gemsbok Chilean pudu Thomson's gazelle Giraffe Banteng Bighorn sheep Chunyi Sumatran mountain muntjac Mérida brocket Muskox Southern lechwe Mountain goat Fea's muntjac American bison Mesopotamian fallow deer Abbott's duiker AfWiDo,Ch*,Le,Li,SpHy SnLe,Ti Ch,Le,Li,SpHy AfWiDo,Ch,Le,Li,SpHy Ch,Le,Li*,SpHy* Pu AfWiDo*,Ch*,Le,Li,SpHy Ch,Le,Li*,SpHy Ti GrWo* Ja Dh*,Ti Ja GrWo* Ch GrWo* Dh*,Le,Ti GrWo* GrWo* Le Chiroptera (bats) Lesser long-eared bat Di Cingulata (armadillos) Southern long-nosed armadillo Ja*,Pu Screaming hairy armadillo Ja*,Pu Southern three-banded armadillo Ja*,Pu Greater naked-tailed armadillo Ja*,Pu Burmeister's armadillo Ja*,Pu Andean hairy armadillo Ja*,Pu Lesser fairy armadillo Pu Large hairy armadillo Ja*,Pu Chacoan naked-tailed armadillo Ja*,Pu Pichi Pu Brazilian lesser long-nosed armadillo Ja*,Pu Six-banded armadillo Ja*,Pu Yepes’s mulita Ja*,Pu Brazilian three-banded armadillo Ja*,Pu Llanos long-nosed armadillo Ja*,Pu Common long-nosed armadillo Ja*,Pu Hairy long-nosed armadillo Ja*,Pu Northern naked-tailed armadillo Ja*,Pu Southern naked-tailed armadillo Ja*,Pu Giant armadillo Ja*,Pu Greater long-nosed armadillo Ja*,Pu Dasyuromorphia (quolls and dunnarts) Stripe-faced dunnart Di Fat-tailed dunnart Di Brown antechinus Di Dusky antechinus Di Didelphimorphia (opossums) Handley's slender mouse opossum Ja Slim-faced slender mouse opossum Ja Ja Ja Ja Handley's short-tailed opossum Ja Marajó short-tailed opossum Ja Olrog`s four-eyed opossum Ja Grayish mouse opossum Ja Ja Long-tailed fat-tailed opossum Ja 6 LC EN VU LC LC VU NT LC EN LC VU DD VU LC LC LC DD NT EN EN Inc Dec Dec Dec Stable Dec Dec Dec Dec Stable Dec Unk Dec Stable Stable Stable Unk Stable Inc Dec 33.57 LC Stable NT LC NT LC DD VU DD LC NT NT LC LC DD VU LC LC VU DD LC VU LC Dec Stable Dec Unk Unk Dec Unk Inc Unk Dec Unk Stable Unk Dec Unk Inc Unk Unk Unk Dec Unk 1.47 1.15 3.95 4.45 3.67 3.99 40.64 9.70 0% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 2% 2% 2% 3% 3% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 7% 7% 10% LC LC LC LC Unk Stable Stable Unk 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.06 4% 6% 20% 20% CR DD DD DD LC NT DD DD LC VU NT Dec Unk Unk Unk Stable Unk Dec Unk Stable Dec Dec 0.03 0.03 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 1536.31 136.00 188.40 9.64 22.91 964.66 635.97 74.65 16.07 16.50 312.50 88.65 72.11 22.00 624.58 56.86 10% 10% 11% 11% 12% 13% 14% 14% 16% 17% 18% 20% 23% 25% 28% 30% 40% 45% 49% 59% 7% 1.50 0.93 1.30 5.35 0.13 2.11 0.08 4.37 1.49 1.45 1.53 4.73 0.05 0.03 Thylamys pulchellus Monodelphis rubida Thylamys pusillus Thylamys venustus Monodelphis americana Monodelphis dimidiata Monodelphis kunsi Thylamys velutinus Thylamys sponsorius Monodelphis theresa Didelphis virginiana Cryptonanus chacoensis Cryptonanus agricolai Didelphis albiventris Didelphis aurita Marmosa constantiae Philander frenatus Monodelphis domestica Marmosa paraguayanus Gracilinanus microtarsus Marmosops incanus Monodelphis scalops Monodelphis iheringi Thylamys cinderella Lutreolina crassicaudata Thylamys karimii Marmosa xerophila Gracilinanus agilis Marmosa mexicana Monodelphis emiliae Philander mcilhennyi Didelphis pernigra Gracilinanus marica Marmosops bishopi Caluromys philander Caluromys derbianus Philander mondolfii Gracilinanus emiliae Marmosops paulensis Gracilinanus aceramarcae Marmosa robinsoni Glironia venusta Caluromys lanatus Marmosops juninensis Chironectes minimus Marmosops noctivagus Marmosa regina Metachirus nudicaudatus Marmosa rubra Marmosops fuscatus Monodelphis adusta Marmosa demerarae Didelphis marsupialis Monodelphis palliolata Marmosops neblina Marmosops impavidus Marmosa murina Philander opossum Philander deltae Monodelphis glirina Hyladelphys kalinowskii Chestnut-striped opossum Small fat-tailed opossum Buff-bellied fat-tailed mouse opossum Northern three-striped opossum Eastern short-tailed opossum Pygmy short-tailed opossum Dwarf fat-tailed mouse opossum Southern three-striped opossum Virginia opossum Chacoan mouse opossum Agricola's gracile opossum White-eared opossum Big-eared opossum Bay-colored mouse opossum Southeastern four-eyed opossum Gray short-tailed opossum Tate's woolly mouse opossum Brazilian gracile mouse opossum Gray slender mouse opossum Long-nosed short-tailed opossum Ihering's short-tailed opossum Cinderella fat-tailed mouse opossum Little water opossum Karimi's fat-tailed mouse opossum Dryland mouse opossum Agile gracile mouse opossum Mexican mouse opossum Emilia's short-tailed opossum Mcilhenny's four-eyed opossum Northern gracile mouse opossum Bare-tailed woolly opossum Central american woolly opossum Mondolfi's four-eyed opossum Emilia's gracile mouse opossum Brazilian slender opossum Aceramarca gracile mouse opossum Robinson's mouse opossum Bushy-tailed opossum Brown-eared wooly opossum Water opossum White-bellied slender mouse opossum Short-furred woolly mouse opossum Brown four-eyed opossum Red mouse opossum Gray-bellied slender mouse opossum Sepia short-tailed opossum Long-furred woolly mouse opossum Black-eared opossum Hooded red-sided opossum Andean slender mouse opossum Linnaeus's mouse opossum Gray four-eyed opossum Deltaic four-eyed opossum Amazonian red-sided opossum Kalinowski's mouse opossum Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja 7 LC DD LC DD LC LC LC LC LC DD LC LC DD LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC DD LC LC VU VU LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC DD LC LC LC LC LC VU LC LC LC LC DD DD LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC Unk Dec Dec Unk Dec Stable Stable Unk Unk Dec Inc Stable Unk Stable Stable Unk Unk Stable Stable Unk Unk Dec Dec Unk Unk Dec Dec Unk Stable Unk Unk Stable Dec Unk Dec Dec Unk Unk Unk Unk Stable Unk Dec Dec Dec Stable Stable Stable Unk Unk Stable Stable Stable Unk Stable Stable Stable Stable Unk Unk Unk 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.05 0.01 0.02 0.11 2.44 1.03 1.11 0.09 0.03 0.06 0.76 0.11 0.56 0.05 0.02 0.05 0.05 0.02 0.25 0.33 0.01 0.04 0.02 0.06 0.11 0.35 0.97 0.04 0.36 0.06 0.05 0.04 1.14 0.04 0.04 0.43 0% 0% 0% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 3% 3% 3% 3% 4% 4% 4% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 6% 6% 6% 6% 6% 7% 7% 7% 7% 7% 7% 7% 7% 8% 8% 8% 8% 9% 9% 9% 9% 10% 10% 11% Marmosa lepida Monodelphis osgoodi Marmosa alstoni Marmosops invictus Marmosops parvidens Philander andersoni Gracilinanus dryas Marmosops pinheiroi Monodelphis brevicaudata Marmosa quichua Caluromysiops irrupta Didelphis imperfecta Marmosa andersoni Monodelphis reigi Marmosa tyleriana Monodelphis ronaldi Macropus giganteus Macropus rufus Macropus robustus Trichosurus vulpecula Wallabia bicolor Petrogale rothschildi Petauroides volans Macropus rufogriseus Pseudocheirus peregrinus Thylogale thetis Potorous tridactylus Vombatus ursinus Macropus parma Trichosurus cunninghami Burramys parvus Lepus comus Lepus yarkandensis Ochotona huangensis Ochotona cansus Ochotona erythrotis Ochotona gloveri Ochotona iliensis Ochotona koslowi Ochotona muliensis Ochotona thomasi Lepus tibetanus Lepus sinensis Lepus oiostolus Ochotona ladacensis Ochotona curzoniae Ochotona rufescens Ochotona himalayana Ochotona pusilla Lepus coreanus Lepus saxatilis Lepus habessinicus Lepus alleni Lepus mandshuricus Ochotona nubrica Lepus nigricollis Sylvilagus floridanus Lepus granatensis Ochotona thibetana Little rufous mouse opossum Ja Osgood's short-tailed opossum Ja Alston's woolly mouse opossum Ja Slaty slender mouse opossum Ja Delicate slender mouse opossum Ja Anderson's four-eyed opossum Ja Wood sprite gracile mouse opossum Ja Pinheiro's slender opossum Ja Northern red-sided opossum Ja Quechuan mouse opossum Ja Black-shouldered opossum Ja Guianan white-eared opossum Ja Anderson's mouse opossum Ja Reig's opossum Ja Tyler's mouse opossum Ja Ronald's opossum Ja Diprotodontia (diprotodonts) Eastern grey kangaroo Di Red kangaroo Di* Barrow island euro Di* Common brushtail possum Di Swamp wallaby Di* Rothschild's rock wallaby Di Greater glider Di Bennett's wallaby Di* Common ring-tailed possum Di Red-necked pademelon Di Long-nosed potoroo Di Coarse-haired wombat Di Parma wallaby Di Mountain brushtail possum Di Broom's pygmy-possum Di Lagomorpha (rabbits, hares and pikas) Yunnan hare GrWo*,Le,SnLe Yarkand hare GrWo*,SnLe Tsing-ling pika SnLe Gansu pika SnLe Chinese red pika SnLe Glover's pika SnLe Ili pika SnLe Koslov's pika SnLe Muli pika SnLe Thomas's pika SnLe Desert hare GrWo*,SnLe Chinese hare GrWo*,Le Woolly hare GrWo*,Le,SnLe Ladak pika SnLe Black-lipped pika SnLe Afghan pika SnLe Himalayan pika SnLe Little pika SnLe Korean hare GrWo*,Le Savannah hare Ch,Le Abyssinian hare Ch,Le Antelope jackrabbit GrWo* Manchurian hare GrWo*,Le Nubra pika SnLe Black-napped hare GrWo*,Le,SnLe Eastern cottontail ReWo* Granada hare GrWo* Moupin pika SnLe 8 LC LC LC LC LC LC NT LC LC LC LC LC DD VU DD LC Stable Unk Stable Stable Unk Stable Dec Unk Unk Dec Dec Stable Unk Unk Unk Stable 0.01 0.11 LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC NT LC CR Stable Stable Stable Dec Inc Unk Dec Stable Stable Stable Dec Stable Unk Stable Dec 33.41 38.97 25.98 2.69 15.00 4.55 1.26 16.85 0.90 5.40 1.06 26.00 4.16 NA 0.04 5% 5% 6% 8% 8% 9% 9% 10% 12% 15% 15% 18% 19% 25% 87% LC NT LC LC LC LC EN EN DD LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC Unk Dec Unk Unk Unk Unk Dec Dec Unk Unk Unk Unk Unk Unk Dec Stable Unk Dec Unk Dec Unk Stable Unk Unk Unk Inc Stable Unk 2.02 1.46 0.11 0.07 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 2% 0.03 0.02 0.33 0.02 0.08 0.26 0.05 0.03 1.61 2.47 0.16 0.25 0.14 2.59 2.02 3.93 1.83 2.29 1.21 2.32 11% 12% 12% 12% 13% 13% 14% 14% 16% 20% 21% 22% 43% 48% 77% 100% Sylvilagus palustris Ochotona macrotis Lepus capensis Ochotona hyperborea Lepus starcki Lepus europaeus Lepus timidus Lepus californicus Lepus tolai Lepus fagani Ochotona dauurica Lepus townsendii Lepus microtis Ochotona roylei Oryctolagus cuniculus Ochotona forresti Ochotona rutila Lepus othus Lepus peguensis Ochotona alpina Ochotona pallasi Lepus americanus Lepus corsicanus Lepus arcticus Lepus castroviejoi Tachyglossus aculeatus Perameles nasuta Isoodon obesulus Equus grevyi Tapirus bairdii Diceros bicornis Ceratotherium simum Tapirus terrestris Equus zebra Equus quagga Tapirus pinchaque Rhinoceros unicornis Manis javanica Macaca thibetana Trachypithecus francoisi Cercopithecus solatus Cercopithecus dryas Macaca munzala Rungwecebus kipunji Semnopithecus ajax Trachypithecus laotum Semnopithecus dussumieri Macaca radiata Procolobus pennantii Papio hamadryas Semnopithecus entellus Trachypithecus pileatus Macaca mulatta Cercopithecus erythrogaster Nycticebus pygmaeus Colobus polykomos Key rabbit ReWo* Large-eared pika SnLe Arabian hare Ch,EuLy,GrWo*,Le,SnLe Northern pika SnLe Ethiopian highland hare Ch,EtWo,Le Brown hare GrWo*,Le,Pu,SnLe Arctic hare EuLy,GrWo*,Le,SnLe Black-tailed jackrabbit GrWo* Tolai hare Ch,GrWo*,Le,SnLe Ethiopian hare Ch,Le Daurian pika SnLe White-tailed jackrabbit GrWo* African savanna hare Ch,Le Royle's pika SnLe European rabbit Di* Forrest's pika SnLe Turkestan red pika SnLe Alaskan hare GrWo* Burmese hare GrWo*,Le Alpine pika SnLe Mongolian pika SnLe Snowshoe hare GrWo* Apennine hare GrWo* Arctic hare GrWo* Broom hare GrWo* Monotremata (platypus and echidnas) Kangaroo island echidna Di Peramelemorphia (bilbies and bandicoots) Long-nosed bandicoot Di Nuyts southern brown bandicoot Di Perissodactyla (odd-toed ungulates) Grevy's zebra AfWiDo,Ch,Li*,SpHy Baird's tapir Ja Black rhinoceros Ch,Le,Li Northern white rhinoceros Ch,Le,Li Brazilian tapir Ja Hartmann's mountain zebra AfWiDo,Ch,Le,Li*,SpHy Burchell's zebra AfWiDo,Ch,Le,Li*,SpHy Andean tapir Ja Greater one-horned rhino Ti Pholidota (pangolins) Malayan pangolin ClLe Primates (primates) Milne-edwards’ macaque Ti Francois's langur Dh,Le Sun-tailed guenon Le Dryad monkey Le Arunachal macaque Ti Kipunji Le Chamba sacred langur Le Lao langur Dh,Le,Ti Dussumier's malabar langur Dh,Le,Ti Bonnet macaque Ti Bouvier's red colobus Le Hamadryas baboon Ch,Le,Li,SpHy Bengal hanuman langur Dh,Le,Ti Bonneted langur Dh,Le,Ti Rhesus macaque SnLe,Ti Red-bellied guenon Le Lesser slow loris ClLe King colobus Le 9 LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC DD LC LC LC LC NT LC LC LC LC LC LC LC VU LC VU Unk Unk Dec Unk Unk Dec Unk Stable Unk Unk Unk Dec Unk Stable Dec Dec Stable Unk Stable Unk Dec Stable Dec Unk Dec 1.36 0.21 2.05 0.12 2.76 3.82 3.11 2.42 1.59 4.41 2.82 2% 2% 2% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 4% 4% 4% 4% 5% 5% 5% 6% 6% 6% 7% 8% 9% 9% 11% 17% 23% LC Stable 4.50 7% LC LC Unk Dec 0.72 0.83 15% 19% EN EN CR NT VU VU LC EN VU Stable Dec Inc Inc Dec Unk Stable Dec Inc 408.00 293.78 995.94 2285.94 169.50 282.46 400.00 156.92 1843.66 4% 5% 5% 7% 7% 11% 11% 13% 50% EN Dec 4.86 8% NT EN VU CR EN CR EN VU LC LC CR LC LC VU LC VU VU VU Dec Dec Unk Unk Dec Dec Dec Dec Stable Dec Dec Inc Dec Dec Unk Dec Dec Unk 10.59 8.14 5.26 2.78 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 2% 2% 0.13 3.37 1.76 0.26 1.59 4.84 2.27 0.15 1.57 5.00 14.01 12.68 11.22 6.46 3.45 0.34 8.80 Cercopithecus diana Papio papio Colobus satanas Cercopithecus mona Trachypithecus auratus Cercopithecus petaurista Procolobus badius Trachypithecus delacouri Macaca assamensis Semnopithecus hector Cercocebus atys Trachypithecus poliocephalus Colobus angolensis Cercocebus torquatus Trachypithecus shortridgei Cercopithecus nictitans Cercopithecus campbelli Papio anubis Cercopithecus ascanius Cercopithecus cephus Presbytis siamensis Macaca silenus Cercopithecus neglectus Semnopithecus schistaceus Papio ursinus Lophocebus aterrimus Papio cynocephalus Trachypithecus phayrei Semnopithecus priam Gorilla gorilla Macaca arctoides Colobus vellerosus Nycticebus bengalensis Pan troglodytes Lophocebus albigena Trachypithecus johnii Cercopithecus mitis Chlorocebus aethiops Trachypithecus germaini Trachypithecus hatinhensis Colobus guereza Cercopithecus pogonias Nasalis larvatus Cercocebus agilis Macaca fascicularis Presbytis comata Macaca leonina Trachypithecus cristatus Procolobus rufomitratus Macaca nemestrina Cercocebus chrysogaster Nycticebus coucang Semnopithecus hypoleucos Presbytis hosei Presbytis melalophos Cercopithecus erythrotis Cercopithecus preussi Trachypithecus obscurus Presbytis thomasi Cercopithecus hamlyni Cercopithecus lhoesti Diana guenon Guinea baboon Black colobus Mona guenon Ebony leaf monkey Lesser spot-nosed guenon Bay colobus Delacour's langur Assamese macaque Gray langur Red-capped monkey Cat ba langur Angola colobus Collared mangabey Shortridge’s capped langur Greater spot-nosed guenon Campbell's guenon Anubis baboon Black-cheeked white-nosed monkey Moustached guenon Pale-thighed langur Lion-tailed macaque De brazza's monkey Central himalayan langur Chacma baboon Black crested mangabey Yellow baboon Phayre's langur Coromandel sacred langur Lowland gorilla Bear macaque Geoffroy's black-and-white colobus Bengal loris Chimpanzee Gray-cheeked mangabey Black leaf monkey Blue monkey Green monkey Germain’s langur Hatinh langur Eastern black-and-white colobus Crowned guenon Long-nosed monkey Agile mangabey Crab-eating macaque Grizzled leaf monkey Northern pig-tailed macaque Silvered langur Eastern red colobus Pig-tailed macaque Golden-bellied mangabey Greater slow loris Black-footed gray langur Gray leaf monkey Mitred leaf monkey Red-eared guenon Preuss's guenon Dusky langur North sumatran leaf monkey Hamlyn’s monkey L'hoest's guenon Le Le,Li,SpHy Le Le Dh,Le Le Le Dh,Le,Ti Ti Dh,Le,Ti Le Dh,Le Le Le Dh,Le,Ti Le Le Ch,Le,Li,SpHy Le Le Dh,Le,Ti Ti Le Dh,Le,Ti Ch,Le,Li,SpHy Le Ch,Le,Li,SpHy Dh,Le,Ti Dh,Le,Ti Le Ti Le ClLe Le Le Dh,Le,Ti Le Ch,Le Dh,Le,Ti Dh,Le,Ti Le Le SuClLe Le Ti Dh,Le Ti Dh,Le,Ti Le Ti Le ClLe Dh,Le,Ti SuClLe Dh,Ti Le Le Dh,Le,Ti Dh,Ti Le Le 10 VU NT VU LC VU LC EN CR NT NT VU CR LC VU EN LC LC LC LC LC NT EN LC LC LC NT LC EN NT CR VU VU VU EN LC VU LC LC EN EN LC LC EN LC LC EN VU NT LC VU DD VU VU VU EN VU EN NT VU VU VU Dec Unk Dec Unk Dec Unk Dec Dec Dec Dec Dec Dec Unk Dec Dec Dec Unk Inc Unk Unk Dec Dec Unk Dec Stable Dec Stable Dec Dec Dec Dec Unk Dec Dec Dec Dec Dec Stable Dec Dec Unk Unk Dec Stable Dec Dec Dec Dec Dec Dec Dec Dec Dec Dec Dec Dec Dec Dec Dec Dec Dec 4.36 18.03 9.06 3.98 9.72 3.23 8.55 6.94 8.99 7.29 5.26 3.63 17.73 3.54 3.45 5.90 6.00 5.33 17.73 6.51 15.82 7.68 112.59 9.36 7.70 1.14 45.00 7.42 10.60 5.04 3.70 9.93 3.58 12.27 7.11 4.57 6.55 7.18 7.82 0.93 10.03 6.28 6.44 3.26 5.13 7.25 6.69 5.31 2% 2% 2% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 4% 4% 4% 4% 4% 4% 4% 4% 4% 4% 4% 4% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 6% 6% 6% 6% 6% 6% 6% 6% 6% 6% 7% 7% 7% 7% 8% 8% 8% 8% 10% 11% 12% 13% 13% 14% Presbytis femoralis Cercocebus galeritus Trachypithecus vetulus Trachypithecus geei Procolobus gordonorum Procolobus preussi Trachypithecus barbei Cercocebus sanjei Elephas maximus Loxodonta africana Notomys aquilo Aeretes melanopterus Biswamoyopterus biswasi Eupetaurus cinereus Sciurotamias davidianus Sciurotamias forresti Spermophilus taurensis Spermophilus xanthoprymnus Trogopterus xanthipes Petaurista xanthotis Spermophilus ralli Petaurista alborufus Spermophilus fulvus Dremomys pernyi Spermophilus pygmaeus Tamiops swinhoei Sigmodon hispidus Funambulus pennantii Spermophilus dauricus Marmota himalayana Callosciurus pygerythrus Spermophilopsis leptodactylus Spermophilus brevicauda Spermophilus major Spermophilus erythrogenys Otomys typus Spermophilus alashanicus Pseudomys australis Myocastor coypus Tamias sibiricus Pteromys volans Callosciurus erythraeus Sciurus vulgaris Dremomys lokriah Leggadina forresti Petaurista philippensis Mus musculus Hylopetes alboniger Hystrix brachyura Rattus villosissimus Eoglaucomys fimbriatus Marmota baibacina Spermophilus pallidicauda Atherurus macrourus Pseudomys desertor Petaurista elegans Petaurista petaurista Marmota caudata Dremomys rufigenis Banded langur Dh,Le,Ti Tana river crested mangabey Le Purple-faced langur Le Gee's golden langur Dh,Le,Ti Udzungwa red colobus Le Preuss's red colobus Le Barbe's langur Dh,Le,Ti Sanje crested mangabey Le Proboscidea (elephants) Asian elephant Ti African elephant Ch,Le,Li,SpHy Rodentia (rodents) Northern hopping mouse Di Groove-toothed flying squirrel SnLe Namdapha flying squirrel SnLe Woolly flying squirrel SnLe Pére david's rock squirrel Le,SnLe Forrest's rock squirrel Le Le Asia minor ground squirrel Le Complex-toothed flying squirrel SnLe Chinese giant flying squirrel SnLe Tien shan ground squirrel SnLe Red and white giant flying squirrel SnLe Yellow ground squirrel Le,SnLe Perny's long-nosed squirrel SnLe Little ground squirrel Le Swinhoe's striped squirrel SnLe Hispid cotton rat ReWo Five-striped palm squirrel SnLe Daurian ground squirrel Le Himalayan marmot Le,SnLe Hoary-bellied squirrel SnLe Long-clawed ground squirrel SnLe Brandt's ground squirrel SnLe Russet ground squirrel SnLe Red-cheeked ground squirrel SnLe Typical vlei rat EtWo* Alashan ground squirrel Le,SnLe Plains mouse Di Coypu Ja Siberian chipmunk Le,SnLe Russian flying squirrel SnLe Pallas's squirrel SnLe Eurasian red squirrel SnLe Orange-bellied himalayan squirrel SnLe Central short-tailed mouse Di Indian giant flying squirrel SnLe House mouse Di,ReWo Particolored flying squirrel SnLe Himalayan crestless porcupine SuClLe Long-haired rat Di Small kashmir flying squirrel SnLe Altai marmot SnLe Pallid ground squirrel SnLe Asiatic brush-tailed porcupine ClLe Brown desert mouse Di* Grey-headed flying squirrel SnLe Common giant flying squirrel SnLe Long-tailed marmot Le,SnLe Asian red-cheeked squirrel SnLe 11 NT EN EN EN EN CR DD EN Dec Dec Dec Dec Dec Dec Dec Dec 7.03 7.08 7.21 8.36 15% 16% 16% 25% 30% 35% 41% 53% EN VU Dec Inc 3269.79 3824.54 11% 21% EN NT CR EN LC LC LC NT NT LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC VU LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC Dec Dec Dec Unk Unk Unk Unk Dec Dec Unk Unk Unk Unk Stable Dec Stable Inc Unk Unk Unk Unk Unk Unk Unk Stable Dec Dec Dec Dec Stable Dec Stable Dec Dec Unk Dec Stable Dec Dec Unk Unk Unk Unk Dec Dec Stable Dec Unk Stable 0.04 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 4% 4% 4% 4% 4% 4% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 1.50 0.78 0.20 0.17 0.11 0.10 0.05 6.36 0.09 0.14 0.28 0.33 0.23 0.02 1.68 0.02 0.26 8.00 0.22 0.51 2.00 0.04 1.04 1.53 4.35 0.20 Belomys pearsonii Spermophilus undulatus Pseudomys hermannsburgensis Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris Ratufa bicolor Ondatra zibethicus Castor canadensis Cuniculus paca Petaurista magnificus Pedetes capensis Marmota sibirica Alticola roylei Tamiops macclellandii Spermophilus relictus Menetes berdmorei Erethizon dorsatum Arvicanthis blicki Petaurista nobilis Rattus fuscipes Spermophilus musicus Lophuromys melanonyx Marmota menzbieri Mastacomys fuscus Tachyoryctes macrocephalus Orycteropus afer Hairy-footed flying squirrel SnLe Long-tailed ground squirrel SnLe Sandy inland mouse Di Capybara Ja*,Pu Black giant squirrel SnLe Muskrat ReWo American beaver GrWo* Spotted paca Ja* Hodgson's giant flying squirrel SnLe Springhaas Ch,Le Mongolian marmot SnLe Royle's mountain vole SnLe Himalayan striped squirrel SnLe Tien shan ground squirrel SnLe Indochinese ground squirrel ClLe North american porcupine Pu* Blick's grass rat EtWo* Bhutan giant flying squirrel SnLe Bush rat Di Caucasian mountain ground squirrel Le Black-clawed brush-furred rat EtWo* Menzbier's marmot SnLe Broad-toothed mouse Di Giant mole rat EtWo* Tubulidentata (aardvark) Aardvark Le 12 DD LC LC LC NT LC LC LC LC LC EN NT LC LC LC LC NT NT LC NT VU VU NT EN Unk Stable Stable Unk Dec Stable Stable Stable Dec Unk Dec Dec Stable Unk Stable Stable Unk Dec Stable Unk Unk Dec Dec Dec LC Unk 0.13 0.62 6% 6% 6% 6% 6% 6% 7% 7% 7% 7% 7% 7% 7% 8% 8% 8% 9% 14% 18% 26% 26% 35% 36% 46% 56.18 4% 0.74 0.01 48.15 1.61 0.99 18.12 8.17 1.48 2.55 0.04 0.60 7.42 0.13 0.13 0.01 13 Figure S1. Prey endangerment maps (complete set). 14 15 Figure S2. Prey decreasing trend maps (complete set). 16 Figure S3. Prey status by continent. “Status” is the IUCN Red List endangerment status: DD (data deficient), LC (least concern), NT (near threatened), VU (vulnerable), EN (endangered), CR (critically endangered). Figure S4. Prey population trends by continent. 17 Figure S5. Status of large carnivores’ preferred prey. Carnivores are ordered by decreasing percentage threatened (VU/EN/CR) prey from the top down. The numbers of preferred prey species are shown after the large carnivore names. “Status” is the IUCN Red List endangerment status: DD (data deficient), LC (least concern), NT (near threatened), VU (vulnerable), EN (endangered), CR (critically endangered). 18 Figure S6. Population trends of large carnivores’ preferred prey. Carnivores are sorted by percentage of preferred prey with decreasing population trends. The numbers of preferred prey species are shown after the large carnivore names. 19 Figure S7. Percentages of all 114 preferred prey species that are threatened (top) or have decreasing population trends (bottom). 20 21 Figure S8. Preferred prey endangerment maps (complete set). 22 23 Figure S9. Preferred prey decreasing trend maps (complete set). 24 Figure S10. Major threats faced by large carnivores’ threatened prey. The percentages are out of all prey, including non-threatened prey. The red wolf is omitted as none of its prey are threatened. 25 Figure S11. Mass and order information for each large carnivore’s prey species. Results for all prey species together are shown in the bottom right panel. Masses were obtained for 360 (73%) of the 494 total prey species from Jones et al. (2009). Only orders with more than five prey species appearing in large carnivore prey lists are labeled. Carnivores are sorted top to bottom, left to right by median prey mass (indicated by vertical lines). Jones KE, Bielby J, Cardillo M, Fritz SA, O’Dell J, Orme CDL, et al. PanTHERIA: a specieslevel database of life history, ecology, and geography of extant and recently extinct mammals. Ecology. 2009 Aug 17;90(9):2648–2648. 26 Table S3. Analysis of the six most cited conservation-related articles for each large carnivore. Articles are classified according to whether the term prey was mentioned (“Prey”) and whether prey endangerment, status or depletion was mentioned (“Status”). Only four articles were available for the Sunda clouded leopard. Species Cheetah Gray wolf Dingo Red wolf Article title Laurenson, M. Karen. "High juvenile mortality in cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) and its consequences for maternal care." Journal of Zoology 234.3 (1994): 387-408. Merola, Michele. "A reassessment of homozygosity and the case for inbreeding depression in the cheetah, Acinonyx jubatus: implications for conservation." Conservation biology 8.4 (1994): 961-971. Hayward, M. W., et al. "Prey preferences of the cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus)(Felidae: Carnivora): morphological limitations or the need to capture rapidly consumable prey before kleptoparasites arrive?." Journal of Zoology 270.4 (2006): 615-627. Kelly, Marcella J., et al. "Demography of the Serengeti cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) population: the first 25 years." Journal of Zoology 244.4 (1998): 473-488. Crooks, Kevin R., M. A. Sanjayan, and Daniel F. Doak. "New insights on cheetah conservation through demographic modeling." Conservation Biology 12.4 (1998): 889895. Durant, Sarah M. "Predator avoidance, breeding experience and reproductive success in endangered cheetahs, Acinonyx jubatus." Animal behaviour 60.1 (2000): 121-130. Mladenoff, David J., et al. "A regional landscape analysis and prediction of favorable gray wolf habitat in the northern Great Lakes region." Conservation Biology 9.2 (1995): 279-294. Vilà, Carles, et al. "Rescue of a severely bottlenecked wolf (Canis lupus) population by a single immigrant." Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences 270.1510 (2003): 91-97. Vilà, Carles, et al. "Mitochondrial DNA phylogeography and population history of the grey wolf Canis lupus." Molecular Ecology 8.12 (1999): 2089-2103. Mladenoff, David J., Theodore A. Sickley, and Adrian P. Wydeven. "Predicting gray wolf landscape recolonization: logistic regression models vs. new field data." Ecological Applications 9.1 (1999): 37-44. Wayne, R. K., et al. "Conservation genetics of the endangered Isle Royale gray wolf." Conservation Biology 5.1 (1991): 41-51. Liberg, Olof, et al. "Severe inbreeding depression in a wild wolf Canis lupus population." Biology letters 1.1 (2005): 17-20. Glen, Al S., et al. "Evaluating the role of the dingo as a trophic regulator in Australian ecosystems." Austral Ecology 32.5 (2007): 492-501. Letnic, Mike, Euan G. Ritchie, and Christopher R. Dickman. "Top predators as biodiversity regulators: the dingo Canis lupus dingo as a case study." Biological Reviews 87.2 (2012): 390-413. Daniels, Mike J., and Laurie Corbett. "Redefining introgressed protected mammals: when is a wildcat a wild cat and a dingo a wild dog?." Wildlife Research 30.3 (2003): 213-218. Dickman, Chris R., Alistair S. Glen, and Mike Letnic. "Reintroducing the dingo: can Australia’s conservation wastelands be restored." Reintroduction of top-order predators 7 (2009): 238. Allen, Benjamin L., Richard M. Engeman, and Lee R. Allen. "Wild Dogma: An Examination Of Recent" Evidence" For Dingo Regulation Of Invasive Mesopredator Release In Australia." (2011). Elledge, Amanda E., et al. "An evaluation of genetic analyses, skull morphology and visual appearance for assessing dingo purity: implications for dingo conservation." Wildlife Research 35.8 (2009): 812-820. Kalinowski, Steven T., Philip W. Hedrick, and Philip S. Miller. "No inbreeding depression observed in Mexican and red wolf captive breeding programs." Conservation biology 13.6 (1999): 1371-1377. 27 Prey Status Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y Y Y N N N Y Y N N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N N N N N Species Ethiopian wolf Spotted hyena Dhole Article title Miller, Craig R., Jennifer R. Adams, and Lisette P. Waits. "Pedigree‐based assignment tests for reversing coyote (Canis latrans) introgression into the wild red wolf (Canis rufus) population." Molecular Ecology 12.12 (2003): 3287-3301. Phillips, Michael K., V. Gary Henry, and Brian T. Kelly. "Restoration of the red wolf." (2003). Bohling, Justin H., and Lisette P. Waits. "Assessing the prevalence of hybridization between sympatric Canis species surrounding the red wolf (Canis rufus) recovery area in North Carolina." Molecular Ecology 20.10 (2011): 2142-2156. Brownlow, C. Alexander. "Molecular taxonomy and the conservation of the red wolf and other endangered carnivores." Conservation Biology 10.2 (1996): 390-396. Kennerly, Erin, et al. "A gene expression signature of confinement in peripheral blood of red wolves (Canis rufus)." Molecular Ecology 17.11 (2008): 2782-2791. Gottelli, Dada, et al. "Molecular genetics of the most endangered canid: the Ethiopian wolf Canis simensis." Molecular Ecology 3.4 (1994): 301-312. Sillero-Zubiri, C., A. A. King, and D. W. Macdonald. "Rabies and mortality in Ethiopian wolves (Canis simensis)." Journal of Wildlife Diseases 32.1 (1996): 80-86. Haydon, D. T., M. K. Laurenson, and C. Sillero‐Zubiri. "Integrating epidemiology into population viability analysis: managing the risk posed by rabies and canine distemper to the Ethiopian wolf." Conservation Biology 16.5 (2002): 1372-1385. Gottelli, Dada, et al. "The effect of the last glacial age on speciation and population genetic structure of the endangered Ethiopian wolf (Canis simensis)." Molecular Ecology 13.8 (2004): 2275-2286. Marino, J., C. Sillero‐Zubiri, and D. W. Macdonald. "Trends, dynamics and resilience of an Ethiopian wolf population." Animal Conservation 9.1 (2006): 49-58. Sillero-Zubiri, C., F. H. Tattersall, and D. W. Macdonald. "Habitat selection and daily activity of giant molerats Tachyoryctes macrocephalus: significance to the Ethiopian wolf Canis simensis in the Afroalpine ecosystem." Biological Conservation 72.1 (1995): 77-84. Hayward, Matt W., and Gina J. Hayward. "Activity patterns of reintroduced lion Panthera leo and spotted hyaena Crocuta crocuta in the Addo Elephant National Park, South Africa." African journal of ecology 45.2 (2007): 135-141. Yirga, Gidey, et al. "Adaptability of large carnivores to changing anthropogenic food sources: diet change of spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) during Christian fasting period in northern Ethiopia." Journal of Animal Ecology 81.5 (2012): 1052-1055. Holekamp, Kay E., and Stephanie M. Dloniak. "Intraspecific variation in the behavioral ecology of a tropical carnivore, the spotted hyena." 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References to prey depletion in the literature. Results shown are for the top six most cited conservation articles for each large carnivore. Each article was categorized based on whether the term prey was not mentioned (“Not mentioned”), mentioned without reference to prey status or depletion (“Prey”), or mentioned in the context of prey status/depletion (“Prey status”). 32 Figure S13. Mass and order information for each large carnivore’s preferred prey species. Results for all preferred prey species together are shown in the bottom right panel. Masses were obtained for 101 (89%) of the 114 total preferred prey species from Jones et al. (2009). Only orders with more than five preferred prey species appearing in large carnivore preferred prey lists are labeled. Carnivores are sorted top to bottom, left to right by median preferred prey mass (indicated by vertical lines). Jones KE, Bielby J, Cardillo M, Fritz SA, O’Dell J, Orme CDL, et al. PanTHERIA: a specieslevel database of life history, ecology, and geography of extant and recently extinct mammals. Ecology. 2009 Aug 17;90(9):2648–2648. 33
