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Final Examination Questions in Paediatrics 2016/17 3 questions must be drawn. In the first section, we have collected questions which are commonly faced by practicing paediatricians. We are primarily interested in answers which demonstrate the students’ knowledge of differential diagnosis. The second section addresses conditions arising in neonates. The third section is made up of specific diseases and groups of diseases. The answer should include a complete description of the condition, including the typical case history, symptoms, diagnostic tests and criteria, and appropriate therapy. I. General Paediatrics 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. Diagnosis and differential diagnosis of fever in infants Diagnosis and differential diagnosis of fever in children The unconscious child. Differential diagnosis Differential diagnosis of convulsions in infants and children Treatment of status epilepticus Emergency treatment of children Monitoring of children in critical condition Shock: types, symptoms, differential diagnosis Differential diagnosis of pulmonary illnesses in children Differential diagnosis of cough Assessment and examination of pallor. Differential diagnosis Paediatric illnesses accompanied by rash Examination and differential diagnosis of petechiae, purpurae, and suffusions (bleeding into the skin) Diagnosis of enlarged lymph nodes. Differential diagnosis Aetiology and differential diagnosis of joint pain Abdominal pain in childhood. Diagnostic tests and differential diagnosis Differential diagnosis of pathological abdominal masses Most common causes of vomiting in infants Most common causes of vomiting in children Differential diagnosis of acute diarrhoea Differential diagnosis of chronic diarrhoea Differential diagnosis of bloody stool Differential diagnosis of enuresis Hepatomegaly: causes, diagnosis and differential diagnosis Splenomegaly: causes, diagnosis and differential diagnosis Dehydration: causes and differential diagnosis. Symptoms and treatment of cardiac decompensation Causes and differential diagnosis of failure to thrive Jaundice (icterus): causes and differential diagnosis Causes of oedema and ascites. Differential diagnosis Examination of hypertension Examination of the obese child Differential diagnosis of allergy and atopia Differential diagnosis of movement disorders Differential diagnosis of conditions associated with an increased bleeding tendency Examination of mentally impaired children Examination of impaired psychomotor development in infants Diagnosis and therapy of acute behavioural disorders Usefulness of ultrasound diagnostics in infants and children 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. Imaging examinations (X-ray, CT, MRI) in infants and children. Which to use when? Laboratory tests to be used in infant and child infections (chemical and microbiological). Which to use when? Basis for selection of antibiotic therapy in infants and children Pathological changes in body fluid volume: dehydration and hyperhydration Disorders of sodium and potassium regulation and their treatment Theory and practice of fluid therapy Disorders of acid-base regulation and their treatment The role of the primary care paediatrician in attending to neonates, infants and children Prevention of adult diseases in childhood Use of antibiotics in infants and children Symptomatic treatment in infants and children (fever reducers and painkillers, anticonvulsants, mucolytics, medications affecting respiration and circulation) II. Neonatology 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. Prenatal examinations for establishing the health and growth of the foetus Care of the newborn in the delivery room The mature, premature, and dysmature newborn: traits and differences Feeding the healthy neonate and infant. Nursing, weaning, and inappropriate feeding Energy, fluid and feeding requirements of the neonate Screening tests in neonates Physiological and pathological skin lesions in neonates. Metabolic disturbances in neonates Aetiology, diagnosis and therapy of neonatal jaundice Neonatal isoimmunisation and its therapy Neonatal respiratory illness (not including IRDS) Pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis and therapy of IRDS Primary pulmonary hypertension. Persistent foetal circulation. Diagnosis and treatment Most common congenital abnormalities causing cyanosis Most common congenital abnormalities not causing cyanosis Congenital abnormalities requiring surgery Meconium ileus, necrotizing enterocolitis Sexually transmitted diseases causing foetal and neonatal infections Birth injuries Bacterial perinatal infections Non-bacterial perinatal infections Haematogenic organs and their disorders in neonates Bleeding in neonates (excluding intracranial haemorrhage) Types of intracranial bleeding and their consequences in neonates and infants Diagnosis of convulsions in neonates. Differential diagnosis and treatment Early and late complications of neonatal illness Perinatal asphyxia. Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathia Hydrocephalus The most common chromosomal abnormalities III. General Paediatrics 1. 2. 3. 4. Milestones in normal psychomotor development Stages of normal pubertal development Most common psychosomatic illnesses Eating disorders 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. Suicide in children and adolescents. Acute treatment Sudden infant death syndrome The abused child Rickets. Tetany. Disorders of calcium and phosphate metabolism The importance of minerals and trace elements Required and elective vaccinations in infancy and childhood Differential diagnosis and treatment of the most common poisonings in childhood Treatment of the febrile patient at home and in the hospital Pain relief in infancy and childhood Rules of resuscitation of infants and children Disorders of the humoral immune system Disorders of the cellular immune system Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) Inflammatory disorders of the upper respiratory tract Bacterial and viral pneumonias Obstructive pulmonary disease Asthma Aspiration. Foreign body in the airway Cystic fibrosis Cardiac arrhythmias Inflammatory disease of the heart Arthritis. Autoimmune diseases Henoch-Schönlein purpura Symptoms and diagnostic tests in disorders of amino acid metabolism Symptoms and diagnostic tests in disorders of carbohydrate metabolism (galactosemia, fructose intolerance) Storage diseases Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) Causes, diagnosis and treatment of childhood gastrointestinal ulcers Pyloric stenosis Intussusception Hirschprung disease Enteritis Malabsorbtion. Celiac disease Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) Diseases of the liver Diseases of the spleen Disorders of body composition. Assessment of nutritional status Acute appendicitis Testicular and ovarian torsion. Cryptorchidism Pancreatitis. Diseases of the pancreas Hepatitis Anaemia related to bone marrow insufficiency Hemolytic anaemias Disorders of thrombocyte number and function Disorders of haemostasis. DIC Hemophilias Leukemias Lymphomas Brain tumors Abdominal and retroperitoneal tumors (Wilms tumor, neuroblastoma) Malignant tumors of the bones and soft tissue Chemotherapy. Basis, side effects, complications Obstructive uropathy. Vesicoureteral reflux disease (VUR) Glomerulonephritis 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. Nephrosis syndrome Acute and chronic renal insufficiency. Symptoms and treatment. Dialysis. Transplantation Urinary tract infections Urolithiasis Renal tubular disease Thyroid diseases Diseases of the adrenal gland Diabetes mellitus. Treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis Diabetes insipidus Hypoglycemia Normal and abnormal growth Abnormal puberty Assessment, diagnosis and therapy of headaches in children The most common types of epileptic seizures Purulent meningitis. Serous meningitis Encephalitis Accidents in childhood Burns Salmonella and Shigella infections. Clinical picture and treatment nfectious mononucleosis Scarlatina Varicella Osteomyelitis HIV, AIDS Tick-borne diseases