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Exam 1
Multiple Choice
Select the correct answer.
1.
Which of the following is not an example of non-experimental research?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
2.
What type of variable is best suited to inferential statistics?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
3.
determine cause-effect relationships between 2 or more variables
quantify how 2 or more variables are related and to allow prediction
compare two or more means
simplify research methods
avoid doing statistics
Research treatments, or interventions, are not used in the following research design.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
5.
nominal
ordinal
interval
ratio
C and D
The purpose of correlational research is to,
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
4.
historical
longitudinal
correlational
cross-sectional
causal-comparative
true experimental
cross-sectional
experimental
causal comparative
none of the above
In experimental research, the control group ……
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
is exposed to all interventions
must have subjects that differ to those in experimental groups
is always recruited and measured at the end of the study
is not needed
undergoes all measurements but is not exposed to any intervention
Exam 1: Research Designs: Summer 2003
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What type of sampling strategy is the following?
Researchers know that in the their intended population there are students that are 10% wealthy,
40% middle class, 40% low income, and 10% homeless. In addition, in each of these income
strata, there are 45, 60, 50, and 70% males, respectively. To ensure representation of these
strata in a research sample, appropriate numbers of these students (male and female, from
different income groups) were selected to participate in a survey of student expectations of
learning and education in Middle School.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
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Rationalism and Empiricism can be defined together as ….?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
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Simple random
Systematic sampling
Cluster
Convenience
Stratified random
Testing a hypothesis without prior knowledge
Developing hypotheses
Requiring expert opinion prior to acceptance of a theory
Logical thought leading to a hypothesis that is tested
Logical thought leading to an assumption that is accepted
The inductive approach to science entails,
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
formulating a theory from observations
developing null hypotheses
using control groups
using a theory to develop hypotheses
disregarding theories and relying solely on observation
9
When dealing with a variable that is measured by data that is interval or ratio, and therefore
continuous, effort should be made to not …
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
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perform any inferential statistics
convert the data variable into categories
measure the mean and standard deviations
test statistical power and effect size apriori
use random sampling when selecting a research sample
The most recommended statistic for representing the variance of the dependent variable is the …
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
standard error of the mean
standard deviation
mode
median
mean
Exam 1: Research Designs: Summer 2003
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Why is simple random sampling often an unrealistic option to a researcher?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
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samples of convenience are far better
it is not that simple
requires to much time of the researcher
there is no access or knowledge of the entire population
an unsuitable method for statistics
Effect size is defined as
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
(x – M) / N -1
(X1 – X2) / N
(x – M) / N
(X1 – X2) / Std Dev.
X1-n/N
True/False
T F
1.
T F
2. In true-experimental research, subjects are observed/tested without random
sampling.
T F
3. Typically, independent variables are not manipulated by researchers.
T F
4. The standard error of the mean should be used to represent the variance of the
dependent variable around the mean.
T F
5. A typical value for the minimal accepted probability for a type II error is 20%.
T F
6. Rejecting the Null Hypothesis when there is really no difference between the means
is a Type I error.
T F
7. Dependent variables are measured.
T F
8. As sample size increases, it is more difficult to show a statistically significant
difference for a given effect size.
T F
T F
There can only be one independent variable in research.
9. The variance of the DV does not influence statistical power.
10. Researchers should always aim for a sample size close to 100.
Exam 1: Research Designs: Summer 2003
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Short Answer
1. Explain the differences between inductive and deductive thinking/theorizing in science.
2. What factors combine to influence statistical power?
3. What is a construct?
4. What are the differences between descriptive and inferential statistics?
5. Why does sampling error occur?
6. In reality, is there ever such a thing as a simple randomized sample? Explain.
Exam 1: Research Designs: Summer 2003
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7. Explain the difference(s) between validity and reliability?
8. Organize the following research statement and explanation into an independent and dependent
variable table.
The intent of this study is to test if television viewing influenced the clothing worn by students in year 9.
Student television viewing was rated as High, Moderate, Low or None. Student clothing was rated
based on five fashion/trend categories. Differences in the proportion of students who were scored in
each category were tested using the Chi Square statistic.
9. Based on the above research statement, provide an improved operational definition of television
viewing?
10. What is criterion-related validity?
Exam 1: Research Designs: Summer 2003