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Biology
Cell Structure and Function
Cell Study Guide
Vocabulary:
Cell
Cell Theory
Nucleus
Eukaryote
Prokaryote
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus
Lysosome
Vacuole
Cell Specialization
Organelle
Cytoplasm
Nuclear Envelope
Chromatin
Chromosome
Nucleolus
Ribosome
Facilitated Diffusion
Phagocytosis
Tissue
Mitochondrion
Chloroplast
Cytoskeleton
Centriole
Cell Membrane
Cell Wall
Lipid Bilayer
Active Transport
Pinocytosis
Organ
Concentration
Diffusion
Equilibrium
Osmosis
Isotonic
Hypertonic
Hypotonic
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
Organ System
7.1: Life is Cellular
A. The Discovery of the Cell
1. Precipitated by the invention of the microscope
a. 1665: Robert Hooke, cork
i. Saw thousands of tiny, empty chambers
ii. Called them cells, b/c they reminded him of monastery rooms
b. Same time: Anton van Leewenhoek, pond water
i. Saw tiny, living organisms
2. Cell Theory:
a. All living things are composed of cells
b. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things
c. New cells are produced from existing cells
B. Exploring the Cell
1. Light microscopes
2. Electron microscopes
a. Capable of 1000x greater magnification
b. Transmission EM
i. Only dead samples
ii. Interior structures and protein molecules
c. Scanning EM
i. Only dead samples
ii. Exterior detail
d. Scanning Probe microscopes
i. Living samples
ii. Single atoms can be viewed
C. Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
1. All cells have a cell membrane and all cells, at some point, have DNA
2. Prokaryote
a. Small and simple
b. Genetic material is not in a nucleus
c. Ex. Bacteria
3. Eukaryote
a. Larger and more complicated
b. Genetic material is contained in a nucleus, separated from the rest of the cell
Biology
Cell Structure and Function
Cell Study Guide
7.2: Eukaryotic Cell Structure
A. Comparing the Cell to a Factory
1. Cells contain all sorts of different “employees”, with all kinds of specialized jobs
2. “Employees” are called organelles
a. “Little organs”
3. Nucleus
4. Cytoplasm
a. Portion of the cell outside the nucleus
Biology
Cell Structure and Function
Cell Study Guide
B. Organelles
Organelle
Location
Structure
Function
Nucleus
Nucleus
Large Sack
Contains DNA
Nuclear
Envelope
Chromatin
Around
nucleus
Nucleus
Double layer membrane
Granular DNA and protein
Controls access to nucleus
Forms chromosomes
Chromosomes
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Nucleus
Dense, threadlike
Small, dense area
Allows for duplication of genetic
material
Begins ribosome assembly
Cytoplasm
Small particles of protein and
RNA
Protein Synthesis
Cytoplasm
Rough or Smooth (depending on
whether ribosomes are
attached)
Lipid (smooth), protien (rough)
and "export" assembly; Drug
detoxification (smooth)
Like a stack of pancakes
Modify, sort, and packaged
materials from the ER for
storage inside the cell or
secretion from the cell
Small, enzyme filled sacks
Breakdown of cellular "junk",
digestion of large molecules into
smaller, more useful ones
Cytoplasm
Sacks
Storage, large central plant cell
vacuole provides pressure to
help support stems, etc.
Cytoplasm
Sack with the inner membrane
folded up inside the outer
Convert chemical energy into a
useful form
Cytoplasm
Like mitochondria, except inner
membranes are green due to
chlorophyll
Capture solar energy and
convert it to chemical energy
through photosynthesis
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Golgi
Apparatus
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Mitochondria
Chloroplast
Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm
Cytoskeleton
Cytoplasm
A network of protein filaments
Give shape, support and internal
organization, aid in cell
movement
Microfilaments
Cytoplasm
Threadlike, made of actin
Provide a tough, flexible
framework
Microtubules
Cytoplasm
Hollow, made of tubulin,
arranged in a circle of 9 in an
outer ring with 2 more in the
center
Maintain shape, form mitotic
spindle to help separate
chromosomes, build cilia and
flagella
Centrioles
Cytoplasm
Two pair of tubes, made from
tubulin
Organize cell division
Biology
Cell Structure and Function
Cell Study Guide
7.3: Cell Boundaries
A. Cell Membrane
1. Thin, flexible barrier composed of two layers of lipids
2. Regulates what crosses into and out of a cell
3. Provides protection and support
4. Dotted with embedded protein molecules that act as pumps or channels
5. Proteins often have carbohydrate chains attached, which act as identity cards so cells can
easily recognize one another
5. “Fluid Mosaic” Model
B. Cell Walls
1. Plants, algae, fungi, prokaryotes
2. Outside cell membrane
3. Porous to water, oxygen, CO2 and several other substances
4. Plant cell walls composed of the carbohydrate cellulose
C. Diffusion Through Cell Boundaries
1. All cells live in a liquid environment
2. The cell membrane must regulate the movement of dissolved molecules
3. Concentration
a. Mass of solute per volume of solution
b. Ex. grams/Liters
4. Diffusion
a. Particles tend to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low
concentration
b. Diffusion continues until the entire available volume is at roughly the same
concentration
i. Equilibrium
ii. Particles still in motion, but there is no net change in concentration
c. Substances that can cross a cell membrane will do so without using energy
D. Osmosis
1. Diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane
2. Since the membrane in permeable to water, but not to the solute, it is the water that moves
from an area of high concentration to low until equilibrium is reached
a. Seems backwards, because if water is concentrated, the solution is actually WEAK
3. Iso, hypo, and hypertonic
a. Used to compare two solutions
b. If they have the same concentration, they are isotonic
c. If they are not, the more concentrated solutions is hypertonic while the less
concentrated solution is hypotonic
4. Osmotic pressure
a. Pressure exerted on the hypertonic side of a semipermeable membrane
b. Cells are full of salts and other compounds
i. Surrounded by fresh water, the water will move into the cell, possibly
until the cell bursts
ii. Surrounded by a more concentrated salt water solution, the water will
move out of the cell, possibly until it shrivels and dies
c. Animal cells are generally surrounded by isotonic fluids, like blood
d. Plant cells store extra water in the central vacuole and depend on the cell wall
to prevent bursting
Biology
Cell Structure and Function
Cell Study Guide
E. Facilitated Diffusion
1. Some molecules pass through membranes much more easily than they should
2. Protein channels act as carriers to allow large, strongly charged molecules easy access
3. Protein channels are specific to one and only one substance, but will allow that substance to
pass freely in either direction
4. Still a diffusion process, so does not require energy
F. Active Transport
1. Sometimes cells must move materials against a concentration difference
2. This requires energy
3. Transport proteins or protein pumps accomplish this
4. Can also be accomplished through endo and exocytosis
a. Moves large molecules or solid clumps of material
b. Endo- taking into the cell
i. Cell membrane folds in and envelops whatever is being transported
ii. Eventually pinches off and becomes a vacuole in the cell
iii. Phagocytosis: solid particles
iv. Pinocytosis: to take up liquid from the environment
c. Exocytosis- pushing out of the cell
i. Membrane of the vacuole containing substance fuses with cell membrane
ii. Forces material out of the cell
7.4: The Diversity of Cellular Life
A. Unicellular Organisms
1. Yeast
2. Algae
3. Bacteria
B. Multicellular Organisms
1. Tend to engage in cell specialization
a. Cells develop in different ways so that they can perform different tasks
2. Nerve cells, pancreatic cells, muscle cells, bone cells, etc…
3. In plants, guard cells regulate the exchange of water , carbon dioxide, oxygen etc.
C. Levels of Organization
1. Cells
2. Tissues
a. Made of a single type of cell
b. Has a specific function
c. Muscle, epithelial, nervous and connective tissue
3. Organs
a. Made of many types of tissues working together to perform a complex task
4. Organ Systems
a. Many organs working together to perform a specific function