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Presidency Chart – Ronald Reagan (40th) (1981 - 1989) The Election of 1980 Candidates: Carter = Democrat Reagan = Republican ___________________ = Independent The Election of 1984 Candidates: Walter Mondale = Democrat Geraldine Ferraro = Demo. V-P Nominee Ronald Reagan = Republican Issues: Issues: Why not a close election? Close election? No Reagan Revolution: “Great Communicator”: 1st Domestic Policy Term (1981-1985): Foreign Policy SDI (Star Wars) Proposal by U.S. President Ronald Reagan on March Reaganomics: macroeconomic thought that argues that economic 23, 1983 to use ground-based and space-based growth can be most effectively created using systems to protect the United States from attack by incentives for people to produce (supply) goods and strategic nuclear ballistic missiles. The initiative services, such as adjusting income tax and capital focused on strategic defense rather than the prior gains tax rates strategic offense doctrine of mutual assured Economic Recovery Act (1981) destruction (MAD). It gained the popular name Star A bill to amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 Wars after the 1977 movie by George Lucas to encourage economic growth through reductions in NUTS vs. MAD individual income tax rates, the expensing of Nuclear utilization target selection (NUTS) was a depreciable property, incentives for small businesses, strategy developed during the Cold War as a means and incentives for savings, and for other purpose for one world nuclear power to achieve victory Recession against another world nuclear power. To be A decline in a country's real gross domestic product (GDP), or negative real economic growth, for two or victorious, the attacker had to destroy the target country's nuclear arsenal in a massive first strike. The more successive quarters of a year. ability to do so would then have given the attacker Deregulation term which gained widespread currency in the period superiority in the nuclear arms race and relieve them from the threat of mutual assured destruction (MAD). 1970-2000, can be seen as a process by which governments remove, reduce, or simplify restrictions Solidarity It was the first non-communist trade union in a on business and individuals with the intent of communist country. In the 1980s it constituted a 1 encouraging the efficient operation of markets. Assassination Attempt (1981) The Reagan assassination attempt occurred on March 30, 1981, just 69 days into the presidency of Ronald Reagan. While leaving a speaking engagement at the Washington Hilton Hotel in Washington, D.C., President Reagan and three others were shot and wounded by John Hinckley, Jr., S & L Bailout Air Traffic Controllers Strike Air Traffic Controller union declared a strike, seeking better working conditions, better pay and a 32-hour workweek. In doing so, the union violated a law that banned strikes by government unions. However, several government unions (including one representing employees of the Postal Service) had declared strikes in the intervening period without penalties. Ronald Reagan, however, declared the PATCO strike a "peril to national safety" and ordered them back to work under the terms of the Taft-Hartley Act of 1947. Only 1,500 of the more than 13,000 of the controllers returned to work. PATCO hoped the strike would disrupt the national air system, and that they could use that as a bargaining tool. However Reagan gave union members 48 hours to return, knowing that Transportation Secretary Drew Lewis had secretly trained replacements. The airplanes kept flying at 80% of normal. Reagan fired the 11,345 striking air traffic controllers who had ignored the order and banned them from federal service for three years (which was later rescinded by the President). Sandra Day O’Connor She served as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1981 until her retirement from the bench in 2006. The first woman to serve on the Supreme Court, she was considered a strict constructionist but was a crucial swing vote on the Court for many years because of her case-bycase approach to jurisprudence and her relatively moderate political views. broad anti-communist social movement. The government attempted to destroy the union with the martial law of 1981 and several years of repressions, but in the end it had to start negotiating with the union. The Roundtable Talks between the weakened government and Solidarity-led opposition led to semi-free elections in 1989. By the end of August a Solidarity-led coalition government was formed and in December Wałęsa was elected President of Poland. KAL 007 a Korean Air Lines civilian airliner shot down by Soviet jet interceptors on September 1, 1983 just west of Sakhalin island. 269 passengers and crew, including US congressman Lawrence McDonald, were aboard KAL 007; there were no known survivors. The aircraft had violated Soviet airspace and the Soviet Union stated it did not believe the aircraft was civilian and said that it believed it had entered Soviet airspace as a deliberate provocation by the United States, the purpose being to test its military response capabilities, repeating the provocation of Korean Air Flight 902, also shot down by Soviet aircraft over the Kola Peninsula in 1978.The incident attracted a storm of protest from across the world, particularly from the United States. Evil Empire Speech Middle East: Lebanon Libya Iran-Iraq War 2nd Term (1985-1989) Webster v. Reproductive Health Services (1989) 2 This decision held that state regulation of abortion was constitutional if it provided exceptions for the health of the mother and if it didn't ban abortions contrary to the trimester regime of Roe v. Wade. Although O'Connor joined the majority, which also included Rehnquist, Scalia, Kennedy, and White, in a concurring opinion she refused to explicitly overturn Roe. Tax Reform Act (1986) Lowered taxes for upper tax brackets and across the board; income tax code broadened the tax base and eliminated many tax shelters and other preferences. Immigration Reform & Control Act (1986) The Act made it illegal to knowingly hire or recruit undocumented immigrants (immigrants who do not possess lawful work authorization), required employers to attest to their employees' immigration status, and granted amnesty to undocumented immigrants who entered the United States before January 1, 1982 and had resided there continuously. Iran-Contra Scandal A political scandal which was revealed in 1986 as a result of earlier events during the Reagan administration. It began as an operation to increase U.S.-Iranian relations, wherein Israel would ship weapons to a moderate, politically influential group of Iranians opposed to the Ayatollah Khomeni; the U.S. would reimburse Israel with those weapons and receive payment from Israel. The moderate Iranians agreed to do everything in their power to achieve the release of six U.S. hostages, who were being held by the terrorist group Hezbollah. The plan eventually deteriorated into an arms-for-hostages scheme, in which members of the executive branch sold weapons to Iran in exchange for the release of the American hostages, without the authorization of President Ronald Reagan. Large modifications to the plan were conjured by Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North of the National Security Agency in late 1985; in North's plan, a portion of the proceeds from the weapon sales were diverted to fund anti-Sandinista and anti-communist rebels, or Contras, in Nicaragua. President Ronald Reagan did not authorize this plan, nor was he aware that the funds were being sent to the Contras Western Hemisphere: Nicaragua El Salvador Grenada USSR: Gorbachav INF Treaty Fall of the Iron Curtain Mergers: 3 Black Monday Stock markets around the world 'crashed', shedding a huge value in a very short period. The crash began in Hong Kong, spread west through international time zones to Europe, hitting the United States after other markets had already declined by a significant margin Challenger Explosion Space Shuttle operated by NASA, broke apart 73 seconds into its flight leading to the deaths of its seven crew members. The spacecraft disintegrated over the Atlantic Ocean, off the coast of central Florida, United States at 11:39 a.m. EST on January 28, 1986. Teacher, Christa McAulliffe onboard. Culture War? Economic Legacy 4