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AP Biology Study Guide
Chapter 22: Gas Exchange
Opening Essay
1. Explain how geese can fly at altitudes higher than the summit of Mt. Everest. Explain how humans adjust to life at high
altitudes.
Mechanisms of Gas Exchange
2. Describe the three main phases of gas exchange in a human.
3. Describe the properties of respiratory surfaces. Describe four types of respiratory surfaces and the kinds of animals that use
them.
4. Explain how the amount of oxygen available in air compares to that available in cold and warm freshwater and cold and
warm saltwater.
5. Explain how the structure of fish gills functions to maximize oxygen exchange.
6. Explain why breathing air is easier than using water for gas exchange.
7. Describe the tracheal system of insects.
8. Describe the respiratory structures of the fossil animal Tiktaalik, and explain why these features have led scientists to
conclude that it likely lived in shallow water.
9. Describe the structures and corresponding functions of a mammalian respiratory system. Describe the respiratory problems
most common to premature infants.
10. Describe the impact of smoking on human health.
11. Compare the mechanisms and efficiencies of lung ventilation in humans and birds.
12. Explain how breathing is controlled in humans.
Transport of Gases in the Human Body
13. Explain how blood transports gases between the lungs and tissues of the body.
14. Describe the functions of hemoglobin. Explain how carbon dioxide is transported in the blood.
15. Explain how a human fetus obtains oxygen prior to and immediately after birth.
C. Gay 1/5/09
Steamboat Springs High School AP Biology
Key Terms
alveolus (plural, alveoli)
negative pressure breathing
breathing
partial pressure
breathing control center
pharynx
bronchiole
surfactant
bronchus (plural, bronchi)
trachea (plural, tracheae)
countercurrent exchange
tracheal system
diaphragm
ventilation
gas exchange
vital capacity
gill
vocal cord
hemoglobin
larynx
lung
C. Gay 1/5/09
Steamboat Springs High School AP Biology