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Prehistory:
25000 BC – first human settlement in British Isles, people from south of Europe came when Britain was
connected to the continent
18000 BC – Ice Age, ceases(zatrzymanie) of habitation
10000 BC – settlement resumed
7000-5000 BC - global warming, sea level rises, separation of Britain from Europe, people had to master
the skill of sailing
4000 BC – Neolithic revolution, man is no longer a nomad – permanent settlement, farming, creating a
culture, agrarian revolution,
Skara Brea - under the blanket of sand and grass was a Neolithic village – Orkney, north of Scotland
People who stated settlement:
3000 BC – Iberians
2000 BC – The Beaker People ( Lud Pucharów, beaker- kubek, from the pottery they produced )
1000 BC – Celts – first settlers different ethnically and culturally
The Celtic Supremacy 1000/800 – 43 BC
Keltoi(gr) – a stranger, foreigner
They were very active group of people who caused some troubles in the central Europe, they originated
from there
The Rhine (Ren), Rhone (Rodon), Danube (Dunaj) – boundaries of Celtic’s homeland
They extended the penetration of Europe f.e. Silesia
Dynamically developing society. Dynamically spreading culture. Complex social system. Celts didn’t use
writing. It was illegal. Only druids could write. Everything we know is from travellers, outsiders,
archaeologist.
Druids were intellectual elite of society. They helped the chief. Powerful, well informed
Bards – singing, poetry, literature, entertaining,
Filids – spiritual practice, religion
Slaves – criminals and prisoners
The Fianna or Fenians – skilled warriors whose job was to protect the chief.
Fionn MacCumnaill or Finn MacCool – Celtic hero, star of poems, prototype of king Arthur
Julius Caesar decided to organise a campaign to conquer this wealthy place
Pretium Victoriae – Worth the conquest Tacitus
Roman Britain 55 BC – 410 AD
Two waves of invasion.
Caesar sets sail of Gaul in 55 BC. But the weather changed everything and he was blown back to Rome.
54 BC – he came, didn’t fight just said it was conquered. This invasion was uneventful.
Second wave – 43 BC Claudius invades Britain. He was going to create new colony. Celts resists or didn’t
care. Policy of carrot and stick – Romans send sons of noble families to Rome were they experienced
dolce vita (słodkie życie), roman lifestyle.
Queen Boudicca of the East Anglian tribe of Iceni, resisted Roman occupation. She wanted to cooperate
but Romans wanted to enslave her people. She was flocked in public. And her daughters were raped in
front of her. Then Boudicca organised the army and killed everyone who stand on her way. She burned
Londinium to the ground. Then she confronted with Roman army and died.
She was the symbol of Celtic resistant again Romans. Firs female warrior, she shaped British history.
`Fusion of cultures, anglo-roman cultures
Many soldiers from Rome were situated in Britain, they were professionals, receiving wages from the
roman empire. But anything else (accommodation, food, entertainment) was provided by locals. Money
started economy, they influenced the development of economy. Landscape transformed by Romans
who built roads, military bases and cities. They brought urban style, urban culture. Londinium 43 AD
Llyn-don – a town by the stream
Londons – fierce
Laindon – a long hill.
Old Londinium was surrounded with a huge wall which embraced the city protecting it with invasion –
the square mile. The city of London refers to the Roman part of it. It’s ruled by lord Mayor of London –
the king od Square Mile.
Romans brought administration, economy, architecture with them.
Chi-Rho monogram – symbol of the early Christians. This symbol doesn’t mean that Britain was
converted into catholic but it was the beginning of its present on ancient isles.
Roman Britain in the 5th century was changed by the political unrest in Europe. Political instability of
Roman empire which was attacked by many barbarian tribes. Rome is calling its sons to come back and
help to defend the empire withdrawing legends from Britain – 407-410. The consequence is a vacuum of
power (próżnia władzy). Britain is unprotected. Neighbouring tribes see it as an easy object of attacks
(Picts, Irish, Germanic tribes).
Internal conflicts between Romanised people and this who remained truly Celtic, fight for power.
Vitalinus dominates for a while. He has to defend himself – the Vortigen ( the overlord) plan how to
organize defence – ask hengist for help (an early form of contract killer) who was offer Germanic tribe.
Get barbarians to fight other barbarians.
449 AC- the first Anglo-Saxon landing take place. Hengist defeated everyone but wasn’t paid so AngloSaxon stayed there for centuries. They took lands. Saxons, Huts, Angles – “Angle-lad” – England.
Tribal Social organisations. Their presence started the transformation of English kingdom. Claims of
Kingship – loyal to your family and lordship – loyal to your lord.
Anglo-Saxons destroyed political order in Britain. Destroyed economy and caused the emigration of the
British elite.
Anglo-Saxons were illiterate, no written records. They brought an idea of Germanic kingdom =
heptarchy – the association of seven Germanic kingdoms (hepta – 7) .
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Northumbria (Angles)
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Mercia (Angles)
East Anglia (Anglos)
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Sussex ( Saxons)
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Wessex (Saxons)
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Essex (Saxons)
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Kent (Jutes)
Witan – the council of the elders, group of advisers, prototype of modern parliament.
Fyrol – type of army (armia kontraktowa) used in times of wars.
Later the process of unification of Christianity (started from Kent). First heretic-peragius who opposed
everything the pope said.
597 AD – St, Augustine lands in Kent, founds a Benedictine monastery at Canterbury and converts king
Aethelbert of Kent because king was married to a Christian woman. By the end of 7th century all AngloSaxons kingdoms accepted Christianity. And that was a first sign of unification. They all believed in the
same God. And by accepting Christianity Britain became the member of the European Club. The power
of the monarch was reinforced because of the support of the church. The history of heptarchy is the
history of conflict of kingdoms. King Offa from Mercia was a famous and powerful ruler. His daughters
married the kings of neighbouring Wessex and Northumbria. King Offa was the first ruler to be called the
king of the English. During the reign of Offa they arised an idea of one single county – United Kingdoms.
796- King Offa dies. Mercia’s glory days are finished. His sons didn’t preserve the power. Which was
taken over by Essex in 829 – the king Egbert of Wessex manages to unite all the kingdoms. But it didn’t
last long. Numerous rebellions started the construction.
18 June of 793- the heathen(pogański) men miserably destroyed god’s church at Lindisfarne with rapine
and slaughter.
794 – Jarrow
795 – Iona
Scandinavian attacked monastery.
Scandinavian invasion
Invasion produced such a condition than people forgot about the conflicts and united because of
common enemy. Brian Boru from Ireland, Kenneth MacAlpin from Scotland, Alfred the Great from
England were national heroes.
Scandinavians = Norsmen/Normans ( People of the North ) / Vikings (“Viken” to go off as a pirate) or
People of the fiord = Danes ( thegn – warrior ). These people weren’t homogenous – were from different
tribes. They came from Scandinavia because they were the most mobile. They were sailors and their
boats were masterpieces. They could sale along the rivers and on the sea. They were pushed by land
hunger. So they sailed to Britain.
793 AD – the first attack. They started with undefended monasteries to see how it is to attack Britain.
Until 830 infrequent attacks.
850 – large scale invasion. Permanent settlement of Scandinavian tribes in Britain. Creation of Danelaw
– area controlled by the Scandinavians. Wessex was left out. It became the symbol of resistance against
Vikings’ invasion. The national heroes of Anglo-saxons – Alfred the Great – warrior, scholar, wise
politician ( not to antagonize neighbors ). He translated many Latin books into English. He decided to
organize regular resistance. The father of the English fleet. He prepared Wessex to war. Reconquest of Danylaw. Alfred the Great reclaimed the territory taken by Scandinavians. He and his
alliances succeeded .
930-990 – England free from Vikings’ attack. Ethelred the Unready ( Bezradny) changed the situation
antagonized Scandinavian by killing some families which caused the second Viking full scale invasion.
The Battle of Maldon – Svein Forkbeard.
King Canute the Great becomes a ruler.
1016-1035 England united under Scandinavian ruler. The fight for power after his death activated
others who wanted to rule. Bloody fight for the throne. Canute was the son of Świętosława and the
grandson of Mieszko I. Canute ruled with the help of Godwin the Earl of Essex. Godwin played very
important role. His sons were hungry for power. After Canute’s death fight between his sons and sons of
Ethelred the Unready started.
1042 – Edward the Confessor (1042-1066) became the king. He was the son of Ethelred. Edward was
brought up in Normandy foreigner in England. He promised the English throne to William the Bastard.
Godwin started to control Edward. Soon the king married Godwin’s daughter. Edward prayed often. He
was very religious. When he found out that he had been manipulated in to that marriage he wanted
revenge – he refused to have sex with his wife which meant no grandsons for Godwin. When Godwin
died his sons especially Harold Godwin fought for power with William of Normandy. Edward died
without a heir I 1066. William felt deceived. Confrontation for the throne. In September of 1066 William
the Bastard ( later Conqueror ) organized a huge army of the coast of France. He waited for strong wind
to blow them to England. Harold waited for him but his brother – Tostiqt Godwin with Norwegian king
attacked Northern part of England. York conquered. Harold had to run to get his army to the north from
the south. They defeated Tostiqt but William arrived at the same time. Harold’s army was exhausted.
They were 3,000 huscarls – professional soldiers. But the core of the army was provided by farmers on
contract. When this contract ended they were released by the king because of harvest.
14 October 1066 – the Battle of Hastings. Half of the Anglo-Saxons nobility died. Those who managed to
survive became foreigners in their own country. England ruled by Normands who spoke French. New
culture, new England ruled by people who didn’t speak English. Bayeux Tapestry - a peace of clothes
which was embroided with the pictures from the battle of Hastings. Each side had its own vision of what
had happened; conquest or sth that belonged to William the Bastard. English used by lower classes,
French became the language of elite.
Britain between 1066 - 1485
New England, new additions to the language:
Skillful from Skandinavian
Dexterous from latin
Adroind from French
Law, administration, art was the area effected by French language. William I 1066-1087 consolidation of
power. He had to create stable state. Castles, land and Domesday Book. William the Conquered covered
England with network of castles to prevent local rebellions. Feudal system in England began. Domesday
Book 1085/6 was a register of every property owned by William’s subjects – census ( how many
servants, cows, who much land you have). Because of that census he knew how much money he could
gain from taxes, how many soldiers. Domesday book was very detailed 13,418 places. In that time
England was inhabited by the population was 1,5mln people. Rural country for us is the insight in
contemporary life in medieval England.
After William I death:
William II Rufus (1087-1100)
Henry I (1100-1135)
Peace and stability.
William’s grandchildren:
-Stephen (1135-54)
-Matilda
War for power between two cousins. Matilda married very wisely politically. Her son was to be the king.
Matilda’s husband – Jeffery of Anjou they created Angevin Empire (Anjou, Angers) Angevin or
Plantagent Dynasty ( plantagenista – żarnowiec ). Matilda’s decision was very wise. She joined one of
the most powerful and meaningful families. Her son Henry II 1154-89 became very powerful ruler. He
had two concerns – law and the church. Henry II is the father of the English common law and the
grandfather of state system (professional courts, moving courts, responsibility for the first legal
textbooks that judges can consult). The problem with the church was that it had its own courts. When a
priest was guilty he was trailed by church’s legal system. Both Henry II and the Pope had very different
concept of power ( according to the pope: God Pope King and according to the king: God King
Pope,). Clever plan of Henry II was to install king’s man in church – Thomas Becket - the firs
commoner in church. Archbishop of Counterburry. But Becket joined the side of the Pope. Murder in the
Cathedral on December 27th 1170. Beckets body mutilated, humiliation of the body of one who was
against the king. His martyrdom gave the church the wining. Its position was still very strong but the
tension between the monarchy and the church was great.
Henry’s II sons:
Richard the Lionheart ( 1189-coronation, permanently absent because of the crusades )
John the Lackland
Richard was the superhero of ballads, he ruled for 10 years but he was busy with crusades. He spent 6
months in England. Crusades were very expensive and because of them his kingdom went bankrupt. He
created ransoms for slaves taken during the war. His absence in the country made it impossible to
develop legal introductions of his father. After Richard death his brother John the Lackland sat on the
throne – lawlessness. The country had no budget so he had to establish more taxes. This lawlessness
evoke English nobility to act to became aware of their laws. Legal consciousness  1215 15th July
MAGNA CARTA - document protecting English nobility from lawlessness of king’s policy. 63 clauses
protecting people from being put into prison without fair trial. Important separation of the church from
the state. No free man could be arrested without the fair judgment of his peers or by law. No taxes
could be impose by the king without parliament’s (lords’) approval. Magna Carta was soon annulled by
the pope. Henry III (1216-1272), the son of John the Lackland, he was growing up in the shadow of
Magna Carta, he wanted absolute power, to restore the power of the monarchy without limits.
1258- the Provisions of Oxford leaded by Simon de Montfort – man who wanted to limit the power of
the king. 7 barons went to Westminster to complain, in full armour but without any weapons – they
were ready to fight but they were also prepared to negotiate. They forced Henry III to sing the
Provisions of Oxford – revolutionary changes: the power of the king given to the council created of
barons and noblemen. The king was furious, it led to the civil war between king’s and barons’
supporters, it began in 1263, in 1264 battle of Lewes, king and his son imprisoned – close to the
republic, the council is ruling in the country. 1265 – the beginning of the Parliament. King’s son escaped,
de Montfort was killed, monarchy’s revenge. The idea of the 1st Parliament survived despite Edward’s
(king’s son) reinforcement and action. Edward I (1272-1307) was one of the first truly English kings, he
had a vision of the empire in Britain, he wanted to extend power to Scotland and the Wales. He was
known as the Hammer of Scots (Longshanks).
13th century – colonization of Wales; 13/14th century – war with the Scots, he stole the Stone od Scone
(coronation stone, great sense of Scottish independence, it was kept in Westminster palace, under the
coronation chair, domination; 1996 – the stone returned to Scots). Edward I tried to conquer Scotland,
1314- the battle of Bannockburn, Scots won; after their victory the Declaration of Arbroath ( never
submit to the domination of the English). The time of the beginning of building English empire. Edward I
organized the expulsion of the Jews in 1290; Jews’ source of financial profit was usury ( lichwa), they
were blamed by others for everything bad happened ( out of envy or jealousy); accused of blood libels
(picie krwi); hostility growing towards the Jews  Statute of the Jewry in 1275  marking Jews by
distinguishing wear to be recognized among others; usury illegal. 1285 – religious observance banned
even in private houses; Jews deprived of every sign of religion and culture. 1290 – “ Edict of Expulsion”,
they were made to leave the country till 17th century.
14th century – the century of unrest:
-The Plague
-The Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453)
-The Peasant’s Revolution
The Plague (1348-beginning), it killed 33-50% of the whole population of Britain; who survived were
successful, peasants could negotiate the terms of contracts because there was a shortage of labour and
someone had to do the work (harvests, farming, breeding etc.); peasants must be paid but they also
were obliged to work for free on the church’s lands for 2 days on week, high taxes to sponsor war.
Peasant’s revolution in 1381 – freedom and the beginning of collapse of the feudal system violent
upheaval which started when one of the tax collectors was thrown away by very angry peasants from
their village; then 5 thousands peasants matched to London, led by Wat Taylor and John Ball (Lolland –
radical anticlerical) – petition and anger. They’ve burnt houses of tax collectors, burnt churches in rage,
they wanted rights; they stormed the Tower of London (where lords and the archbishop were murdered
by them). Peasants wanted new kind of Magna Carta which would guarantee justice for ordinary people
– radical ideas like equality for everyone, abolition of feudal system. Rebellion suppressed quickly but it
shown the power of lower classes and started inevitable collapse of the feudal system.
The Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453) – war with France – the last big medieval war which was not only
between kings, but also between private nobles – dozens of small wars organized by individual for their
own agenda. Longbows/archers were heroes of the war (idea of archers from Wales) because they were
responsible for British army’s successes. In 1346 The Battle of Crecy, 1360 The Treaty of Bretigny; Calais
and Aquitaine taken by the English; very successful campaign for the English.
Henry V – 1415 Battle of Aquitaine – peace treaty, Henry V would become a king after Charles I.
1428 - the defuse of Orleans ( Joanna d’Arc ), French army victorious.
1453 – the end of the war; England emerged devastated financially after this war, only Calais remained
their territory. The army returned home to get engaged in another war – the War of the Roses (14551485) – name connected with 2 Houses (The House of York – white rose, and the House of Lancaster –
red rose) who claimed rights to the English throne. Distant relative to the House of Lancaster Henry
Tudor marries Mary from York House. A lot of English nobility died; Henry VII becomes the first Tudor
king, ending the War of Roses.
1485 Bosworth Fields. After this conflict there was a need for economic stability – new era in Britain
history begins.
-
Tudor Dynasty:
Henry VII (1485-1509)-renaissance ideas, economic stability
Henry VIII (1509-1547)-complicated love life, separation from the church
Edward VI (1547-1553)-Henry’s VIII son who inherited syphilis from his father and died in the
age of 16
Lady Jane Grey (1553)-9 days queen, imprisoned by Bloody Mary
Mary I (1553-1558)-Bloody Mary
Elizabeth I (1558-1608) daughter of Henry VIII, powerful ruler
-
15/16th century:
War of the Roses,
The English Reformation and Counterreformation
The Elizabethan era
Transubstantiation – przeistoczenie
Indulgences – odpusty
Reformation in England: at the beginning of the 16th century a growing number on voices criticising
Catholic Church in Europe. Luther’s grievances (1517 Wittenburg) emblemating for the debate, people
dissatisfied by the church: criticising practice of selling the indulgences, “buying off” sins should be
forbidden; the case of John Tetzel and Pope Leo I (part of the money from indulgences went to the
Pope). Luther stated that priests are not divine beings as it was believed (there should be special courts
for priests) and they should be treated like ordinary people, should be subject to the law of the land, the
idea of the transubstantiation was called symbolic; people should be able to read and understand the
Bible, no need of portraits of the saints and icons but the Bible. Breaking up with Rome was in fact
against Henry’s VIII subsequent behaviour, at first he hated Luther’s move, “Defence of the Seven
Sacraments” (Assertio Septem Sacramentorum) was a letter in...
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