Download Name - Ms. Byrne`s Artifact Notebook

World War I  the Great War
Outbreak of War
• Assassination of Archduke ______________ ______________________
• Austrian government was unsure if the ________________ _______________________
was behind the attack
• Emperor Wilhelm II of Germany pledged ___________ _________________ of Austria
• _____________ _____________________ ________, of Russia, ordered the partial
________________________ (process of assembling troops and supplies) against Austria
• General Alfred von _______________________, a German leader, came up with the
Schlieffen Plan
• ___________-________________ ___________ with France and Russia
• Small holding action on Russia while most of the German Army would
________________ _________________ and defeat France
• German troops had to march through _____________________ to reach France
• Violated Belgian _____________________, so Great Britain declared war on Germany on
August 4, 1914
Propaganda
• Ideas spread to influence __________________________________ for or against a cause
• Because of the ________________________ ____________________________ created
before the war, the calls for defense and war in 1914 was widely accepted in Europe
• In 1914, almost everyone believed that the war would be over in a ___________________
– Most wars since 1815 had been quick wars, over within a month
The Western Front
• Schlieffen Plan  German army would make a vast movement encircling _____________,
then they would quickly invade ________________________ ____________________
– Sweep around ________________, which would surrender most of the French army
• First Battle of __________________ (September 6-10, 1914)
– French military leaders loaded 2000 __________________ __________________
with fresh troops and sent them to the front line
Erich Remarque’s All Quiet on the Western Front
• "We see men living with their skulls blown open; we see soldiers run with their two feet cut off…
Still the little piece of convulsed earth in which we lie is held. We have yielded no more than a
few hundred yards of it as a prize to the enemy. But on every yard there lies a dead man."
Trench Warfare
• Both the __________________ and the ____________________ troops become bogged
down in the __________________ craved into the landscape
– Both sides will be kept in almost the same position for ________________________
• Technology superior to tactics
– Machine gun versus a human charge through "________ ___________ __________"
– New technology = ________________ _________, airplanes
• Very high death rates
– Battle of the ____________________ = 600,000 allied and 500,000 German dead for
125 miles of land
– Battle of _________________ = 700,000 killed on both sides with no gain in territory
The Eastern Front
• Eastern Front was much more mobile then the __________________________________
• However, the cost of lives was much higher
• Russian army moved into Germany at the Battle of ___________________________
(August 30)
– Defeated by the Germans
• Tried again with the Battle of _____________________ ______________ (September 15)
– Defeated again by the Germans
• Austrians defeated by the Russian in __________________ and were thrown out of
______________
• Italy betrayed their allies by attacking Austria in May, 1915
– Joined Great Britain, France, and Russia  became known as the ________________
_________________
• _______________________ aided Austria and defeated the Russian in Galicia and pushed
the __________________ back into their own territory
– Russia suffered 2.5 million causalities
• Germany and Austria-Hungary were joined by _____________________ and attacked and
eliminated Serbia from the war
Poison Gas
• _____________________ – greenish-yellow gas (heavier than air). Gas reacted in the
presence of water to cause a _____________________ _______________ effect on
organic matter. Human body was susceptible because it is organic and is always covered
with a film of water.
– Symptoms: vomiting, ____________________________________, burning sensation
in the lungs, eyes, nasal/mouth passages, and ___________________________.
Severe cases included cell damage in lung leading to fluid buildup, ___________
______ ________________________ through suffocation, and death
• __________________ – colorless, __________________, gas (heavier than air). It is
highly poisonous because it will _______________________ __________
_________________ in cells and quickly cause an oxygen debt within the body, leading to
unconsciousness and ________________
• ___________________________ – Caustic gas with a distinctive mustard smell. It causes
___________________ and ________________________ on any exposed tissue, internal,
or external. This was the most commonly used gas, along with phosgene, during WWI.
Weapons of the War
 _________________ ____________
 ________________ _____________
 _____________________________
 ___________________ __________
 ____________________ ________________
 __________________ _____________ ________________ __________________
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_________________ _____________ ____________________
_________________ _____________________ ____________________
________________ ________________ ______________
______________ _______________________ ___________
“__________ ________________ ______________”
__________________ __________________ _________________ _________________
_____________________ __________________ _______________ __________________
__________ ________________ ________________ ________ _____ _____________,
_________ _______________ ______________________
Tactics of Trench Warfare
• Trench warfare confused military leaders who were trained to fight wars of
_______________________ and ________________________
• Officers would sometimes order an artillery attack to flatten the enemy’s
______________ ______________ and leave the enemy in a state of shock
– After “____________________________” the enemy, many soldiers would climb out
of the trench with fixed _______________ hoping to work their way to the enemy
• Attacks rarely worked because men would have to advance through _________________,
_____________ fields
• The French lost 700,000 men at ____________________ in only a few miles of land
• War of __________________  war based on wearing the other side down by constant
attacks and ________________ ______________War in the Air
• By the end of 1915, ____________________ were used for the first time in battle
• Originally used to spot the enemy’s __________________
• Soon, airplanes would be used to attack _______________ _______________
• At first, pilots fired at each other with handheld pistols
– Later _________________ ___________ were attached to the plane
• Germans used giant airships – ____________________ – to bomb London
– Caused little damage, but _____________________ the people of England
– Germans soon realized that zeppelins filled with ____________________ would
burst into flames if hit by anti-aircraft guns
Widening of the War
• ____________________ and the _______________________ Empire joined the Triple
Alliance, becoming known as the Central Powers
• Allied powers declared war on Ottoman Empire
– _____________________  Allies tried to open a Balkan front southwest of
Constantinople in April 1915; campaign was _______________________ and allies
were forced to withdraw
• France and Great Britain agreed to allow _________________ some Austrian territory if
they would open a front against Austria-Hungary
• _____________________ _____ ________________  a British officer stationed in the
Middle East, urged Arab princes to _______________ against the Ottoman Empire
•
– 1918  British troops from Egypt mobilized troops from India, _________________,
and New Zealand and ____________________ the __________________ Empire in
the Middle East
Allies seized German colonies around the world while Germany was preoccupied in Europe
– ____________, a British ally since 1902, seized some German-held ______________
in the Pacific
– Australia seized German ________ ________________
Entry of the United States
• United States tried to remain __________________ during the war, considering it a
____________________ __________
• Immediate cause of US involvement: _____________ __________ between England and
Germany
• British used its superior naval power to set up a __________________ of Germany
– Germany retaliated with a _________________ _____ ____________________
• Led to the use of ____________________ ____________________ _________________,
including the sinking of passenger liners
• May 7, 1915  German forces sank the British ship, the ____________________
– Around 1,100, including _________ __________________, passengers died
• Strong protests followed the sinking of the ship, and Germany ______________________
unrestricted warfare in __________________ _________
• ___________________ _________  Germans wanted to break the deadlock of the war,
so they began unrestricted submarine warfare again
– Finally brought the United States into the war in ______________ _________
– Gave the Allies a _______________________ ______________ and a major new
source of _________________ and _________________
Increased Government Powers
• _______________ _________  complete mobilization of resources and people
• Governments originally thought that the war would be over quickly, and had to reassess
when it did not
– Needed ___________ _____________ and __________________
• Countries __________________ millions of young men
• Free-market economics were temporarily put aside in favor of __________________
__________________ _______________________ with government controls
– Rationed food supplies and materials, ______________________
________________ /exports, took over ______________________
________________________ and industries
Manipulation of Public Opinion
• The ______________________________________ of the early war was beginning to end
• By 1916, _________________ of soldiers and civilians began to crack
• ________________________ governments (Germany, Russia, & Austria-Hungary) used
_______________ to subdue populations
• British parliament passed the ____________________ of the _____________ Act (DORA)
– Allowed the government to ________________ _____________________ as
______________________
•
Increased the use of ________________________________
– The British and French exaggerated German actions in Belgium
Total War and Women
• Women were asked to take over ______________ that were not available to them before
• Jobs included chimney sweeps, _____________ __________________, farm laborers, and
___________________ _______________________
• New jobs were only _____________________, and when the men returned, the women
would go back to the home
• By 1919, there were ________________ _______________________ women in Britain
• Women gained the ________________ _______ ______________ in Germany, Austria,
and the United States immediately after the war