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Name _______________________________________________________________ Per_____________TEST DATE _________________
FALL ASSESSMENT REVIEW FALL 2015
UNIT I PARTS A & B– CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE, BASIC CHEMISTRY & BIOCHEMISTRY
1. List 8 characteristics among all living things?
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2. What is homeostasis? Give a few examples of homeostatic functions in the human body.
3. List the monomers and element composition for the 4 macromolecules by completing the following table:
Biomolecule
Monomer
Element
Composition
Function
Examples
Carbohydrate
Lipid
Glycerol &
Fatty Acid
Protein
Nucleic Acid
4. C6H12O6 is the chemical formula for what 3 monosaccharides? _______________________________________________________
5. Which macromolecule group is responsible for carrying heredity information? __________________________________________
Refer to the picture to the right to answer questions 6-8.
6. If “A” in the picture was glucose, what would the polymer be?
(general term)_________________________________________
7. If the polymer in the picture was a protein, what would “A” be?
______________________________________________
8. If “A” in the picture was a nucleotide, what would the polymer be?
_________________________________________________
A
Refer to the picture below to answer the questions that follow.
B
A
C
9. What does “C” in this diagram represent? ___________________________________________________________________
10. What does “A” in this diagram represent? ___________________________________________________________________
11. What is “B” pointing to? _________________________________________________________________________________
12. What is the purpose of enzymes? _________________________________________________________________________
13. Why are enzymes referred to as catalysts? __________________________________________________________________
14. List the 4 features that all enzymes have in common:
a.
c.
b.
d.
UNIT II - CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION
1. What are the 3 parts of the cell theory?
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2. What is the function of the cell membrane? ____________________________________________________________________
3. What cell structures are common to all prokaryotic organisms? _____________________________________________________
4. What cell structures are common to all eukaryotic organisms? ______________________________________________________
5. What structures are unique to plant cells? _____________________________________________________________________
6. What structures are unique to animal cells? ____________________________________________________________________
7. Which organelle produces proteins for export out of the cell? _______________________________________________________
8. Which organelle is involved in packaging and processing of substances? _____________________________________________
9. Which organelle is responsible for ATP production? _____________________________________________________________
10. Which cell structure is responsible for ribosome production? ______________________________________________________
11. Which organelle is responsible for protein synthesis? ____________________________________________________________
12. Which organelle is responsible for glucose production? __________________________________________________________
13. The organelle responsible for breaking down alcohol & drugs is? ___________________________________________________
14. Which organelle contains hydrolytic enzymes capable of breaking down substances? ___________________________________
15. Which organelle in a plant cell stores water for photosynthesis? ____________________________________________________
16. Trace the path of a protein from the time it is produced until it is secreted out of the cell.
RERvesicle ________________________________________________________________________________________
UNIT III – CELL BOUNDARIES AND TRANSPORT
1. Describe the function of each of the components of the cell membrane.
Carbohydrates –
Lipids –
Proteins –
2. Label all the parts in the diagram to the right.
A–
A1 –
A2 –
G–
FED3. Define passive transport –
4. Briefly describe the three types of passive transport...
Diffusion Facilitated Diffusion Osmosis 5. The most important role of exocytosis in the cell would be to releases substances such as ______________________________
6. Define active transport –
7. Briefly describe the three types of active transport….
Endocytosis –
Exocytosis –
Protein Pumps –
8. Define the following terms related to osmosis:
hypertonic –
hypotonic isotonic -
9. Describe what would happen to the cells of a worm if they were placed into a hypertonic salt solution (Use scientific terms).
10. Describe what would happen to the cells of a shark if the shark were placed into a hypotonic environment such as a freshwater pond
(Use scientific terms).
Name the process involved in moving molecules across the cell membrane in each of the following cases.
11. ____________________ Fresh water moves into a single-celled organism
94% water
100% water
12. ____________________ An amoeba engulfs a large particle of food.
13. ____________________ O2 molecules move from the lungs into the bloodstream.
100 units of O2
O2
40 units of O2
A semi-permeable membrane separates the solutions in the two arms of this U-tube. The membrane is
permeable to water and glucose but NOT to NaCl.
Side A
.5 M glucose
.6 M NaCl
Side B
.9 M glucose
.5 M NaCl
14. Which side is hypertonic at the beginning of the experiment? ______________________________
15. In which direction will water move? ___________________________________
16. If you examined side A of the tube after several hours, what would you find? ___________________________________________
UNIT IV – CELL ENERGY
1. What is ATP? ___________________________________________________________________________________________
2. What is ATP made up of? __________________________________________________________________________________
3. Energy is released from ATP when the bond is broken between ____________________________________________________
4. What are some things the cell uses ATP for? ___________________________________________________________________
5. Cells store energy when a third ____________________ is added to an ADP.
6. What is the ultimate source of energy for all living things? ___________________________
7. What process breaks down food molecules in the presence of oxygen to produce ATP? _________________________________
8. Write the equation for cell respiration and identify the reactants and products.
9. In the equation above, where does the glucose come from? ________________________________________________________
10. In Eukaryotic organisms, where does the process in #8 take place (organelle)? _________________________________________
11. In a human, which cells do you think would have the highest concentration of the organelle mentioned in #10? Why?
12. What kinds of organisms go through cellular respiration? __________________________________________________________
13. In cell respiration, only a SMALL amount of ATP is generated by what two processes? ________________________________
14. What pathway is common to both cellular respiration and fermentation? ______________________________________________
15. Specifically, where does glycolysis occur? ________________________________________________________
16. What is the final electron acceptor in the ETC of cell respiration? ___________________________________________
17. What are the end products of glycolysis? __________________________________________________________________
18. Specifically, where does Kreb’s cycle occur? _______________________________________________________________
19. What would happen if a poison inhibited the ETC of cellular respiration? ________________________________________________
20. What are the three steps of cell respiration in order? ________________________________________________________________
21. What process occurs in the absence of oxygen? ____________________________________________________________
22. When yeast are placed in certain juices and are subjected to anaerobic conditions, they break down the glucose present in the juice
into? ________________________________ and ___________________________________
23. What products of Kreb’s cycle transfers electron energy to the ETC? _____________________________________________
24. Specifically, where does the ETC occur? _____________________________________________________________________
25. Write the equation for photosynthesis and identify the reactants and products.
26. What kinds of organisms can go through photosynthesis? ______________________________________________________
27. Where does photosynthesis take place in eukaryotic organisms? _________________________________________________
28. Look back at the equations for cell respiration and photosynthesis. Describe the relationship between these equations.
UNIT V - CELL CYCLE
1. What kind of organism would NOT reproduce cells by mitosis? __________________________________________________
2. What word describes the DNA during interphase? _________________________________
3. What is the significance of S phase of interphase? _____________________________________________________________
4. Referring to question #8, where does this occur in a eukaryotic organism? ____________________________________________
5. What word describes the DNA during prophase and metaphase? ___________________________________________________
6. What is the area called that holds sister chromatids together? _______________________________________
7. What happens to the genetic material during anaphase? What is the DNA called in this phase?
Use the diagram to the right to answer questions 8 - 10.
8. Identify the following:
A - ___________________________
A
B - ___________________________
C - ___________________________
D - ___________________________
1 - ___________________________
B
2 - ___________________________
D
3 - ___________________________
4 - ___________________________
5 - ___________________________
C
9. A, B, and C are all a part of ?
_______________________________________
10. Based on the diagram, what phase does the cell
spend most of its time in?
________________________________
Name the phases illustrated in the pictures below & then answer the questions that follow.
A. ___________________
D. ___________________
B. ___________________
C. ___________________
E. ___________________
Name the phase that the following events occur in.
11. Sister chromatids align along the equator in the middle of the cell. _______________________________________
12. DNA thickens, coils, and condenses into sister chromatids. __________________________________________
13. A new nuclear envelope forms and DNA uncoils into chromatin. _______________________________________
14. Sister chromatids split and daughter chromosomes move to opposite sides of the cell. _________________________________
15. DNA is in the form of chromatin, nuclear envelope is still intact as the cell prepares for mitosis. ____________________________
16. Nuclear envelope and nucleolus start disassembling. ____________________________________________________________
17. How is a cancer cell different from a normal cell? ____________________________________________________________________
18. What are some factors that could cause a cell’s DNA to mutate, leading to it becoming a cancer cell?
Refer to the picture to the right to answer the next question.
A
19. Stage A illustrates an egg cell after it is fertilized by a sperm.
Describe what is occurring between stages A-E.
20. Compare cytokinesis in animal cells to cytokinesis in plant cells.
Animal cell cytokinesis –
B
C
D
E
Plant cell cytokinesis –
21. Define centromere 22. What must happen to nuclear envelope so that the spindle fibers can interact with the sister chromatids? ____________________
23. Define cell cycle - _________________________________________________________________________________________
24. What are spindle fibers composed of? What is the function of the spindle network?
25. How do offspring produced through asexual reproduction compare genetically to the parent cell? ______________________________
26. Cells that have stopped dividing and are simply functioning metabolically are in what phase of the cell cycle? ____________________
27. During which phases of mitosis do we find chromosomes composed of 2 sister chromatids attached together? ____________________
UNIT VI – DNA & RNA
1. Draw and describe the components of a nucleotide monomer.
2. What bond links two nucleotide monomers together along 1 strand of DNA? ____________________________________
3. What bond links the nitrogen bases together in the middle of DNA? _____________________________________________
4. If one side of DNA has the sequence G G A T C G A, what would the complementary sequence be? __________________________
5. What are the four nucleotides found in DNA? _______________________________________________________________________
6. Describe the shape of DNA. ________________________________________________________________________________
7. Which scientist(s) discovered or built the 3-D model of DNA? _______________________________________________________
8. What are the enzymes responsible for uncoiling the DNA double helix during replication? ____________________________________
Refer to the picture to the right to answer questions 9-11.
9. What process is illustrated to the right? ______________________________
10. Where in a eukaryotic cell does this process take place? _________________________
11. What is the result of the process illustrated in the diagram?
12. In order to produce proteins, DNA must rely on
what other nucleic acid? _______________
13. Describe the function of:
mRNA tRNA rRNA –
14. List the two steps of protein synthesis and where each occurs.
15. Referring to #14, which one of those steps creates a template of the DNA message to then take to the ribosome? ______________
16. Referring to #14, which one of those steps would result in a completed protein? _________________________________________
17. Referring to #16, what is that completed protein composed of? _______________________________________________________
18. In RNA, adenine is complementary to which nitrogen base? ____________________________________________________
A strand of mRNA is GAG UUC ACG AAG
19. What would the anticodons be that are complementary to the mRNA? _____________________________________________
20. What would the DNA be from which this mRNA was made? ______________________________________________________
21. Describe the 3 ways that RNA differs from DNA.
Use the codon chart to the right to answer the questions below.
22. A short chain of DNA has the nucleotide sequence: ATA CCG GAC
ATC. Write the corresponding mRNA sequence.
23. Write the corresponding amino acid sequence to go with the mRNA
in #22.
24. If a DNA strand with the sequence ATGCCATTGACT is mutated to
ATGCCTTGACT, what effect would the mutation have on the
protein?
25. What kind of mutation is this classified as?
26. If a DNA strand with the sequence ATGCCATTGACT is mutated to ATCCCATTGACT, what effect would the mutation have on the
production of the protein?
27. What kind of mutation is this classified as?
28. Do all mutations alter the resulting protein? Why or why not?
29. What is meant by DNA being the “universal” genetic code?
Refer to the picture on the right to answer questions 30-33.
30. What process is illustrated at “A”?
31. What is the purpose of step “A”?
A.
32. What process is illustrated at “B”?
B.
33. What is the purpose of step “B”?
34. Distinguish between a codon and an anticodon.
Codon –
Anticodon –
35. One amino acid is coded for by how many nucleotides? ________________
PHEW… YOU ARE DONE!!!! SEMESTER 1 OF BIOLOGY IS COMPLETE!! 