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Summary of Chapter 12 – Nutrition through the Life Span: Later Adulthood Life expectancy in the United States increased dramatically in the twentieth century. Factors that enhance longevity include limited or no alcohol use, regular balanced meals, weight control, adequate sleep, abstinence from smoking, and regular physical activity. Nutrition alone, even if ideal, cannot guarantee a long and robust life. At the very least, however, nutrition—especially when combined with regular physical activity—can influence aging and longevity in human beings by supporting good health and preventing disease. Cataracts, age-related macular degeneration, and arthritis afflict millions of older adults, while others face senile dementia and other losses of brain function. Some of these problems may be inevitable, but others are preventable, and good nutrition may play a key preventive role. The ever-growing number of older people creates an urgent need to know more about how their nutrient requirements differ from those of others and how such knowledge can enhance their health. Food choices of older adults are affected by health status and changed life circumstances. Older people can benefit from both the nutrients provided and the social interaction available at congregate meals. Other government programs deliver meals to those who are homebound. With creativity and careful shopping, those living alone can prepare nutritious, inexpensive meals. Nutrient Effect of Aging Comments Water Lack of thirst and decreased total body water make dehydration likely. Mild dehydration is a common cause of confusion. Difficulty obtaining water or getting to the bathroom may compound the problem. Energy Need decreases as muscle mass decreases (sarcopenia). Physical activity moderates the decline. Fiber Likelihood of constipation increases with low intakes and changes in the GI tract. Inadequate water intakes and lack of physical activity, along with some medications, compound the problem. Protein Needs may stay the same or increase slightly. Low-fat, high-fiber legumes and grains meet both protein and other nutrient needs. Vitamin B12 Atrophic gastritis is common. Deficiency causes neurological damage; supplements may be needed. Vitamin D Increased likelihood of inadequate intake; skin synthesis declines. Daily sunlight exposure in moderation or supplements may be Calcium Intakes may be low; osteoporosis is common. Stomach discomfort commonly limits milk intake; calcium substitutes or supplements may be needed. Iron In women, status improves after menopause; deficiencies are linked to chronic blood losses and low stomach acid output. Adequate stomach acid is required for absorption; antacid or other medicine use may aggravate iron deficiency; vitamin C and meat increase absorption. beneficial.