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A Layered Planet A. Core 1. Inner Core ˜ Solid & Super hot ˜ 4, 000 miles below the Earth’s surface ˜ Made of iron and nickel under great pressure. 2.. Outer Core ˜ Surrounds the inner core ˜ Liquid melted iron and nickel at about 8,500ºF ˜ 1,800 miles below the Earth’s surface; 1,400 miles thick B. Mantle 1. Surrounds the core 2. Thick layer of hot, dense rock C. Crust 1. Outer layer 2. Rocky shell Spheres of the Earth Diagram Atmosphere – realm of the earth made up of the gases (air that we breathe) that extends about 1,000 miles above the surface of the earth; composed mostly of 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and trace amounts of argon and other gases Biosphere – realm of the earth that supports life (plants, animals, & humans); life can only exist outside the biosphere with mechanical life support Lithosphere – realm of the earth made up of land, including ocean basins; covers about 30% of the earth’s surface Hydrosphere – realm of the earth made up of water (oceans, lakes, rivers, & other water bodies; covers about 70% of the earth’s surface; of all the water contained within the hydrosphere about 97% is salt water, +2% is frozen in polar ice caps, and -1% is fresh, usable water The Earth is: 29% Land 71% Water Landforms There a four main types of landforms. Mountains Hills Plains Plateaus Landforms The four main landforms are: mountains, hills, plains, and plateaus. You can use this diagram to help you remember other types of landforms as well. Does this picture look familiar? Turn to pages 34 & 35 of your textbook. Less than 1% of the Earth’s water supply is fresh (usable) water! Phase 1: Evaporation – the changing of the water supply in water bodies (lakes, oceans, etc) from a liquid to a gas as it is heated Phase 2: Condensation – the changing of water vapor in the atmosphere changing to a liquid as it cools Phase 3: Precipitation – liquid in the atmosphere forms clouds when they become too full moisture falls back to the earth in the form of rain, snow, sleet, or hail Phase 4: Infiltration – precipitation is absorbed into the ground and becomes part of the groundwater supply Hydrologic/Water Cycle – the constant movement of the earth’s water supply between the bodies of water, the atmosphere and the earth itself Phase 5: Runoff – water that is not absorbed but runs off of the surface back into rivers, lakes and oceans