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Honors: Ch. 6 Cell Respiration - Review Topics Introduction Energy needs in cells, ATP- ADP cycle Aerobic, anaerobic – organisms, pathways, energy yield Interplay with photosynthesis: reactants, products, energy Gas exchange, glucose delivery and entry into cells Calorie, amount in carbs, fats, and proteins Mitochondria – compartments, sites for reactions NAD, FAD - Hydrogen/electron acceptors, their role 3 pathways – where is each in cell, energy yield Aerobic Respiration Glycolysis - In cytoplasm Uses 2 ATP; glucose splits Forms 2 pyruvic acid (3 C) forms 4 ATP, NADH Net yield: 2 ATP Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid cycle) In mitochondrial matrix Prep: pyruvate forms acetyl CoA and CO2 Cycle Completes glucose breakdown 4-carbon oxaloacetate recycles NAD+ FAD take H+ and e- from glucose Yield: 1 ATP each cycle, 2 per glucose Electron Transport Chain – In cristae chemiosmosis NADH and FADH2 release H and ee- passed along series of acceptor proteins H+ gradient powers ATP synthesis OXYGEN + e- + H+ H2O Yield: 32-34 ATP/glucose Chemiosmosis energy from e- pumps H+ across membrane H+ concentrate in space between membranes H+ diffuse through ATP synthase to make ATP Total energy from one glucose = 36 ATP Anaerobic Respiration – when oxygen is NOT present in cytoplasm Glycolysis is followed by fermentation No additional ATP made (2 made in glycolysis) NAD+ is returned, can be used again Lactic acid Fermentation: pyruvic acid lactic acid (or other acids) Some bacteria Muscle cells – only temporarily o Oxygen debt – muscles cramp and burn – need oxygen Alcohol Fermentation Yeast Makes ethyl alcohol and CO2 Other Foods Digested to monomers first (must be small enough to enter cells) Fats – burned after glucose and glycogen used up Proteins – last choice, needed for other roles o make nitrogen wastes, strain kidneys and liver Foods NOT used for energy raw materials to make other biologic molecules in biosynthesis 36 ADP 36 ATP