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Complementary Foods Of Infancy Introduction: Milk in general and Breast milk particularly is the essential food for babies during their first year of life. However, around the age of 6 months nutritional needs of babies increase and they should be supplemented with complementary feedings to provide them with adequate amounts of calories minerals and vitamins. There is no specific sequence or rate about starting this new experience in your baby’s life, and babies differ in their readiness to accept complementary foods which depends on achievement of certain developmental milestones. The following feeding protocols are derived from several guidelines advocated by World Health Organization, International Scientific Societies, Expert Pediatricians’ Opinions and recommendations of the dietary department at AUBMC. Our recommendations (Table - 1) aim at helping parents about the best time and sequence to start this exciting process and to prevent disease like obesity malnutrition and food allergy in you child. Our guidelines do not replace the professional advice of your corresponding pediatrician who will determine the best time to start this exciting experience in your baby’s life. Developmental milestones that indicate your baby’s readiness to accept complementary food 1. Fading of the extrusion reflex (the tongue-thrust reflex that pushes food out of the mouth) and elevating the tongue to move pureed food forward and backward in mouth (It usually occurs between 4 and 6 months of age). 2. The infant indicates his desire for food, by opening his mouth and leaning forward, and indicates disinterest or satiety by leaning back and turning away (It usually occurs between 4 and 6 months of age). 3. Ability to sit independently and trying to grasp foods with his palms. He is ready then to progress to thicker pureed foods and soft, mashed foods without lumps. He also can begin to sip from a small cup. (It usually occurs between 7 and 9 months of age). 4. When the infant develops a pincer grasp (the ability to pick up objects between thumb and forefinger), becomes able to crawl and to pull to stand (usually at 9 - 10 months), he begins to mash food by using his jaw and tongue. He can play with a spoon at mealtime (but does not use it for self-feeding yet), and tries to hold a cup independently. At this stage, you can progress to ground or soft, mashed foods with small, soft, noticeable lumps (eg, finely chopped meat or poultry). Finger foods, foods that can be picked up by the baby, such as baby crackers or dry cereal are good choices. Avoid finger foods that can cause choking, such as popcorn, grapes, raw carrots, nuts, hard candies, and hot dogs, should be avoided. Finally, your PEDIATRICIAN can tell you about the normal progression of the development of feeding and eating skills of your baby, and his/her ability to safely eat to make this new experience in your infant’s life enjoyable to both of you. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 1. An exclusively breast-fed infant would be expected to plot higher for weight in the 1st 6 months, but relatively lower in the 2nd half of the 1st year compared to bottle fed infants. Do not warm bottles in microwave. 2. Infants may lose up to 10% of their birth weight in the 1st week of life and regain it by the end of the 2nd week. 3. Feeding quantity varies from one baby to another and may vary in the same child between health and illness. (Table 2) 4. Always start with small feedings e.g. two teaspoons, and increase gradually to reach your baby’s actual needs. Adequate feeding practice is reflected in adequate weight gain for age. 5. Use well cooked meat to feed your baby and replace saturated fat with 2 teaspoonful of vegetable oil e.g. olive or corn oil during lunch food preparation. (Table-1). Don’t give saturated fat, margarine or butter before the age of 1 year. 6. Do not put baby to bed with bottle. 7. Brush baby teeth with soft brush with water only. Discuss fluoride administration with your doctor. 8. No spicy or hot foods before 1 year of age. 9. No white egg or honey before 1 year of age. 10. No Peanut butter before 2 years of age because of high risk of peanut butter allergy. 11. No nuts before 3 year of age because of risk of chocking and foreign body aspiration. 12. Avoid carbonated soda and limit the use of fruit drinks and foods that are high in calories, fat, and sugar, such as sweetened drinks, sodas, chips, and french fries before the age of 24 months. 13. Dairy products should be delayed till one year of age if there is a family history of cow’s milk allergy. 14. Offer full fat milk for infants <2 years of age; low fat from 2 to 4 years and skimmed milk to children after 4 years of age. 15. No coffee or alcoholic beverage. 16. Fluoride, vitamin D, and iron supplementations should be considered as recommended by your pediatrician and as follows:a. Fluoride supplementation is recommended after age of 6 months if fluoride content of water is less than 0.3 mg/L (0.3 ppm F). b. Formula milk contains enough amount of vitamin D. Breastfed and preterm infants should be supplemented with Vitamin D. c. Formula milk contains enough amount of iron. Breastfed and preterm infants should be supplemented with iron. TABLE -1. Feeding Protocols Age 0-6 months 6-8 months 8-10 months 10-12 Months > 12 months Brest Milk / Formula Cereals (AM snack) Up to 10 feeds in breast fed babies. Number of feedings decrease to 4-6 feeds at 6 months. Formula None fed babies are less frequently fed. Start with Iron fortified Up to 4 feed of milk / single ingredient cereal day. e.g. rice, maize, semolina, or wheat cereal followed by mixed cereals. Vegetables (Lunch) Fruits / Juices (PM snack) Meat (Lunch) None None None Start with one item apart with blended baked or cooked vegetable item e.g. skinless potato zucchini, carrots, green beans, peas, avocado, broccoli, or spinach. Start by small amounts and increase gradually. Multiple ingredient vegetable soup at around 7 months.* Add cauliflower and cabbage in addition to above vegetables. Start with one item apart e.g. blended skinless apple, skinless pear, banana, carrots, melon, & peaches. Juices include unsweetened apple, grape and carrot juice.* Add mango, apricot, plums and seedless grapes. After semisolid mixed vegetables are administered vegetable soup may be prepared in boiled meat water. Meat may be added a later each at a time. You may start with chicken, turkey, or beef meat.* Add dry bean, fava bean, lentils and chickpeas. All fruits. Use orange & citrus juices with caution in cases of allergy. All types of juices. Add egg yolk and fish. Up to 4 feed of milk / day. Include cheese slices, & full fat Labneh. Up to 4 feeds of milk / day. Mashed wheat & whole grain cereals, noodles, pasta, bread. All types of cereals. Vegetables chopped and sliced into small pieces. 2-3 cups per day of milk or dairy products. All types of cereals, milk puddings. Semi solid family food introduced. Non-spicy All types of meat. * Solid foods should be introduced as a single-ingredient item at 2-7 days intervals to check for symptoms of allergy to any food item. Allergy manifests as excessive crying, vomiting, diarrhea or skin rash. Suggested Feeding Practice Absolute milk feeding is recommended during the first 6 months* of life. To ensure an adequate amount of protein, fat, and carbohydrate during the next sixth to twelfth months, infants should be offered and should consume no more than an average of 850 ml of milk (28 oz) each day in addition to their quota of solids. Different types of infant diets may be prepared according to age from Table – 1 as examples: Example 1 Breakfast : Milk Midmorning Snack : Cereals with or without milk OR Cereals with or without milk OR Fruits Lunch : Meat, yellow or green vegetables plus 2 tea spoonful of oil, fruit OR Milk Mid-afternoon Snack : Cereals with or without milk OR Cereals with or without milk OR Fruits Dinner : Milk OR Yogurt, or cereals with milk Bedtime : Milk Night* : Milk Example 2 (Add any example you follow in your practice ………………………….) Breakfast : Midmorning Snack : Lunch : Mid-afternoon Snack : Dinner : Bedtime : Night* : * Your Pediatrician may choose to start your baby on complementary food after the end of his 4th month depending on achievement of adequate milestones. **Milk feedings should be discouraged at night. Suggested progression through cereals, vegetables, meats, and eggs: 6-7 months 7-8 months 9-10 months 12-13 months : Cereals, fruits and vegetables (avoid citrus fruits before 10 months) : Meats (calf, chicken and turkey) : Family food, egg yolk, Fish, and citrus fruits : Egg white and Honey Table -2. Growth and respective Caloric Requirements AGE 0-3 mo APPROXIMATE WEIGHT GAIN (gram/month) GROWTH IN LENGTH (cm/month) GROWTH IN HEAD CIRCUMFERENCE (cm/month) RECOMMENDED DAILY ALLOWANCE (Kcal & Volume) 900 3.5 2 170ml/kg/day of milk 2 1 165ml/kg/day of milk 1.5 0.5 150ml/kg/day of fluids1 1.2 0.5 150ml/kg/day of fluids1 (30 grams / day) 3-6 mo 500 ( 20 grams / day) 6-9 mo 450 (15 grams / day) 9-12 mo 350 (12 grams / day) 1- The above amount represents total amount of fluid requirements from milk and other food items. After the age of 6 months complementary food will decrease amount of daily milk intake which should not be less than 850 ml/day at any time. Table 3- Average Feeding Quantities1 Daily Requirements Age 4-6 months 6-9 months 9-12 months Milk 4-6 feedings per day (150-200 ml of milk per feeding) 3-5 feedings per day (not less than 850 ml / day) 2-4 feedings per day (not less than 850 ml /day) Foods 1-4 teaspoonful of iron fortified rice cereal once or twice/day after consultation of your primary care pediatrician. 4-8 Tbsp (Table spoonful) iron fortified cereal. 6-9 Tbsp fruits 4-6 Tbsp vegetables 1-3 Tbsp meat or alternative 4-6 Tbsp cereal (preferably iron-fortified) 8-11Tbsp fruit 6-10 Tbsp vegetables 4-6 Tbsp meat or alternative Last updated June, 2009 References: 1- Nutritional adequacy at 2, 4, 6, 9 & 12 months visits. Textbook of Pediatric Care Online. AAP publications, 2009. 2- B. Dubern. Diversification Alimentaire Chez le Jeune Enfant. Encyclopedie Medico-Chirurgicale Pédiatrie. Elsevier Masson SAS, 2008. 3- L Charafeddine. Regular pediatric diets. (Parents’ hand outs, 2007) 4- V Keane. Assessment of Growth. Nelson Text book of pediatrics 18th edition, 2007. 5- AAP released clinical reports on the effect of early nutritional interventions. Pediatrics February, 2006: 544559. 6- M Itani. Infant Diet List. (Parents’ hand outs, 2003) 7- Infant and Young Child feeding. Nutrition, UNICEF. http://www.unicef.org/nutrition/index_24826.html 8- Guidelines for health supervision of infants. Bright futures 2nd edition, Revised 2002. 9- Manual of clinical dietetics, 2000.