Download Ch 7 Student Lecture

Life is Cellular
Chapter 7 Lecture
The common structure of all living things is a_______________ . By placing two or more magnifying lenses together the
first levels of microbiology was produced. This began in the 1600’s by Leeuwenhoek. He studied pond water. Robert
Hooke began to look at plant structure. He looked at cork and called the compartments cells. Schleiden and Schwann,
and later Virchow, came up with cell theory- all cells come from pre-existing cells.
1.
2.
3.
BASIC CELL STRUCTURE
Cell size is about 5-50 microns. All cells have a cell membrane, called a plasma
membrane. This is a thin, protective barrier. Some cells have a cell wall outside of the
cell membrane.
Most cells have a nucleus where the genetic material is contained.
The liquid (gel-like) inside all cells is called the ________________. It has many ions floating around, waiting to be used
by the cell. (Sort of like your pantry. It holds ingredients used to make proteins)
There are two categories of cells _______________________and _______________________.
Eukaryotes have an _________________nucleus to contain DNA, but
prokaryotes have their genetic material floating in the cytoplasm.
PROKARYOTES
Smaller cells. The smallest bacterial cell is .2 microns or .00002
All bacteria are prokaryotes and have all 8 characteristics of life in one cell!
Many have hair like structures called cilia or flagella to move them in liquids.
EUKARYOTIC
Plants, animals, protozoan, fungi.
They have enclosed membrane for nucleus as well
as many smaller structures called
____________________.
CELL WALL
Plant, algae, Bacteria
It provides support and protection for the cell
Made from cellulose in plants (beta glucose polymer)
Indigestible to humans.
Bacterial cell walls prevent the bacteria from rupturing in a hypertonic solution. In a
hypotonic, salt solution, it will still rupture though. This is why many foods were cured
with salt. The bacterial cell wall is made from a peptidoglycan, not cellulose. For this
reason, ________________________ work. The antibiotic will dissolve the cell wall
and then the bacterial cell will burst. Since animal cells do not have a cell wall,
antibiotics cannot __________ our cells. Sometimes bacteria will produce a slime coat
on the outside of them to prevent the bacteria from drying out and
helps them stick together. Bacteria can even form a hard capsule to
prevent them from drying out. These are called spores. Tetanus
Clostridium tetanii (tetanus) produces spores in the dirt.
NUCLEUS
Controls cell process, such as protein synthesis and cell division
Contains DNA, Chromosomes are made of ____________
NUCLEOLUS
In nucleus, used for assembly of ribosome aided
in___________________ _____________________.
NUCLEAR ENVELOPE
Outer coat of nucleus has holes in it to allow material into and out of cell, such as
the ribosomes that are created in the nucleolus.
CYTOSKELETON
Small protein filaments that offer structure
__________________ so the cell maintains its
shape. Microtubules are hollow, straw like and are
used as tracks for organelles movement. They are
very important when the cells divides. Both
microtubules and microfilaments are flexible.
RIBOSOMES (177)
Proteins are assembled on ribosomes. The more proteins that need to be assembled within
a cell, the more ribosomes will be present. Some are attached to the endoplasmic
reticulum and some are free in the cytoplasm. One human liver cell has over ____
_______________ ribosomes.
ENDOPLAMIC RETICULUM (ER)
Creates parts for the cell membrane
Modifies protein structure, such as shape.
Half of the volume of the cell is taken up by the ER.
Lipids are also produced in the ER
Breaks down carbohydrates
Detoxifies cells. The more alcohol or drugs taken, the more smooth ER will be
created in a cell to quickly detoxify the poison. This is what builds up a tolerance
for drugs.
Smooth ER causes muscles to contract.
Rough ER has the ribosome attached to it. Insulin is an example of a protein
produced by rough ER.
Smooth ER helps create adrenaline and sex hormones as well as detoxify
substances or create _____________.
GOLGI (178)
Once a protein has been modified by the ER, it goes to the Golgi wraps the final
______________ on a protein or attaches carbs on the protein. This completes the
creation of a protein and it either exits the cell or is used by the cell. This organelle
specializes in secretion, meaning proteins exiting the cell. The Golgi puts the outer tag
on the cell, such as some type of carbohydrate or phosphate group. These act like a
UPS tag. The ‘tag’ determines where the protein will go, and what type of protein it is.
This also aides in cell ______________________. If the tags don’t match, the immune
system will kill the cell.
LYSOSOMES
When organelles no longer function, Lysosomes attach to that organelle and release ____________________ enzymes
and hydrochloric acid to break down parts. This can also be used to obtain food. Amoebas use lysosomes for food.
VACUOLE (179)
Can hold material (waste or water, proteins)
Plants have an extremely large vacuole to aide in support. This is how a plant
stays upright even if it hasn’t been watered for a few days. Animal cells do not
have a
vacuole.
CHLOROPLASTS
Found in all plants and some bacteria
Use the energy from the sun and
________________to create a ________________
molecule
This process is photosynthesis
There are small stacks called thylakoids that contain
pigment absorbs the wavelengths of
the green pigment chlorophyll. This
____________________.
MITOCHONDRIA
Release stored energy. It takes a large molecule and breaks the bonds
in the molecule to create _____________. The inner folded membrane is
what allows for extra surface area to make this process faster.
Some mitochondria contain their own DNA.
Your mitochondrial DNA comes from your mother. This DNA is needed
to create new mitochondria. Rather than have nucleus cell create a new
mitochondrion, the mitochondrion creates it. This allows a cell that may
require more energy (such as the heart) to have the ability to create
more mitochondrion.
Cell factory- Protein Synthesis
__________________= cell membrane
__________________= office space and conveyer belt
__________________= main office, make order for a type of protein
__________________= carry out order to ER for assembly
__________________ and __________________ provide the energy
THE PLASMA MEMBRANE
All organisms are subject to ______________.
It may be the environment, diet or other organisms.
Living cells must ___________________________
what goes into and comes out of the cell otherwise
they would die. Eliminating waste while keeping the
nutrients and water in the cell it is vital to maintain
homeostasis.
The plasma membrane
__________________________ what enters and
leaves the cell; therefore the plasma membrane
maintains homeostasis for the cell. It has
_______________________permeability.
STRUCTURE OF THE PLASMA MEMBRANE
The plasma membrane is made up of _______________ bi-layer. (Two layers with fat). Protein molecules are imbedded
sporadically within the lipid bi-layer. Unlike triglyceride (1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids), the lipids in the plasma membrane
have only ________________ fatty acids and a small phospholipid. The head is water soluble and therefore polar but the
tails are insoluble in the water and are non-polar. The layers are very pliable and are sometimes called the fluid mosaic
model. Other envelopes also have this model, but the type of permeability changes. Some plasma membranes have
saturated fats or unsaturated fats. What could be the need for this type of structure?????? Why fat in the center?
Cholesterol is an important part of the plasma membrane. Cholesterol is _________________, unlike the flexible
plasma membrane. The rigidly in the plasma membrane adds strength and makes it stable. The cholesterol also keeps
the fatty acid tails separated.
Some proteins extend through both layers of the plasma membrane. Things pass through these proteins’ “door” into the
cell or out of the cell. Most proteins only allow only __________________ molecules to go through.
CELLULAR TRANSPORT
Diffusion: brown looked under a scope and noticed polled grains in the water shifting back and forth. He noticed the
same thing occur with a dye and called the movement Brownian motion after himself. Brownian motion
_______________ separates the solute and solvent within the solution. Dye dropped into the water is a good example of
Brownian.
Dye high color concentration
Water no color low concentration
Dynamic equilibrium
BROWNIAN MOTION: color and water has equal concentration (diffusion)
When the color or the solution is equally mixed it will maintain and be in dynamic equilibrium.
Dynamic equilibrium within a cell happens this way: as more water moves into the cell, water must have also move out
of the cell or it will rupture.
SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE MEBRANES
 Why do helium balloons eventually deflate?
 Why doesn’t air enter the balloon when the helium begins to leave?
The lipid bi-layer of the plasma membrane acts in much of the same way as a balloon. Charged molecules will not react
with the non-polar center. ( The Lipid center)
OSMOSIS: where water from a high concentration moves to an area of lower concentration.
Isotonic Solution: when the concentration is the same inside and outside the semipermiable membrane.
Hypertonic solution: The concentration is greater, and less water is in the solution
Hypotonic solution: The concentration of solute is less, more water in solution.
DRAW
Hypertonic
Hypotonic
HOW IT WORKS: you place a baggie with the sugar water into a large bowl of water.
The baggie is the semi permeable membrane.
Isotonic
Water will go into the baggie to dilute or equal out the solution; but the sugar cannot pass through the baggie into the
water bowl, this is a hypotonic solution, where water goes into the cell or the baggie.
Hypertonic solutions allow water to leave the cell. Put the cells in a salt-water solution and the cell will shrivel up.
PASSIVE TRANSPORT: (free ride- no energy required)
Diffusion and Osmosis
Molecules pass through the cell easily and the cell ______________ use energy to bring them into or out of the cell.
Of the proteins that are required in the plasma membrane, some are transport protein. These proteins allow for facilitated
diffusion. This is random process. If any molecule can _______________ through the protein, it will pass.
What type of molecules can enter the cell within the following transport proteins?
A
B
C
D
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
The cell must energy to bring in the molecules _____________________ the concentration gradient.
Minerals that are numerous already in the cell will not enter due to the passive transport. Such as Na+ or K+
The cell must move them in and expand in the process.
HOW IT WORKS
The transport protein binds to the needed particle. Chemical _____________________ changes the shape of the protein
and pushes the particle through the protein.
ENDOCYTOSIS
The cell will surround a solid particle from the outside of a cell. The particle does not pass through the plasma
membrane. A vacuole ________________________ the surrounded particle and dissolves the particle. The cell can now
absorb the contents.
EXOCYTOSIS: the reverse of
surrounded and excreted out of the
way.
endocytosis where water is
cell. Proteins _________ this
ame___________________________________________________________________________
Cell Vocab Quiz Study
1. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
2. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
3. Ribosome
4. Prokaryotic Cell
5. Passive Transport
6. Osmosis
7. Nucleus
8. Nucleolus
9. Nuclear Envelope
10. Mitochondrion
11. Lysosomes
12. Large Vacuole
13. Isotonic Solution
14. Hypotonic Solution
15. Hypertonic Solution
16. Golgi Apparatus
17. Facilitated Diffusion
18. Eukaryotic Cell
19. Diffusion
20. Cytoplasm
21. Chromatin
22. Chloroplast
23. Cell Wall
24. Cell Membrane
25. Cell Theory (Use 3X)
26. Active Transport
1. _______A solution that has a lower concentration of molecules than what would be inside of a
cell. (Egg in water solution) The cell will absorb water to try to dilute the molecules inside the
cell.
2. _______A solution that has a greater concentration of molecules than what would be inside of
a cell. (Egg in syrup solution) The cell will lose water to try to dilute the concentrated solution.
3. _______A solution that has the same concentration of molecules as would be inside of a cell.
(Egg in scrambled egg) The cell will stay the same size as it is already in dynamic equilibrium.
4. _______A type of passive transport where the shape of the molecule must match the shape of
the transport protein to enter into the cell. Does not require energy
5. _______Organelle that creates cell parts or modifies some proteins helping to create the
shape of the protein, Sex hormones are created by this organelle. Detoxifies cells. Often
called the ‘factory of the cell”. No ribosomes are attached.
6. _______Process by which molecules tend to move from an area where they are more
concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated.
7. _______Single-celled microorganisms that lacks a nucleus or other membrane bound
organelles.
8. _______Small particles in the cell on which proteins are assembled; made of RNA and protein.
9. _______Stack of membranes in the cell in which enzymes attach carbohydrates and lipids to
proteins to create “tags” on the cell membrane. The protein enters this organelle after going
through the ER.
10. _______Strong layer around the cell membrane in plants, algae, and some bacteria.
11. _______Thin, flexible barrier around a cell; regulates what enters and leaves the cell.
12. _______A type of transport of molecule across the cell membrane. Any molecule that can fit
through the transport protein will be allowed in, regardless of shape. Does not require energy
13. _______Cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials in the cell.
14. _______Cell organelle that releases energy form stored food molecules. The organelle
creates the ATP.
15. _______Cells are the basic units of structure and function in livings things.
16. _______Cells that have membrane bound organelles. Fungus, protozoans, plants and animals
are all made of this type of cell.
17. _______Dense region within most nuclei in which the assembly of ribosomes begins.
18. _______Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane.
19. _______Double-membrane layer that surrounds the nucleus of a cell.
20. _______Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a
concentration difference.
21. _______Found in plant cells to store water and maintain shape of plant cell
22. _______Granular material visible within the nucleus; consists of DNA tightly coiled around
proteins.
23. _______Idea that all living things are composed of cells
24. _______Large structure inside some cells that contains the cell’s genetic material (DNA) and
controls activities.
25. _______Material inside the cell membrane-but not including the nucleus. Many amino acids
and other molecules float around in this cellular fluid.
26. _______New cells are produced from existing cells.
27. _______Organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that uses energy from
sunlight to make energy-rich food molecules by photosynthesis.
28. _______Organelle that creates cell parts or modifies some proteins, has ribosomes attached
to it. Detoxifies cells. Makes insulin. Often called the ‘factory of the cell”