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Practice Parameter: Therapies for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (an evidence-based review) Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology T.D. Fife, MD; D.J. Iverson, MD; T. Lempert, MD; J.M. Furman, MD, PhD; R.W. Baloh, MD; R.J. Tusa, MD, PhD; T.C. Hain, MD; S. Herdman, PT, PhD, FAPTA; M.J. Morrow, MD; G.S. Gronseth, MD © 2006 American Academy of Neurology The AAN develops these presentation slides as educational tools for neurologists and other health care practitioners. You may download and retain a single copy for your personal use. Please contact [email protected] to learn about options for sharing this content beyond your personal use. © 2006 American Academy of Neurology Presentation Objectives • To perform an evidence-based review of the treatment of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo • To make evidence-based recommendations © 2006 American Academy of Neurology Overview • • • • Background Gaps in care AAN guideline process Analysis of evidence, conclusions, recommendations • Recommendations for future research © 2006 American Academy of Neurology Background • BPPV is a clinical syndrome characterized by brief recurrent episodes of vertigo triggered by changes in head position with respect to gravity. • BPPV is the most common cause of recurrent vertigo, with a lifetime prevalence of 2.4%.1 • The duration, frequency, and intensity of symptoms of BPPV vary, and spontaneous recovery occurs frequently. © 2006 American Academy of Neurology Inner ear © 2008, Barrow © 2006 American Academy of Neurology BPPV by canal type Posterior Horizontal Anterior Estimated frequency2-6 81-89% 8-17% 1-3% Provocative maneuver Dix Hallpike* Supine Roll Test (Pagnini-McClure) Dix Hallpike* Upbeat, torsional Horizontal Direction Changing Downbeat**, torsional Nystagmus * In posterior canal benign positional vertigo, nystagmus is provoked following Dix Hallpike positioning with the affected ear down. In anterior canal benign positional vertigo, nystagmus is provoked following Dix Hallpike positioning with the affected ear up. ** The observation of downbeating positional nystagmus requires careful assessment to rule out brainstem or cerebellar lesions. © 2006 American Academy of Neurology Gaps in Care • There are a number of repositioning maneuvers in use, but they lack standardization. • Several video clips and figure drawings are available at www.aan.com but do not include all variations for treatment. © 2006 American Academy of Neurology AAN Guideline Process Clinical Question Evidence Conclusions Recommendations © 2006 American Academy of Neurology Clinical Questions • First step of developing guidelines is to clearly formulate questions to be answered. • Questions address areas of controversy, confusion, or variation in practice. • Questions must be answerable with data from the literature. • Answering the question must have the potential to improve care/patient outcomes. © 2006 American Academy of Neurology Literature Search/Review: Rigorous, Comprehensive, Transparent Complete Search Review abstracts Review full text Select articles Relevant © 2006 American Academy of Neurology AAN Classification of Evidence • All studies rated Class I, II, III, or IV • Five different classification systems: – Therapeutic • Randomization, control, blinding – Diagnostic • Comparison to gold standard – Prognostic – Screening – Causation © 2006 American Academy of Neurology AAN Level of Recommendations • A = Established as effective, ineffective, or harmful for the given condition in the specified population. • B = Probably effective, ineffective, or harmful for the given condition in the specified population. • C = Possibly effective, ineffective, or harmful for the given condition in the specified population. • U = Data is inadequate or conflicting; given current knowledge, treatment is unproven. Note that recommendations can be positive or negative. © 2006 American Academy of Neurology Translating Class to Recommendations • A = Requires two consistent Class I studies. • B = Requires one Class I study or two consistent Class II studies. • C = Requires one Class II study or two consistent Class III studies. • U = Studies not meeting criteria for Class I through Class III. © 2006 American Academy of Neurology Applying This Process to the Issue We will now turn our attention to the guidelines. © 2006 American Academy of Neurology Clinical Questions 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. What maneuvers effectively treat posterior canal BPPV? Which maneuvers are effective for anterior and horizontal canal BPPV? Are postmaneuver restrictions necessary? Is concurrent mastoid vibration important for efficacy of the maneuvers? What is the efficacy of habituation exercises, BrandtDaroff exercises, or patient self-administered treatment maneuvers? Are medications effective for BPPV? Is surgical occlusion of the posterior canal or singular neurectomy effective for BPPV? © 2006 American Academy of Neurology Methods • Medline, EMBASE and Current Contents: – 1966 to June 2006 – Relevant, fully published, peer-reviewed articles – Supplemented through manual searches by panel members • Search terms: – Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, Semont liberatory maneuver, canalith repositioning maneuver, particle repositioning maneuver, Epley maneuver, modified Epley maneuver © 2006 American Academy of Neurology Methods • Panel comprised of otoneurologists with expertise in BPPV and general neurologists with methodologic expertise. • At least two panelists reviewed each article for inclusion. • Risk of bias determined using the classification of evidence for each study (Class I–IV). • Strength of practice recommendations linked directly to level of evidence (Level A–U). • Conflicts of interests disclosed. © 2006 American Academy of Neurology Literature Review 399 abstracts 70 articles © 2006 American Academy of Neurology Inclusion criteria: - Relevant to the clinical questions - Limited to human subjects -RCT, case control, cohort studies, case series > 6, metaanalysis Exclusion criteria: -Abstracts, reviews, and undocumented or unstated mention of improvement AAN Classification of Evidence for Therapeutic Intervention • Class I: Randomized, controlled clinical trial with masked or objective outcome assessment in a representative population. Relevant baseline characteristics are presented and substantially equivalent among treatment groups or there is appropriate statistical adjustment for differences. The following are required: a) concealed allocation b) primary outcome(s) clearly defined c) exclusion/inclusion criteria clearly defined, and d) adequate accounting for drop-outs (with at least 80% of enrolled subjects completing the study) and crossovers with numbers sufficiently low to have minimal potential for bias. © 2006 American Academy of Neurology AAN Classification of Evidence for Therapeutic Intervention • Class II: Prospective matched group cohort study in a representative population with masked outcome assessment that meets b-d above OR a randomized controlled trial in a representative population that lacks one criteria a-d. © 2006 American Academy of Neurology AAN Classification of Evidence for Therapeutic Intervention • Class III: All other controlled trials (including well-defined natural history controls or patients serving as own controls) in a representative population, where outcome is independently assessed, or independently derived by objective outcome measurement*. • Class IV: Studies not meeting Class I, II, or III criteria including consensus, expert opinion, or a case report. *Objective outcome measurement: an outcome measure that is unlikely to be affected by an observer’s (patient, treating physician, investigator) expectation or bias (e.g., blood tests, administrative outcome data). © 2006 American Academy of Neurology Analysis of Evidence Question 1: What maneuvers effectively treat posterior canal BPPV? Canalith repositioning procedure (CRP) • 15 RCTs identified (two Class I2,3 and three Class II4-6 studies). Semont maneuver • 4 studies identified (one class II6, one Class III7 two Class IV8,9 studies). © 2006 American Academy of Neurology Analysis of Evidence (CRP) • 36 patients2 compared CRP to sham in supine position with affected ear down for 5 minutes and then sat up. • All patients symptomatic for at least 2 months/ median duration of symptoms was 17 months (range 2-240 months) in treatment group and 4 months (range 2276 months) in control group. © 2006 American Academy of Neurology Analysis of Evidence (CRP) • At 4 weeks, 61% of treated group reported complete resolution vs. 20% of shamtreated group (p=0.032). NNT = 2.44. • Dix-Hallpike maneuver was negative in 88.9% of treated patients vs. 26.7% in sham-treated patients (p<0.001, NNT = 1.60) as measured by an observer blinded to treatment. © 2006 American Academy of Neurology Canalith Repositioning Procedure © 2008, Barrow © 2006 American Academy of Neurology Analysis of Evidence (CRP) Randomized controlled trial and crossover study3 – 66 patients with a diagnosis of posterior BPPV based on a positive Dix-Hallpike maneuver, compared a CRP with sham. – After 24 hours, 80% of treated patients were asymptomatic and had no nystagmus compared with 10% of sham patients (p<0.001, NNT = 1.43). – Ninety-three percent of patients from original control reported resolution of symptoms 24 hours after undergoing CRP. – By 1 week, 94% of patients in the original treatment group and 92% of patients in original control were asymptomatic. – At 4 weeks, 85% of patients in both groups were asymptomatic. © 2006 American Academy of Neurology Analysis of Evidence (CRP) Three studies were rated as Class II4-6 because the method of allocation concealment* was not specified. Remaining RCTs were graded Class IV because they did not clearly state whether the outcomes were obtained in a blinded and independent manner10-17 or because of important baseline difference between study and control groups.18 Five additional studies were identified (four meta-analyses19-22 and one systematic review). All references in the meta-analyses were reviewed individually for this practice parameter. *Technique for preventing researchers from inadvertently influencing which patients are assigned to the treatment or placebo group (may cause selection bias that overestimates the treatment effect).23 © 2006 American Academy of Neurology Analysis of Evidence Semont Maneuver • One study6 showed patients treated with Semont maneuver were “significantly” improved compared to those treated with sham. • One study randomized 156 patients to Semont maneuver, medical therapy and no treatment. – Six month follow-up, 94.2% of patients treated with Semont maneuver reported symptom resolution, vs. 57.7% of patients treated medically and 34.6% of patients who received no treatment. © 2006 American Academy of Neurology Semont maneuver © 2008, Barrow © 2006 American Academy of Neurology Analysis of Evidence Semont Maneuver • One Class IV study8 comparing Semont and a CRP with or without post-treatment found success rates for all groups ranging from 88% to 96%, with no difference between groups. © 2006 American Academy of Neurology Analysis of Evidence Semont Maneuver • Another Class IV study9 compared patients randomized to treatment with CRP, Semont maneuver, or Brandt-Daroff exercises. – Symptom resolution among those treated with either CRP or Semont maneuver at 1 week was the same (74% vs 71%; 24% for Brandt-Daroff exercises). – At 3-month follow-up, 93% of patients treated with CRP were asymptomatic vs. 77% of those treated with Semont maneuver (p=0.027); 62% of patients treated with Brandt-Daroff exercises were asymptomatic at 3 months. © 2006 American Academy of Neurology Conclusions • Two Class I studies and three Class II studies have demonstrated a short-term (1 day to 4 weeks) resolution of symptoms in patients treated with the CRP (NNT ranging from 1.43 to 3.7). • The Semont maneuver is possibly more effective than no treatment (Class III), a sham treatment (Class II), or Brandt-Daroff exercises (Class IV) as treatment for posterior canal BPPV. • Two Class IV studies comparing CRP with Semont maneuver have produced conflicting results. © 2006 American Academy of Neurology Recommendations • CRP is established as an effective and safe therapy that should be offered to patients of all ages with posterior semicircular canal BPPV (Level A). • The Semont maneuver is possibly effective for BPPV (Level C).* • There is insufficient evidence to establish the relative efficacy of the Semont maneuver to CRP (Level U). * Single Class II study. © 2006 American Academy of Neurology Analysis of Evidence Question 2: Which maneuvers are the most effective treatments for horizontal canal and anterior canal BPPV? Horizontal canal BPPV • 21 studies identified24-44 (Class IV). Anterior canal BPPV • 2 studies identified45,46 (Class IV). © 2006 American Academy of Neurology Analysis of Evidence Horizontal Canal BPPV • Horizontal canal BPPV accounts for 1017% of BPPV,24-28 though some reports have been even higher.29,30 • The nystagmus and vertigo of horizontal canal BPPV may be provoked by the DixHallpike maneuver but are more reliably induced by the supine head roll test (Pagnini-McClure maneuver).33-35 © 2006 American Academy of Neurology Analysis of Evidence Horizontal Canal BPPV • CRP or modified Epley maneuvers are usually ineffective for horizontal canal BPPV,7-9,24-33,47 so a number of alternative maneuvers have been devised. – Modified maneuvers include the Lempert maneuver (barbecue roll), the Gufoni maneuver, and the Vanucchi-Asprella liberatory maneuver. Success in treatment for each of these maneuvers is based on Class IV data. © 2006 American Academy of Neurology Supine roll test (Pagnini-McClure maneuver) © 2008, Barrow © 2006 American Academy of Neurology Lempert roll maneuver © 2008, Barrow © 2006 American Academy of Neurology Analysis of Evidence Anterior Canal BPPV • Anterior canal BPPV is usually transitory and most often the result of “canal switch” that occurs in the course of treatment more common forms of BPPV.47 • Success rates were between 92-97%,45, 46 though there were no controls to determine whether this represents an improvement over the natural history of this frequently selfresolving form of BPPV. © 2006 American Academy of Neurology Conclusions/Recommendation • Based on Class IV studies, variations of the Lempert supine roll maneuver, the Gufoni method, or forced prolonged positioning seem moderately effective for horizontal canal BPPV. • Two uncontrolled Class IV studies report high response rates to maneuvers for anterior canal BPPV. • No recommendation can be made (Level U). © 2006 American Academy of Neurology Analysis of Evidence Question 3: Are postmaneuver activity activity restrictions necessary after canalith repositioning treatment? One Class I2, one Class II4 and six Class IV studies.8,48-52 © 2006 American Academy of Neurology Analysis of Evidence • One Class I study2 and one Class II study4 demonstrating the benefit of CRP, patients wore a cervical collar for 48 hours and avoided sleeping on the affected side for 1 week. • Five Class IV studies8,48-52 comparing CRP with and without post-treatment activity restriction showed no added benefit from post-treatment activity restriction or positions. • One Class IV study52 showed minimal benefit in patients with post-activity restrictions. © 2006 American Academy of Neurology Conclusion/Recommendation • Based on six Class IV studies, there is insufficient evidence to determine the efficacy of post-maneuver restrictions in patients treated with CRP. • No recommendation can be made (Level U). © 2006 American Academy of Neurology Analysis of Evidence Question 4: Is it necessary to include mastoid vibration with repositioning maneuvers? One Class II,53 one Class III54 and three Class IV studies.11,55,56 © 2006 American Academy of Neurology Analysis of Evidence • One Class II study53 comparing patients with posterior canal BPPV treated by “appropriate canalith repositioning maneuvers,” performed with and without vibration, showed no difference in immediate symptom resolution or relapse rate between groups. • One Class III study54 compared patients treated by CRP with and without mastoid vibration. There was no difference in symptom relief between the groups at 4 to 6 weeks (p=0.68). © 2006 American Academy of Neurology Analysis of Evidence • Two Class IV studies55,56 showed no difference in the rate of symptom resolution between patients treated by a CRP with or without mastoid vibration. • A third Class IV study11 reported that of patients treated by a CRP with vibration, 92% were “improved,” vs. 60% improvement with CRP alone. © 2006 American Academy of Neurology Conclusion • One Class II, one Class III, and two Class IV studies showed no added benefit when mastoid vibration was added to a CRP as treatment for posterior canal BPPV. © 2006 American Academy of Neurology Recommendation • Mastoid oscillation is probably of no added benefit to patients treated with CRP for posterior canal BPPV (Level C). © 2006 American Academy of Neurology Analysis of Evidence Question 5: What is the efficacy of Brandt-Daroff exercises, habituation exercises, or patient self-administered treatments for BPPV? One Class II6 and one Class IV study.9 © 2006 American Academy of Neurology Analysis of Evidence One Class II study6 randomized patients to a CRP, a “liberatory maneuver,” Brandt-Daroff exercises, “habituation exercises,” or sham treatment found that patients treated with habituation exercises did no better than those treated with sham. Patients treated with BrandtDaroff exercises did worse than those treated with CRP or liberatory maneuvers, but were not compared with sham treated patients. © 2006 American Academy of Neurology Analysis of Evidence • One Class IV study9 compared Brandt-Daroff exercises, performed three times daily, with the Semont maneuver or CRP. – Patients treated with maneuvers were pretreated with diazepam and given postmaneuver activity restrictions; patients treated with Brandt-Daroff exercises were not. Compliance was not recorded. – At 1-week follow-up, 24% of patients treated with Brandt-Daroff exercises were symptom free, vs. 74% of those treated with the Semont maneuver or CRP. © 2006 American Academy of Neurology Conclusion • One Class II and one Class IV study suggest that Brandt–Daroff exercises or habituation exercises are less effective than CRP in the treatment of posterior canal BPPV. © 2006 American Academy of Neurology Recommendations • Self-administered Brandt–Daroff exercises or habituation exercises are less effective than CRP in the treatment of posterior canal BPPV (Level C). • There is insufficient evidence to recommend or refute self-treatment using Semont maneuver or CRP for BPPV (Level U). © 2006 American Academy of Neurology Analysis of Evidence Question 6: What is the efficacy of medication treatments for BPPV? Two Class III studies.47,57 © 2006 American Academy of Neurology Analysis of Evidence • One Class III study57 found no difference between lorazepam, 1mg three times daily; diazepam, 5mg three times daily; or placebo over the 4-week study period. • One Class III study47 found that flunarizine was more effective than no treatment but less effective than Semont maneuver in eliminating symptoms. • There are no randomized controlled trials of meclizine or other drugs used for motion sickness in the treatment of BPPV. © 2006 American Academy of Neurology Conclusions/Recommendation • A single Class III study did not demonstrate that lorazepam or diazepam hastened resolution of symptoms in BPPV. • Another Class III study demonstrated some benefit of flunarizine (unavailable in the US) in BPPV. • There is no evidence to support or refute a recommendation of any medication in the routine treatment for BPPV (Level U). © 2006 American Academy of Neurology Analysis of Evidence Question 7: What are the safety and efficacy of surgical treatments for posterior canal BPPV? Six Class IV studies.58-63 © 2006 American Academy of Neurology Analysis of Evidence • Five Class IV studies58-62 with a total of 86 patients undergoing canal occlusion, reported “complete relief” of BPPV symptoms in 85, as ascertained by the treating surgeon. – Reported complications included a “mild” conductive hearing loss for 4 weeks or less, “mild” and “transient” unsteadiness in most patients, and a high frequency sensorineural hearing loss in 6 patients. • One Class IV study63 of singular neurectomy as a treatment for intractable BPPV, 96.8% were reported to have “complete relief.” – Severe sensorineural hearing loss occurred in 3.7% of patients. © 2006 American Academy of Neurology Conclusion/Recommendation • Six unblinded, retrospective Class IV studies report relief from symptoms of BPPV in nearly every patient undergoing posterior semicircular canal occlusion or singular neurectomy. • The studies do not provide sufficient evidence to recommend or refute posterior semicircular canal occlusion or singular neurectomy as treatment for BPPV (Level U). © 2006 American Academy of Neurology Future Research Class I studies are needed to clarify the best treatments for horizontal canal BPPV. Future studies on these topics should adhere to the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) criteria using validated, clinically relevant outcomes. © 2006 American Academy of Neurology References 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. von Brevern M, Radtke A, Lezius F, et al. Epidemiology of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo: a population based study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 2007; 78:710–715. Lynn S, Pool A, Rose D, Brey R, Suman V. Randomized trial of the canalith repositioning procedure. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1995;113:712–720. von Brevern M, Seelig T, Radtke A, Tiel-Wilck K, Neuhauser H. Long-term efficacy of Epley’s manoeuvre: a double-blind randomized trial. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 2006;77:980–982. Froehling DA, Bowen JM, Mohr DN, et al. The canalith repositioning procedure for the treatment of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo: a randomized controlled trial. Mayo Clin Proc 2000;75:695–700. Yimtae K, Srirompotong S, Srirompotong S, Sae-Seaw P. 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Maneuvers for the treatment of benign positional paroxysmal vertigo: a systematic review. Rev Bras Otorrinolaringol (Engl Ed) 2006;72:130–139. Hilton M, Pinder D. The Epley manoeuvre for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo: a systematic review. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci 2002;27:440–445. Schulz KF, Grimes DA. Allocation concealment in randomised trials: defending against deciphering. Lancet 2002;359:614–618. White JA, Coale KD, Catalano PJ, Oas JG. Diagnosis and management of horizontal semicircular canal benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2005;133:278–284. Prokopakis EP, Chimona T, Tsagournisakis M, et al. Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo: 10-year experience in treating 592 patients with canalith repositioning procedure. Laryngoscope 2005;115:1667–1671. Caruso G, Nuti D. Epidemiological data from 2270 PPV patients. Audiological Med 2005;3:7–11. Leopardi G, Chiarella G, Serafini G, et al. 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Repositioning maneuver for the treatment of the apogeotropic variant of horizontal canal benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Otol Neurotol 2005;26:257–260. Lempert T, Tiel-Wilck K. A positional maneuver for treatment of horizontal-canal benign positional vertigo. Laryngoscope 1996;106:476–478. McClure JA. Horizontal canal BPV. J Otolaryngol 1985;14:30–35. Appiani GC, Gagliardi M, Magliulo G. Physical treatment of horizontal canal benign positional vertigo. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 1997;254:326–328. © 2006 American Academy of Neurology References (cont.) 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. Han BI, Oh HJ, Kim JS. Nystagmus while recumbent in horizontal canal benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Neurology 2006;66:706–710. Asprella Libonati G. Diagnostic and treatment strategy of the lateral semicircular canal canalolithiasis. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital 2005;25:277–283. Tirelli G, Russolo M. 360-Degree canalith repositioning procedure for the horizontal canal. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2004;131:740-6. Chiou W-Y, Lee H-L, Tsai S-C, Yu T-H, Lee X-X. A single therapy for all subtypes of horizontal canal positional vertigo. Laryngoscope 2005;115:1432-5. Gufoni M, Mastrosimone I, DiNasso F. Repositioning maneuver in benign paroxysmal positional vertigo of the horizontal semicircular canal. Acta Otorhinolarynol Ital 1998;18:363-7. Appiani GC, Catania G, Gagliardi M. A liberatory maneuver for the treatment of horizontal canal paroxysmal positional vertigo. Otol Neurol 2001;22:66-9. Asprella Libonati G, Gagliardi G, Cifarelli D, Larotonda G. “Step by step” treatment of lateral semicircular canal canalolithiasis under videonystagmoscopic examination. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital 2003;23:10-15. © 2006 American Academy of Neurology References (cont.) 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. Vannucchi P, Asprella Libonati G, Gufoni M. The physical treatment of lateral semicircular canal canalolithiasis. Audiol Med 2005;3:52-56. Vannucchi P, Giannoni B, Pagnini P. 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European Archives of OtoRhino-Laryngology 2005;262:408-11. © 2006 American Academy of Neurology References (cont.) 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. Marciano E, Marcelli V. Postural restrictions in labyrintholithiasis. European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology 2002;259:262-5. Roberts RA, Gans RE, DeBoodt JL, Lister JJ. Treatment of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo: necessity of postmaneuver patient restrictions. Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 2005;16:357-66. Çakir BÖ, Ercan I, Çakir ZA, Turgut S. Efficacy of postural restriction in treating benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2006;132:501-5. Macias JD, Ellensohn A, Massingale S, Gerkin R. Vibration with the canalith repositioning maneuver: a prospective randomized study to determine efficacy. Laryngoscope 2004;114:1011-4. Motamed M, Osinubi O, Cook JA. Effect of mastoid oscillation on the outcome of the canalith repositioning procedure. Laryngoscope 2004;114:1296-8. Hain TC, Helminski JO, Reis IL, Uddin MK. Vibration does not improve results of the canalith repositioning procedure. Archives of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery 2000;126:617-22. Sargent EW, Bankaitis AE, Hollenbeak CS, Currens JW. Mastoid oscillation in canalith repositioning for paroxysmal positional vertigo. Otology & Neurotology 2001;22:205-9. © 2006 American Academy of Neurology References (cont.) 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. McClure JA, Willett JM. Lorazepam and diazepam in the treatment of benign paroxysmal vertigo. J Otolaryngol 1980;9:472-7. Dingle AF, Hawthorne MR, Kumar BU. Fenestration and occlusion of the posterior semicircular canal for benign positional vertigo. Clinical Otolaryngology & Allied Sciences 1992;17:300-2. Zappia JJ. Posterior semicircular canal occlusion for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. American Journal of Otology 1996;17:749-54. Pulec JL. Ablation of posterior semicircular canal for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal 1997;76:17-22, 24. Walsh RM, Bath AP, Cullen JR, Rutka JA. Long-term results of posterior semicircular canal occlusion for intractable benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Clinical Otolaryngology & Allied Sciences 1999;24:316-23. Agrawal SK, Parnes LS. Human experience with canal plugging. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2001; 942:300-5. Gacek RR, Gacek MR. Results of singular neurectomy in the posterior ampullary recess. Journal of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology & its Related Specialties 2002;64:397402. © 2006 American Academy of Neurology To access the full guideline please visit: AAN.com/Guidelines Published in Neurology May 27, 2008 70:2067-2074 © 2006 American Academy of Neurology Questions/Comments © 2006 American Academy of Neurology Thank you for your participation! © 2006 American Academy of Neurology