Download The Cell Membrane

Chapter 3 – Cell Structure
Section 1 – Looking at Cells
I. Cells Under the Microscope
1. Microscopes are used to study cells or microscopic organisms. These are
organisms that are too small to see with the naked eye.
a. Robert Hooke - observed _________________________. They reminded him of the
____________________________________ lived in so he called them ______________________.
B. _______________________________________________ – found many living creatures in a
drop of pond water. These were ______________________________________________
organisms.
II. Characteristics of Microscopes
a. Light Microscope __________________ passes through one or more lenses to
produce an _________________________________________
_____________________________________.
b. What is a specimen? _an individual animal, plant, piece of a mineral, etc.,
used as an example of its species or type for scientific study or display.
c. ___________________________________ – forms an image of a specimen using a beam
of electrons rather than light.
d. Micrograph – _________________________ produced by a microscope.
e. _______________________ – the quality of making an image appear larger than its
actual size.
f. Resolution – ______________________________________. This is the ability to
distinguish two objects as being separate.
II. Types of Microscopes
a. Microscopes vary in _____________________________________________ and have
different limitations. Ex. Electron microscopes have high magnifying power but
cannot be used to view _____________
__________________. Light microscopes have _________________________
_______________________ power but can be used to view living cells.
1. Compound Light Microscope
a. uses ______________________ lenses
ex. If the objective lens closest to the specimen has a magnifying power of 40x
and an ocular lens closest to the eye has a magnifying power of 10x. The total
magnifying power is ________________________________.
b. The most powerful compound light microscope has a total magnification of
________________________________.
2. Electron Microscopes
a. can magnify an object up to ______________________________ and can be used to
study very small cellular structures.
b. the specimen and the electron beam must be place in a _______________________ –
_________________ cannot survive in a vacuum.
i. Transmission electron microscope – used on thin slices of a specimen
stained with _________________________, it can reveal a cells
______________________________________________ in fine detail.
ii. Scanning electron microscope – shows __________________
_______________________ images of a specimen.
3. Scanning Tunneling Microscope
a. can view __________________________
b. produces a 3 dimensional image
c. can be used to study ____________________________________________
Section 2 Cell Features
I. Cell Theory
1. _________________________________ concluded that cells make up not only the stems
and roots but every part of the plant.
2. _________________________________ found that animals are made of cells.
3. _________________________________ found that cells come only from other cells.
Schleiden, Schwann and Virchow contributed to the development of the
_________________________________.
4. The three parts of the cell theory are:
a. ______________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
b.__________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
c. _________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
A. Cell Size
1. ____________________ cells function more ____________________ than larger cells.
There are about _________________________________ cells in the human body.
2. All substances that _____________________or _________________ a cell must
cross
that cells surface.
3. If the cells ________________________________________________________________ is to low,
__________________________________________________________ in numbers large enough to
meet the cell’s needs. __________________________ cells can exchange substances
_______________________________ than large cells.
B. Common Features of Cells
1. The ____________________________________ is the outer boundary of a cell.
2. The cell membrane __________________________ the cell and
___________________________ the cell interior from its surroundings.
3. The cell membrane also ________________________ what _______________________ and
_________________________a cell, including __________, ____________________ and
_____________________________
4. ______________________ is the cells interior. (The fluid filled space in- between
the cell membrane and the nucleus.)
5. ________________________________ is a system of microscopic fibers in the
cytoplasm.
6. ________________________________ are the cellular structures on which proteins are
made.
7. All cells have ____________________________which provides _____________________ for
making _______________________, regulates __________________________________ and
enables cells to _________________________.
8. Some specialized cells, such as __________________________, later lose their DNA.
II. Prokaryotes
1. _____________________________ are the smallest and simplest cells.
2. A prokaryote is a _________________________ or unicellular organism that lacks a
_________________________ and other _____________________________________________________
___________________________. Prokaryotes have been on earth for about ____________ _
billion years. Ex. ______________________.
A. Characteristics of Prokaryotes
1. Prokaryotes can exist in a broad range of _________________________________________.
2. They _________________and ________________________ rapidly.
3. Some do not need ________________________ to survive and some cannot survive in
the presence of ______________________.
4, Some can make their own _____________________ through the process of
photosynthesis.
5. Prokaryotes have _____________________________ in their cytoplasm.
6. Their genetic material is a single ___________________________________________________.
7. __________________________________ surrounds the cell membrane and provides
_________________________ and _______________________________________.
******** Animal cells lack a cell wall.!!!
8. The cell wall is composed of ______________________________________________
__________________________________.
9. _________________________ are long threadlike structures that protrude from the
cells surface and enable ____________________________________.
III. Eukaryotic Cells
1. ______________________ is an organism whose cells have a ________________
and other internal compartments.
2. The __________________________ is an internal compartment that ___________________
the cells ___________________________.
3. An _____________________________ is a structure that carries out specific activities.
4. The _________________________ includes everything inside the cell membrane but
outside the _____________________.
5. ___________________________move proteins and other molecules from one
organelle to another.
6. ____________________ long hairlike structure used for movement.
7. ______________________ are short hairlike structures that protrude from the
surface of some cells, also used for movement. Ex. Cells lining the respiratory
system sweep _________________________and other _________________ out of the lungs.
8. ______________________ is the fluid surrounding the cytoplasms organelles ,
internal membranes and cytoskeleton fibers.
The Cell Membrane
1. The cell membrane is fluid and forms a barrier that __________
________________________________________________________________________
2. The membrane allows only _______________________substances to pass through.
This is known as ____________________________________________________________________
A. The Cell Membrane as a Barrier
1. ______________________________ is a lipid made of a phosphate group and two fatty
acids. A phospholipids has a ________________
_____________ and two __________________________ tails. The polar head is attracted to
_____________________. The two fatty acid tails are nonpolar and are
_________________________by water.
2. In a cell membrane the phospholipids are arranged in a _________________________
called a _____________________________.
3. Water both inside and outside the cell ______________________
the nonpolar tails, they are forced to the inside of the lipid
bilayer. The lipid bilayer allows lipids and substances that
___________________________ in lipids to pass through.
B. Membrane Proteins
1. Various ________________________are located in the lipid bilayer. The bilayer is
fluid and the proteins move around in it.
2. ___________________ attached to a carbohydrate on the cell’s surface advertises
cell type. Ex. ___________________________________
3. ________________________________ bind specific substances, such as
___________________________________ , outside the cell.
4. Enzymes embedded in the cell membrane are _________________
____________________________________________________________________
5. ______________________________ aid the movement of substances into and out of the
cell. Draw and label figure 12 pg 61.
Section 3 Cell Organelles
A. The Nucleus
1. ____________________- controls most eukaryotic cell functions
2. ______________________________________ -surrounds the nucleus.
3. _______________________________ - scattered over the surface of the nuclear
envelope. Substances made in the nucleus, including
_____________________________________________, move into the cytoplasm by
passing through the pores.
4. ________________________________ - ribosomes are made here.
5. DNA – contains the code for _____________________________________________________
6. ___________________________ – DNA in the form of long thin strands in a nondividing cell.
7. When a cell is about to divide, the DNA strands, called________________________
wind up into a more compact form and appear as dense, _______________________.
8. The ___________________________ of chromosomes in a
eukaryotic cell differs between
______________________________
5. Human body cells have ________________ chromosomes.
B. Ribosomes and the Endoplasmic Reticulum
1. Eukaryotic cells _________________________
________________ that are essential for processing proteins.
2. Proteins are made on ___________________________.
3. Ribosomes may be suspended in the __________________.
C. Production of Proteins
1. Some proteins are _________________ from the cell. Ex. Insulin.
2. Some ribosomes lie on the surface of the _____________________.
3. Endoplasmic reticulum - moves __________________ and other
__________________ through the cell. “the transportation system of
the cell”.
4. _________________ endoplasmic reticulum – has ribosomes
attached to the surface. The ER transports ________________ made by
the ribosomes.
Draw the rough and smooth Endoplasmic reticulum and identify the
ribosomes
5. _______________- small, membrane-bound sac that pinches off
from the E.R. and transports proteins.
6. ________________ endoplasmic reticulum – lacks ribosomes and is
involved in making ________________ and helps to break down toxic
substances.
C. Packaging and Distribution of Proteins
1. Vesicles containing newly made proteins move to the
_______________________________________.
2. The Golgi apparatus – set of flattened, membrane-bound sacs that
serves as the _________________ and ________________
center of the cells. _______________ inside the golgi modify the
proteins and then repackage them in new vesicles.
Draw the Golgi Apparutus
3. __________________- contain the cell’s digestive enzymes.
Summary
Step 1 - ____________________________________________
Step 2 - _____________________________________________
___________________________________________________
Step 3 - _____________________________________________
___________________________________________________
Step 4 - ____________________________________________
___________________________________________________
Step 5 - ____________________________________________
___________________________________________________
D. Mitochondria
1. Mitochondria (“powerhouse”) – an organelle that _________
_______________________________, the main energy currency of
cells. Ex. _________________cells have high energy requirement and
may contain thousands. Site of cellular respiration – write chemical
equation
__________________________________________________
Draw the mitochondria
E. Mitochondrial DNA
1. Mitochondria also have ___________ and _______________
F. Centrioles – found only in animal cells outside the nucleus and
involved in cell division.
G. Structures of Plant Cells
Unique Features of Plant Cells
3 structures not found in animal cell but are found in plant cells
1. Cell wall – surrounds the ___________________________. The
cell wall helps __________________ and ______________ the shape
of the cell, _______________ it from damage and connects it with
adjacent cells.
2. Chloroplast – organelles that use ______________________ to
make ___________________________ from carbon dioxide and water.
Also found in _____________________. ex _______________.
Photosynthesis = ___________________________________________
3. Central Vacuole – large membrane bound sac that takes up much of
the cells _____________________. It stores ___________________
and may contain ________________, _____________________ and
____________________.
When it is full it makes the cell ___________________, which enables
a plant to.